Lê Ngọc Hân
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Princess Lê Thị Ngọc Hân (
chữ Hán ( , ) are the Chinese characters that were used to write Literary Chinese in Vietnam, Literary Chinese (; ) and Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in Vietnamese language, Vietnamese. They were officially used in Vietnam after the Red River Delta region ...
: 黎玉昕,
1770 Events January– March * January 1 – The foundation of Fort George, Bombay is laid by Colonel Keating, principal engineer, on the site of the former Dongri Fort. * February 1 – Thomas Jefferson's home at Shadwell, Vi ...
1799 Events January–March * January 9 – British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger introduces an income tax of two shillings to the pound, to raise funds for Great Britain's war effort in the French Revolutionary Wars. * January ...
) also known as Ngọc Hân or Bắc Cung Hoàng Hậu (Empress of the Northern Palace), was a famous historical figure in 18th-century Vietnam. She was a princess of the Later
Lê dynasty The Lê dynasty, also known in historiography as the Later Lê dynasty (, chữ Hán: 朝後黎, chữ Nôm: 茹後黎), officially Đại Việt (; Chữ Hán: 大越), was the longest-ruling List of Vietnamese dynasties, Vietnamese dynasty, h ...
, and later became the second
wife A wife (: wives) is a woman in a marital relationship. A woman who has separated from her partner continues to be a wife until their marriage is legally dissolved with a divorce judgment; or until death, depending on the kind of marriage. On t ...
of Emperor Quang Trung (
Nguyễn Huệ Emperor Quang Trung (; vi-hantu, 光中, 1753 – 16 September 1792) or Nguyễn Huệ ( vi-hantu, 阮惠), also known as Nguyễn Quang Bình ( vi-hantu, 阮光平), or Hồ Thơm (chữ Hán: 胡𦹳) was the second emperor of the Tây Sơn dy ...
) one of Vietnam’s greatest military leaders. Her life has often been romanticized as a love story between a noble princess and a rising general. Ngọc Hân came from a royal family in decline, while Nguyễn Huệ who had peasant origins was the leader of the Tây Sơn rebellion, a revolutionary force threatening the Lê dynasty’s continued existence.


Biography

Lê Ngọc Hân was born on
April 27 Events Pre-1600 * 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the '' ludi saeculares''. * 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes ...
, 1770 in the royal capital of
Thăng Long Hanoi ( ; ; ) is the capital and second-most populous city of Vietnam. The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river" (Hanoi is bordered by the Red and Black Rivers). As a municipality, Hanoi consists of 12 urban districts, 17 rural d ...
Theo TS. Trương Văn Quả, tr. 331.. (modern-day
Hanoi Hanoi ( ; ; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Vietnam, second-most populous city of Vietnam. The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river" (Hanoi is bordered by the Red River (Asia), Red and Black River (Asia), Black Riv ...
). She was the 9th or possibly 21st daughter of Emperor
Lê Hiển Tông Lê Hiển Tông (; 20 May 171710 August 1786), born Lê Duy Diêu, was the penultimate emperor of the Vietnamese Lê dynasty. He reigned from 1740 to 1786 and was succeeded by his grandson Lê Duy Kỳ.Nguyên Thi Minh Hà, Nguyên Thi Thanh B ...
. Her mother, Nguyễn Thị Huyền, held the title Chiêu Nghi (a high-ranking imperial consort), she came from Phù Ninh village in what is now Ninh Hiệp,
Gia Lâm District ''Gia'' is a 1998 American biographical drama television film about the life and times of one of the first supermodels, Gia Carangi. The film stars Angelina Jolie as Gia and Faye Dunaway as Wilhelmina Cooper, with Mercedes Ruehl and Elizabet ...
, Hanoi, where her father Nguyễn Đình Giai, a respected scholar had sent her to the royal palace, where she rose in status. Growing up Ngọc Hân was skilled and took a particular great interest in the
classics Classics, also classical studies or Ancient Greek and Roman studies, is the study of classical antiquity. In the Western world, ''classics'' traditionally refers to the study of Ancient Greek literature, Ancient Greek and Roman literature and ...
and history, and was gifted in writing
poetry Poetry (from the Greek language, Greek word ''poiesis'', "making") is a form of literature, literary art that uses aesthetics, aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meaning (linguistics), meanings in addition to, or in ...
and
prose Prose is language that follows the natural flow or rhythm of speech, ordinary grammatical structures, or, in writing, typical conventions and formatting. Thus, prose ranges from informal speaking to formal academic writing. Prose differs most n ...
.


