The Luzon bleeding-heart, bleeding-heart dove, bleeding-heart pigeon or punay (''Gallicolumba luzonica'') is a species of ground dove in the

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

'' Gallicolumba,'' known as "bleeding-hearts" due to their distinctive red patch on its chest. It was also known as ''paloma de punalada'' 'stabbed pigeon' but is nowadays more commonly referred to as just punalada. The Luzon bleeding-heart is the species in which the "blood" feature is most pronounced, while the Mindanao bleeding-heart does have a larger red patch, the Luzon bleeding-heart has a reddish hue extending down the belly, furthering the illusion of a blood stain. It is threatened by habitat loss and hunting for the pet trade and for meat. It is illegal to hunt, capture or possess Luzon bleeding-hearts under Philippine Law RA 9147.

Description and taxonomy

It is a medium sized ground dove. On its upper surfaces, the Luzon bleeding-heart is slate grey in color, but because of its iridescence, it can appear to be purple, royal blue, or bottle-green with varying lighting conditions. On their wings are black bands, while their belly and under wing areas are buff or chestnut. It has a white throat, chest and belly but its most distinctive part is its bright red "bleeding heart" at the center of its chest that has a surrounding faint pink that gives off the appearance of fading blood stains. There is some slight

sexual dimorphism Sexual dimorphism is the condition where sexes of the same species exhibit different Morphology (biology), morphological characteristics, including characteristics not directly involved in reproduction. The condition occurs in most dioecy, di ...

; males tend to be larger and have a more pronounced red patch, while in the females it is slightly duller. The body shape is typical of the genus, with a round body, short tail, and long legs. Its call is described as a repeated single mournful coo lasting 1 to 2 seconds that rises and falls. It also has a 5 and 3 note display call that is gruffly delivered.

Subspecies

Three

subspecies In Taxonomy (biology), biological classification, subspecies (: subspecies) is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (Morphology (biology), morpholog ...

are recognized: * ''G. l.'' ''luzonica'' ''–'' Found on Central and South

Luzon Luzon ( , ) is the largest and most populous List of islands in the Philippines, island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the List of islands of the Philippines, Philippine archipelago, it is the economic and political ce ...

and Polillo Islands * ''G. l.'' ''rubiventris'' ''–'' Found on North

; darker and more extensive "heart", pale pink brown belly, paler undertail and smaller * ''G. l. griseolateralis –'' Found on Catanduanes; darker forehead, crown, shoulder, females has darker flanks, undertail but the breast and abdomen is whiter

Behaviour and ecology

They eat seeds,

berries A berry is a small, pulpy, and often edible fruit. Typically, berries are juicy, rounded, brightly colored, sweet, sour or tart, and do not have a stone fruit, stone or pit (fruit), pit although many wikt:pip#Etymology 2, pips or seeds may be p ...

and grubs. They are shy and secretive, and very quiet, and rarely leave the ground except when nesting. Unlike the other bleeding-hearts, they usually lay two eggs in each clutch. It has been recorded nesting in May and June.

Conservation status

It lives in primary or secondary forests, and can be found at altitudes varying from up to 1,400 meters above sea level. The

International Union for Conservation of Nature The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. Founded in 1948, IUCN has become the global authority on the stat ...

has assessed this species as near-threatened species with the population on the decline. It is threatened by the destruction of its habitat through Illegal logging, conversion into farmlands through

Slash-and-burn Slash-and-burn agriculture is a form of shifting cultivation that involves the cutting and burning of plants in a forest or woodland to create a Field (agriculture), field called a swidden. The method begins by cutting down the trees and woody p ...

and mining. Its attractive plummage makes it heavily trapped for the illegal wildlife trade. It is also often bycatch and caught in snares by hunters targetting Red junglefowl and rails. It occurs in a few protected areas such as the Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park, Kalbario–Patapat Natural Park, Angat Watershed Forest Reserve, Bulusan Volcano Natural Park, Mount Makiling, Mounts Palay-Palay–Mataas-na-Gulod Protected Landscape and Quezon Protected Landscape however actual protection from habitat destruction and hunters is still lax and these threats persist even in protected areas. This species is widely kept and bred in captivity but the genetic purity of captive populations is unknown and it is possible the multiple subspecies have interbred. In 2020, Singapore Zoo sent back 10 individuals to be eventually released back into the wild in an unknown location. As of 2024, there haven't been any updates on this project if it pushed through.

References

External links

Detailed account by a fancier who has kept the species in captivity
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1049295 Luzon bleeding-heart Birds of Luzon Endemic fauna of the Philippines Near threatened animals Near threatened biota of Asia Luzon bleeding-heart Taxa named by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli Endemic birds of the Philippines