Luoyang ( zh, s=洛阳, t=洛陽, p=Luòyáng) is a city located in the confluence area of the Luo River and the

Yellow River The Yellow River, also known as Huanghe, is the second-longest river in China and the List of rivers by length, sixth-longest river system on Earth, with an estimated length of and a Drainage basin, watershed of . Beginning in the Bayan H ...

in the west of

Henan Henan; alternatively Honan is a province in Central China. Henan is home to many heritage sites, including Yinxu, the ruins of the final capital of the Shang dynasty () and the Shaolin Temple. Four of the historical capitals of China, Lu ...

province, China. Governed as a

prefecture-level city A prefecture-level city () or prefectural city is an administrative division of the China, People's Republic of China (PRC), ranking below a province of China, province and above a Counties of the People's Republic of China, county in China's ...

, it borders the provincial capital of

Zhengzhou Zhengzhou is the capital of Henan, China. Located in northern Henan, it is one of the nine National central city, national central cities in China, and serves as the political, economic, technological, and educational center of the province. Th ...

to the east,

Pingdingshan Pingdingshan ( zh, s=平顶山, t=平頂山, p=Píngdǐngshān), also known as Eagle City ( zh, s=鹰城, p=Yīngchéng, t=鷹城), is a prefecture-level city in central Henan province, China. It had 4,904,701 inhabitants at the 2010 census who ...

to the southeast,

Nanyang Nanyang is the romanization of two common Chinese place names. It may refer to: Written as * Nanyang (region), a Chinese term denoting the Southeast Asian lands surrounding the South China Sea ;China * Nanyang Fleet, Qing dynasty naval fleet bas ...

to the south,

Sanmenxia Sanmenxia ( zh, s= , t= , p=Sānménxiá; Postal romanization, postal: Sanmenhsia) is a prefecture-level city in the west of Henan, Henan Province, China. The westernmost prefecture-level city in Henan, Sanmenxia borders Luoyang to the east, Nanya ...

to the west,

Jiyuan Jiyuan ( zh, s= , t=濟源 , p=Jìyuán) is a sub-prefecture-level city in northwestern Henan province, People's Republic of China. It borders the prefecture-level cities of Jiaozuo and Luoyang to the east and southwest respectively, as well as ...

to the north, and

Jiaozuo Jiaozuo ( zh, s= , p=Jiāozuò ; postal: Tsiaotso) is a prefecture-level city in the northwest of Henan province, China. Sitting on the northern bank of the Yellow River, it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the south, Xinxiang to th ...

to the northeast. As of December 31, 2018, Luoyang had a population of 6,888,500 inhabitants with 2,751,400 people living in the built-up (or metro) area made of the city's five out of six urban districts (except the

Jili District Jili District () was a former district of the city of Luoyang, Henan province, China. It was merged into Mengjin District of Luoyang in March 2021. It was established in 1982 for the construction of Luoyang Refinery (currently the Luoyang Petroche ...

not continuously urbanized) and

Yanshi District Yanshi District () is a district in the prefecture-level city of Luoyang in western Henan province, China. Yanshi lies on the Luo River and is the easternmost county-level division of Luoyang. History After the Zhou conquest of Shang in mid-11t ...

, now being conurbated. By the end of 2022, Luoyang Municipality had jurisdiction over 7 municipal districts, 7 counties and 1 development zone. The permanent population is 7.079 million. Situated on the central plain of China, Luoyang is among the oldest cities in China and one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. It is the earliest of the

Four Great Ancient Capitals of China This is a list of historical capitals of China. Four Great Ancient Capitals There are traditionally four major historical capitals of China referred to as the "Four Great Ancient Capitals of China" (). The four are Beijing, Nanjing, Luoyang and X ...

Etymology

The name "Luoyang" originates from the city's location on the north or sunny ( "yang") side of the Luo River. Since the river flows from west to east and the sun is to the south of the river, the sun always shines on the north side of the river. Luoyang has had several names over the centuries, including Luoyi () and Luozhou (), but Luoyang has been its primary name. It has also been called Dongdu ( zh, labels=no, t=東都 , l=eastern capital) during the

Tang dynasty The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, c=唐朝), or the Tang Empire, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an Wu Zhou, interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed ...

, Xijing ( zh, labels=no, c=西京 , l=western capital) during the

Song dynasty The Song dynasty ( ) was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 960 to 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song, who usurped the throne of the Later Zhou dynasty and went on to conquer the rest of the Fiv ...

, or Jingluo ( zh, c=京洛, l=capital Luo). During the rule of

Wu Zetian Wu Zetian (624 – 16 December 705), personal name Wu Zhao, was List of rulers of China#Tang dynasty, Empress of China from 660 to 705, ruling first through others and later in her own right. She ruled as queen consort , empress consort th ...

, the only female emperor in Chinese history, the city was known as Shendu ( zh, labels=no, c=神都, l=divine capital). Luoyang was renamed Henanfu () during the

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...

but regained its former name in 1912.