Marriage to Nguyễn Huệ

In May 1786, Tây Sơn general
Nguyễn Huệ Emperor Quang Trung (; vi-hantu, 光中, 1753 – 16 September 1792) or Nguyễn Huệ ( vi-hantu, 阮惠), also known as Nguyễn Quang Bình ( vi-hantu, 阮光平), or Hồ Thơm (chữ Hán: 胡𦹳) was the second emperor of the Tây Sơn dy ...
marched north with the declared goal of ''”supporting the destroying the
Trịnh Trịnh is a Vietnamese language, Vietnamese Vietnamese family name, family name. It exists in Calque, equivalent forms in other languages of the Sinosphere such as (Zheng (surname), 鄭, Zheng, Cheng) in Chinese language, Chinese and Korean languag ...
”''.—referring to his intention of removing the powerful Trịnh lords who had long dominated the Lê court and its emperors for the past two centuries. After defeating the Trịnhs, Nguyễn Huệ entered the capital Thăng Long, where he recognized the Emperor
Lê Hiển Tông Lê Hiển Tông (; 20 May 171710 August 1786), born Lê Duy Diêu, was the penultimate emperor of the Vietnamese Lê dynasty. He reigned from 1740 to 1786 and was succeeded by his grandson Lê Duy Kỳ.Nguyên Thi Minh Hà, Nguyên Thi Thanh B ...
’s legitimacy. With the matchmaking of Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh, a Northern official who supported the Tây Sơn, Ngọc Hân was married to Nguyễn Huệ, the marriage, solidified further influence he had in the North. She was only 16 years old, while he was 33 and already married to
Phạm Thị Liên Phạm Thị Liên (范氏蓮, 1758–1791) was an empress consort of Tây Sơn dynasty, Vietnam. Born in Quy Nhơn, Bình Định Province. According to ''Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện'', she was maternal half-sister of Bùi Đắ ...
, his main wife. Just days after the wedding, Emperor Lê Hiển Tông, her father died from illness after a 46 year reign. A succession dispute followed. Ngọc Hân wanted her older brother, prince
Lê Duy Cận Lê Duy Cận ( vi-hantu, 黎維𬓑, ?–?) or Lê Duy Cẩn, was a Vietnamese prince during Revival Lê dynasty. Cận was the second son of Lê Hiển Tông. In 1769, his elder brother, Lê Duy Vĩ, was stripped of his position as Crown Pr ...
to take the throne, believing that her brother was closer to the line of succession and had more legitimacy. But the Lê royal family pushed for Lê Duy Kỳ, her nephew, who was the son of a former crown prince. Under pressure from the royal family, she gave in, and Lê Duy Kỳ became emperor known as
Lê Chiêu Thống Lê Chiêu Thống (1765–1793), born Lê Duy Khiêm and later Lê Duy Kỳ, was the last emperor of the Vietnamese Later Lê dynasty. He was overthrown by the Tây Sơn dynasty. He appealed to the Qing dynasty of China to help regain the th ...
, he would become the final ruler of the Le Dynasty. Shortly after, she followed Nguyễn Huệ back South to
Thuận Hóa Thuận Hóa (, ) was a historic territory in central Vietnam. It consisted of the modern provinces of southern Quảng Bình, Quảng Trị, Huế (historically, Thừa Thiên–Thuận Hóa), Da Nang, and northern Quảng Nam. In 1306, the ki ...
. After becoming emperor in 1787, attempting to restore royal power, Chiêu Thống relied on fragmented noble support, but his efforts to raise loyalist forces only fueled further instability. In 1787, sensing the resurgence of Lê supporters, Tây Sơn general
Vũ Văn Nhậm Vũ Văn Nhậm (武文任, ?–1788) was a general of Tây Sơn dynasty. At first Nhậm was a low-ranking officer of Nguyễn lord. Later, he committed a crime and had to join Tây Sơn army. Nguyễn Nhạc appreciated his bravery, and mar ...
with permission, led an expedition north where he defeated the remaining Lê-aligned factions and seized the capital Thăng Long once again, forcing Lê Chiêu Thống to flee into hiding. This time Nhậm installed
Lê Duy Cận Lê Duy Cận ( vi-hantu, 黎維𬓑, ?–?) or Lê Duy Cẩn, was a Vietnamese prince during Revival Lê dynasty. Cận was the second son of Lê Hiển Tông. In 1769, his elder brother, Lê Duy Vĩ, was stripped of his position as Crown Pr ...
, Ngọc Hân’s brother as a
Prince Regent A prince regent or princess regent is a prince or princess who, due to their position in the line of succession, rules a monarchy as regent in the stead of a monarch, e.g., as a result of the sovereign's incapacity (minority or illness) or ab ...
. Stripped of authority, Chiêu Thống fled north into the mountains and into
Yunnan Yunnan; is an inland Provinces of China, province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces ...
where he sought help from
Qing China The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty ...
and Emperor
Qianlong The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 17117 February 1799), also known by his temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing, personal name Hongli, was the fifth emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. He reigned ...
, requesting military intervention, and begging them to restore him to the throne. Seeing it as a chance to reassert Chinese influence over Vietnam, his request was granted. This led to the massive Qing invasion of Vietnam in 1788. This act of requesting foreign intervention enraged the entire country, people of all factions including those formerly loyal to the Lê and seen as a national betrayal, setting the stage for one of Vietnam’s most legendary victories.


Becoming Empress

In late 1788, Qing China sent over 200,000 troops to northern Vietnam with the goal of reinstalling the exiled
Lê Chiêu Thống Lê Chiêu Thống (1765–1793), born Lê Duy Khiêm and later Lê Duy Kỳ, was the last emperor of the Vietnamese Later Lê dynasty. He was overthrown by the Tây Sơn dynasty. He appealed to the Qing dynasty of China to help regain the th ...
. In response,
Nguyễn Huệ Emperor Quang Trung (; vi-hantu, 光中, 1753 – 16 September 1792) or Nguyễn Huệ ( vi-hantu, 阮惠), also known as Nguyễn Quang Bình ( vi-hantu, 阮光平), or Hồ Thơm (chữ Hán: 胡𦹳) was the second emperor of the Tây Sơn dy ...
then ruler of Central Vietnam proclaimed himself Emperor, taking the title Quang Trung, marking the beginnings of the
Tây Sơn dynasty The Tây Sơn dynasty (; , (chữ Hán: 朝西山; Chữ Nôm: 茹西山), officially Đại Việt (Chữ Hán: 大越), was an imperial dynasty of Vietnam. It originated in a revolt led by three peasant brothers with the surname Nguyễn, r ...
, he gave Ngọc Hân the title Hữu Cung Hoàng Hậu (“Right Palace Empress”), since his first wife, Phạm Thị Liên, already held the title of the main empress. He then gathered a disciplined and experienced Tây Sơn army, and led what was known as a ‘legendary lightning-fast’ march of over 1,000 km from Phú Xuân (
Huế Huế (formerly Thừa Thiên Huế province) is the southernmost coastal Municipalities of Vietnam, city in the North Central Coast region, the Central Vietnam, Central of Vietnam, approximately in the center of the country. It borders Quảng ...
) to Thăng Long (
Hanoi Hanoi ( ; ; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Vietnam, second-most populous city of Vietnam. The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river" (Hanoi is bordered by the Red River (Asia), Red and Black River (Asia), Black Riv ...
) in just 10 days, striking during the
Tết Tết (, ), short for (; ), is the most important celebration in Vietnamese culture. Tết celebrates the arrival of spring based on the Vietnamese calendar and usually falls on January or February in the Gregorian calendar. is not to be co ...
, Lunar New Year, when the Qing forces were celebrating and unprepared. Using superior tactics, mobility, and intimate knowledge of the terrain, Nguyễn Huệ launched simultaneous attacks on Qing positions. At the fortified village of Ngọc Hồi, south of Thăng Long, Qing troops had built strong defensive positions with artillery and entrenched infantry. Nguyễn Huệ forces advanced with wooden shields and armor soaked in water to resist musket fire and explosives. The Tây Sơn army launched a fierce frontal assault, using a combination of close-range grenades, hand-to-hand combat, and
war elephants A war elephant is an elephant that is trained and guided by humans for combat purposes. Historically, the war elephant's main use was to charge the enemy, break their ranks, and instill terror and fear. Elephantry is a term for specific mil ...
to break enemy lines. The Qing defenders were overwhelmed, and tens of thousands were killed in brutal combat. As surviving Qing forces retreated toward Đống Đa, they were ambushed by Tây Sơn units who had already planned ahead, a maneuver to cut off their escape. The chaos and panic led to mass casualties. Qing General
Sun Shiyi Sun Shiyi (, Vietnamese: Tôn Sĩ Nghị; 1720 – 1796), courtesy name Zhizhi (), pseudonym Bushan (), was an official of the Qing dynasty who served as the Viceroy of Liangguang and of Liangjiang during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. ...
abandoned the rest of his troops and fled across the border with only a handful of followers. At Đống Đa, tens of thousands of Qing soldiers died. Out of respect towards his dead enemies, Nguyễn Huệ had them buried with courtesy at Đống Đa. The victory humiliated the Qing court, ended Lê Chiêu Thống’s hopes of restoration, and forced China to recognize Quang Trung as the legitimate ruler. The
Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa The Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa or Qing invasion of Tây Sơn dynasty, Đại Việt (; ), also known as Victory of Kỷ Dậu (), was fought between the forces of the Vietnamese Tây Sơn dynasty and the Qing dynasty in (a place near ...
is remembered as one of Vietnam’s greatest military triumphs, a moment when a smaller and overwhelmed but determined Vietnamese force outwitted and crushed one of the world’s largest empires. With no path back to power, the Lê dynasty was abolished and Lê Chiêu Thống lived the rest of his life in exile in China, where he was given a low-ranking position and stripped of royal dignity where he died, widely remembered as a symbol of treason and betrayal for inviting foreign troops into Vietnam. Now emperor of a unified Central and Northern Vietnam, Nguyễn Huệ promoted Ngọc Hân to Bắc Cung Hoàng Hậu (“Empress of the Northern Palace”). She had two children with him. Princess Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Bảo (阮氏玉寶) and Prince Nguyễn Quang Đức (阮光德).


Widowhood and Death

In the 5th year of his reign (1792), Nguyễn Huệ unexpectedly passed away at the age of 40. After his death,
Nguyễn Quang Toản Emperor Cảnh Thịnh ( vi-hantu, ), born Nguyễn Quang Toản ( vi-hantu, ; 1783–1802), was the third and last emperor of the Tây Sơn dynasty. He followed his father Quang Trung (Nguyễn Huệ ruled 1788–1792) at the age of 9, and re ...
son of his first wife, Empress Phạm Thị Liên—ascended the throne under the reign title “Cảnh Thịnh”, at the young age of 9 years old and thus was referred to as Emperor Cảnh Thịnh. Since Lady Lê Ngọc Hân was a secondary wife, she was elevated to the title of
Empress Dowager Empress dowager (also dowager empress or empress mother; ) is the English language translation of the title given to the mother or widow of a monarch, especially in regards to Chinese, Japanese, Korean, or Vietnamese monarchs in the Chines ...
(Hoàng Thái Hậu). According to the essay ''“Lady Lê Ngọc Hân”'' by Chu Quang Trứ, after Nguyễn Huệ’s death, Lê Ngọc Hân had lost all political power. She voluntarily left the royal palace in
Phú Xuân Phú Xuân (富春) was the historic capital of the Nguyễn lords, the Tây Sơn dynasty, and later became the Nguyễn dynasty's capital (renamed Huế). History In 1306, the King of Champa Chế Mân offered Vietnam two Chăm prefectures, Ô ...
, modern-day
Huế Huế (formerly Thừa Thiên Huế province) is the southernmost coastal Municipalities of Vietnam, city in the North Central Coast region, the Central Vietnam, Central of Vietnam, approximately in the center of the country. It borders Quảng ...
) with her two children and lived in Kim Tiền Pagoda (in Dương Xuân, near the Đan Dương shrine) to mourn her husband and raise their children. On December 4, 1799. She died at just 29 years old.
Phan Huy Ích Phan Huy Ích (chữ Hán: 潘輝益; 1751–1822) was a Vietnamese poet. Phan Huy Ich served two dynasties, both the Le dynasty then the Tay Son uprising. About the time of the collapse of the Tay Son dynasty he wrote the preface to Ngô Thì ...
, the Minister of Rites under the
Tây Sơn dynasty The Tây Sơn dynasty (; , (chữ Hán: 朝西山; Chữ Nôm: 茹西山), officially Đại Việt (Chữ Hán: 大越), was an imperial dynasty of Vietnam. It originated in a revolt led by three peasant brothers with the surname Nguyễn, r ...
, was ordered to write five funeral eulogies in her honor: one from Emperor Cảnh Thịnh, one from the princesses, one from Lady Nguyễn Thị Huyền (her mother), one from the Lê royal family, and one from her maternal relatives in Phù Ninh Village. Emperor Cảnh Thịnh himself read the eulogy at her altar. She was posthumously granted the honorific title: Nhu Ý Trang Thuận Trinh Nhất Vũ Hoàng hậu — meaning “The Empress of Gentleness, Grace, Loyalty, Chastity, and Bravery.” All five eulogies were later included in the literary collection ''Dụ Am Văn Tập.'' According to the Nguyễn Đình family records on her maternal side, when the Tây Sơn dynasty began to collapse and Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (future Emperor
Gia Long Gia Long (Chữ Hán, Chữ hán: 嘉隆) ( (''Hanoi, North''), (''Ho Chi Minh City, South''); 8 February 1762 – 3 February 1820), born Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (阮福暎) or Nguyễn Ánh (阮暎), was the founding emperor of the Nguyễn dynas ...
)’s army seized the village of Phú Xuân, Prince Nguyễn Quang Đức her son died on December 23, 1801 at just 10 years old. Whilst her daughter, Princess Ngọc Bảo died not a year later on May 18th, 1802 at only 12 years old.


Posthumous Eulogy

In 1799, after Lê Ngọc Hân’s passing, Emperor Cảnh Thịnh ordered Phan Huy Ích to compose an official eulogy conferring her posthumous title. The full text reads: :''”I present these words like the warmth of the sun, newly spreading over fragrant blossoms; like a bird dancing in deep clouds, soaring in eternal grace. Time passes, yet memory remains; the record of virtue shall endure.'' :''The late Vũ Empress from the royal palace possessed elegance and intelligence, an ideal partner for a scholar-king. She fulfilled her duties as wife and mother, embodying the teachings of the inner chambers and transmitting the values of harmony and refinement. Her grace and virtue were celebrated throughout the empire; her presence brought joy to both the royal family and the people.'' :''When fate took her before her time, sorrow spread across the land. Though she is gone, her memory is preserved in rites and rituals, and her honor shall never fade.'' :''Therefore, we respectfully confer upon her the title: Nhu Ý Trang Thận Trinh Nhất Vũ Hoàng hậu (“The Empress of Gentleness, Grace, Loyalty, Chastity, and Bravery.”) We pray she will shine her wisdom upon us from the heavens and bless the nation’s continued prosperity. For 14 years, she demonstrated goodness and charm, leaving behind a legacy of grace. Let future generations remember her name as one who enriched our dynasty and deepened the royal lineage”''


Burial and Legacy


Burial

In 1804, Lady Nguyễn Thị Huyền (Lê Ngọc Hân’s mother) grieved deeply over the deaths of her daughter and two grandchildren in a ‘faraway land’. She secretly hired people to retrieve their remains from
Phú Xuân Phú Xuân (富春) was the historic capital of the Nguyễn lords, the Tây Sơn dynasty, and later became the Nguyễn dynasty's capital (renamed Huế). History In 1306, the King of Champa Chế Mân offered Vietnam two Chăm prefectures, Ô ...
and return them to her families ancestral estate (Thiết Lâm Hall). On July 16, 1804, Lady Huyền arranged for Lê Ngọc Hân to be buried at the center, with her children, the prince to her left and the princess to her right. This burial site is believed to be what is now known as Bãi Cây Đại or Bãi Đầu Voi, near the entrance of Nành Village, Phù Ninh Commune (now Ninh Hiệp, Gia Lâm District, Hanoi). Historian Chu Quang Trứ, referencing ''
Đại Nam Thực Lục ''Đại Nam thực lục'' ( vi-hantu, 大南寔錄, lit. "Veritable Records of the Great South", "Annals of Đại Nam", "Chronicle of Greater Vietnam") was the official history of Nguyễn dynasty, Vietnam. It contained the royal records of t ...
'' confirms this: ''“Around the first year of Gia Long’s reign, a former Tây Sơn officer named Hài secretly brought the remains of Lê Ngọc Hân and her children from Phú Xuân to the village of Phù Ninh and buried them in secret. Lady Huyền covertly built a tomb, a shrine, and an inscribed stele under fake names to avoid detection.”'' Nearly 50 years later, during the reign of Emperor
Thiệu Trị Thiệu Trị (, vi-hantu, wikt:紹, 紹wikt:治, 治, lit. "inheritance of prosperity"; 6 June 1807 – 4 November 1847), personal name Nguyễn Phúc Miên Tông or Nguyễn Phúc Tuyền, was the third emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty. He was th ...
(1840–1847), the tomb and shrine fell into disrepair. A local scholar from Nành Village, grateful for the help Lady Lê had once given to the village, raised funds to restore the shrine. However, a local deputy chief who held a grudge against the scholar reported him to authorities, accusing him of worshiping a “Tây Sơn traitor.” The Huế court ordered the shrine destroyed, the tombs dug up, and the remains thrown into the Red River. The scholar was punished severely, and Nguyễn Đăng Giai, the Governor of Bắc Ninh, was demoted for failing to prevent the worship of a “rebel.”Theo ''Các triều đại Việt Nam'', sách đã dẫn. Theo '' Quốc sử di biên'', vào năm
1843 Events January–March * January 3 – The '' Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms'' (海國圖志, ''Hǎiguó Túzhì'') compiled by Wei Yuan and others, the first significant Chinese work on the West, is published in China. * J ...
, nhân một vụ kiện giữa viên chánh tổng tên là Phụng với dân làng Phù Ninh, vua
Thiệu Trị Thiệu Trị (, vi-hantu, wikt:紹, 紹wikt:治, 治, lit. "inheritance of prosperity"; 6 June 1807 – 4 November 1847), personal name Nguyễn Phúc Miên Tông or Nguyễn Phúc Tuyền, was the third emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty. He was th ...
đã ra lệnh khai quật mộ mẹ con Ngọc Hân, rồi ném hài cốt xuống sông Nhị Hà ( sông Hồng), đồng thời cho đem nhà thờ, ruộng thờ ra bán hết (dẫn theo TS. Trương Đức Quả, tr. 332).
. Historian Trần Quốc Vượng also confirmed the event: ''“Lady Nguyễn Thị Huyền, through her daughter Ngọc Bình, submitted a request to have Ngọc Hân’s remains (and her children’s) reburied in their hometown. Emperor Gia Long approved it. The bone remains were transported by boat and reinterred in Nành Village with a proper tomb. However, in Thiệu Trị’s reign, a local official, out of resentment, accused the Nguyễn family of profiting off the ‘rebel tomb,’ and the authorities, for unknown reasons, approved the accusation. The tomb was desecrated and the remains thrown into the Red River.”'' Today, in Gia Lâm, there is a shrine known as Đền Ghềnh, believed to be very sacred. Local legend says it is where Lê Ngọc Hân’s remains washed ashore and were reburied by the villagers.


Written Poetry

After her husband Nguyen Hue’s death, she wrote two poems, Tế vua Quang Trung (Funeral Lament for Emperor Quang Trung) and Ai Tư Vãn (A Lament To My Beloved) to express her profound grief and boundless sorrow for her husband whose life was cut short. Among these, Ai Tư Vãn is especially famous in Vietnam. AI TƯ VÃN – A Lament To My Beloved :''The wind sighs low, the chamber cold as stone,'' :''Before the orchid steps, flowers wither alone.'' :''Incense drifts faint on Fairy Bridge’s crest,'' :''The dragon chariot gone her shadow now finds no rest.'' :''Oh fate! Must sorrow always claim its prize?'' :''Why must our love be veiled in cruel disguise?'' :''Grief upon grief, sorrow’s endless tide'' :''As deep as oceans swell, as high as heavens wide.'' :''You bore the crimson flag toward northern skies,'' :''A prince in service, righteous, brave, and wise.'' :''At Father’s word, you left with steady hand,'' :''Your orchid boat set forth, to seek my hand.'' :''Mountains and rivers could not bar your way,'' :''Our union sealed beneath the will of fate that day.'' :''Love grew beneath the gods’ high dome,'' :''With music, grace, and laughter in our home.'' :''You shielded me, no fault too small to see,'' :''Every word you spoke, a vow to cherish me.'' :''Though empires fall and kingdoms turn to clay,'' :''My heart, once yours, will never drift away.'' :''You cared for blossom and for branch, so dear,'' :''And all our kin rejoiced with joy sincere.'' :''The shrine still holds your spirit near,'' :''While pines stand guard, still tall, still clear.'' :''Our children bloomed in fortune’s golden light,'' :''Born of your warmth, their roots grew strong and right.'' :''Beneath southern skies we gave our prayers,'' :''In royal odes and incense-laced airs.'' :''We dreamed of years—a thousand long embrace,'' :''A quiet life, our joys in slow-paced grace.'' :''But oh! The sea ran dry, the rivers died,'' :''Heaven turned, and tore our lives aside.'' :''Summer sun gave way to autumn’s rain,'' :''And my dragon grew weary, sick with pain.'' :''Dread and terror, my only guide,'' :''I begged the gods, I wept, I tried.'' :''We summoned healers far and wide,'' :''But fate gave no reprieve, no cure supplied.'' :''Oh cruel Creator, heartless sky!'' :''You snatched him with a storm—no word, no why.'' :''How brief the joy we had, how swift the pain!'' :''Just years we shared before all hope was slain.'' :''My soul now drifts like cloud or foam,'' :''Lost in a world that holds no home.'' :''Through sleepless nights and sunless days,'' :''I search for light in memory’s haze.'' :''I dream you call, then wake to none,'' :''Alone beneath the weeping sun.'' :''A breeze stirs petals on the stone-cold ground,'' :''I think you’re near—I turn around.'' :''I fix my dress to greet you true,'' :''But only spider webs greet my view.'' :''A moonbeam flickers through trembling leaves,'' :''I chase your shadow my heart believes.'' :''Yet snow falls quiet where you stood,'' :''And silence chills my widowhood.'' :''My soul cries out to where you dwell,'' :''Is there no word, no sign, no spell?'' :''Can no one cross that shadowed gate,'' :''To ask if you are well of late?'' :''Two paths diverged—this world, that dark shore,'' :''We pledged our fates, but time closed the door.'' :''If not in this life, let next be kind'' :''That we may walk as one, not left behind.'' :''I hear the ancients lived long with fame,'' :''Kings Tang and Wu bore time’s acclaim.'' :''You, too, raised flags from peasant thread,'' :''And carved a kingdom where none dared tread.'' :''Like Yao and Shun of virtuous reign,'' :''You ruled with grace, through storm and strain.'' :''Your mercy fell like gentle rain,'' :''On every shore, on hill and plain.'' :''How cruel then, that one so great'' :''Should meet so soon a shortened fate.'' :''If I could give my years to you,'' :''I would, and think the bargain true.'' :''Now tears fall soft as autumn dew,'' :''Each drop a note of grief anew.'' :''I hear your parting, faint and far,'' :''In dreams that shatter where you are.'' :''Spring returns, but flowers mourn—'' :''For whom do they now bloom each morn?'' :''I’ll brave the waves, I’ll brave the flame,'' :''To keep your vow, to guard your name.'' ' :''Yet I remain for our unborn,'' :''The tender buds not yet full-grown.'' :''Though here I dwell, my soul has fled'' :''To follow you where spirits tread.'' :''Though my breath remains, my heart is gone,'' :''Each beat a ghost of love withdrawn.'' :''I dress in white, I veil my face,'' :''I linger in this hollow place.'' :''In moonless nights I speak your name,'' :''Yet only echoes speak the same.'' :''The wind replies with mournful breath,'' :''As if it too has tasted death.'' :''They say, “You must endure, be still.'' :''For children’s sake, you must have will.”'' :''But how can roots take hold and grow,'' :''When torn from soil they used to know?'' :''If not for them, I’d follow through—'' :''That gate of fire to be with you.'' :''I’d ride the wind, I’d cross the sea,'' :''To find the place where souls run free.'' :''Each morning comes, each night returns,'' :''Yet all I feel is grief that burns.'' :''I sit alone and light the flame,'' :''Whispering to your honored name.'' :''Your portrait hangs on temple wall,'' :''I bow, I kneel, I plead, I call.'' :''Can you not hear these tears I shed?'' :''Can love reach past the veil of dead?'' :''In every meal, I set your bowl,'' :''A seat for you, a space, a role.'' :''In dreams I see you, tall and bright,'' :''And wake alone in shattered light.'' :''I keep your sword, I guard your books,'' :''I walk the halls, I search your looks.'' :''The garden’s still, the birds don’t sing,'' :''For death has silenced everything.'' :''The men you led, now draped in black,'' :''Recall your words, your wisdom back.'' :''They chant your deeds in tales well-known,'' :''But still my bed is cold as stone.'' :''I live beneath your rising fame,'' :''Yet what is glory next to name?'' :''The name I whispered soft at night,'' :''The one that turned my dark to light.'' :''I burn the scroll, I burn the plea,'' :''In hope that ash might carry me.'' :''To where your soul in quiet stands,'' :''Beyond this world, beyond man’s lands.'' :''Let emperors and kings be praised,'' :''Let bards recount the wars you braved.'' :''But let them also speak of me'' :''The widow trapped in memory.'' :''One day I’ll join you, proud and free,'' :''And there our love shall ever be.'' :''Two phoenixes in heaven’s flame,'' :''Reborn beyond all grief and shame.'' :''For now, I wait, I guard our line,'' :''With loyal heart and will like pine.'' :''I raise our children in your name,'' :''To honor both your love and flame.'' :''When they are grown, and I grow old,'' :''When all is done and fate is told—'' :''I’ll climb the pyre with fearless breath,'' :''And meet you in the land of death.'' :''So hear me, love, from far away,'' :''Beyond where mortal eyes can stray—'' :''My soul is yours, in night and sun,'' :''And we shall meet when all is done.''


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Le, Ngoc Han 1770 births 1799 deaths Lê dynasty princesses Tây Sơn dynasty empresses 18th-century Vietnamese women 18th-century Vietnamese people People from Hanoi