History

Classical era

Several cities – all of which are generally referred to as "Luoyang" – have been built in this area. In 2070 BC, the

Xia dynasty The Xia dynasty (; ) is the first dynasty in traditional Chinese historiography. According to tradition, it was established by the legendary figure Yu the Great, after Emperor Shun, Shun, the last of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, Fiv ...

king

Tai Kang Tai Kang () was the third king of the Xia dynasty. He was the son of the king Qi of Xia and paternal grandson of Yu the Great and his queen Nu Jiao. Biography Tai Kang loved to hunt and did not rule well. According to the ''Bamboo Annals'', ...

moved the Xia capital to the intersection of the Luo and Yi and named the city

Zhenxun Zhenxun () was the last capital for the pre historical Chinese Xia dynasty. There is a consensus among many Chinese scholars that the Erlitou site about 20 km east of central Luoyang Luoyang ( zh, s=洛阳, t=洛陽, p=Luòyáng) is a city loc ...

(). In 1600 BC,

Tang of Shang Cheng Tang (born Zi Lü), recorded on oracle bones as Tai Yi or Da Yi, was the first king of the Shang dynasty. Tang is traditionally considered a virtuous ruler, as signified by his common nickname Tang the Perfect. According to legend, as th ...

defeated Jie, the final Xia dynasty king, and built Western Bo, (), a new capital on the Luo River. The ruins of Western Bo are located in Luoyang Prefecture. In 1036 BC a settlement named Chengzhou () was constructed by the

Duke of Zhou Dan, Duke Wen of Zhou, commonly known as the Duke of Zhou, was a member of the royal family of the early Zhou dynasty who played a major role in consolidating the kingdom established by his elder brother King Wu. He was renowned for acting as ...

for the remnants of the captured

Shang The Shang dynasty (), also known as the Yin dynasty (), was a Chinese royal dynasty that ruled in the Yellow River valley during the second millennium BC, traditionally succeeding the Xia dynasty and followed by the Western Zhou dyn ...

nobility. The Duke also moved the

Nine Tripod Cauldrons The Nine Tripod Cauldrons () were a collection of ding (vessel), ding in ancient China that were viewed as symbols of the authority given to the ruler by the Mandate of Heaven. According to the legend, they were cast by Yu the Great of the Xia dyn ...

Chengzhou Luoyang ( zh, s=洛阳, t=洛陽, p=Luòyáng) is a city located in the confluence area of the Luo River (Henan), Luo River and the Yellow River in the west of Henan province, China. Governed as a prefecture-level city, it borders the provincial ...

from the

Zhou dynasty The Zhou dynasty ( ) was a royal dynasty of China that existed for 789 years from until 256 BC, the longest span of any dynasty in Chinese history. During the Western Zhou period (771 BC), the royal house, surnamed Ji, had military ...

capital at

Haojing Hao or Haojing, also called Zongzhou (), was one of the two settlements comprising the capital of the Western Zhou dynasty (1066–770 BCE), the other being Fēng or Fēngjīng (). Together they were known as Fenghao and stood on opposite banks ...

. A second Western Zhou capital,

Wangcheng Wangcheng may refer to the following places in China: *Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty), an ancient settlement from the Eastern Zhou period, located near modern Luoyang, Henan *Wangcheng District, a district of Changsha, Hunan **Wangcheng Economic and Tech ...

(also: Luoyi) was built west of Chengzhou. Wangcheng became the capital of the

Eastern Zhou dynasty The Eastern Zhou (256 BCE) is a period in Chinese history comprising the latter two-thirds of the Zhou dynasty. The period follows the Western Zhou era and is named due to the Zhou royal court relocating the capital eastward from Fenghao ...

in 771 BC. The Eastern Zhou dynasty capital was moved to Chengzhou in 510 BC. Later, the

Eastern Han dynasty The Han dynasty was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China (202 BC9 AD, 25–220 AD) established by Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–206 BC ...

capital of Luoyang would be built over Chengzhou. Modern Luoyang is built over the ruins of Wangcheng, which are still visible today at Wangcheng Park. Qin Shi Huang's chief minister, Lu Buwei, was given Luoyang. Lu began programs to develop and beautify Luoyang. It is said that

Liu Bang Emperor Gaozu of Han (2561 June 195 BC), also known by his given name Liu Bang, was the founder and first emperor of the Han dynasty, reigning from 202 to 195 BC. He is considered by traditional Chinese historiography to be one o ...

visited Luoyang and considered making it his capital but was persuaded to reconsider by his ministers to turn to

Chang'an Chang'an (; zh, t=長安, s=长安, p=Cháng'ān, first=t) is the traditional name of the city now named Xi'an and was the capital of several Chinese dynasties, ranging from 202 BCE to 907 CE. The site has been inhabited since Neolithic time ...

instead for his capital.

Han dynasty

China-henan-luoyang-white-horse-temple-entrance-20040506

In 25 AD, Luoyang was declared the capital of the Eastern Han dynasty on November 27 by

Emperor Guangwu of Han Emperor Guangwu of Han (; 15 January 5 BC29 March AD 57), born Liu Xiu (), courtesy name Wenshu (), was a Chinese monarch. He served as an emperor of the Han dynasty by restoring the dynasty in AD 25, thus founding the Eastern Han dynasty. He ...

. The city walls formed a rectangle 4 km south to north and 2.5 km west to east, with the Gu River, a tributary of the Luo River just outside the northern eastern walls. The rectangular Southern Palace and the Northern Palace were 3 km apart and connected by The Covered Way. In 26 AD, the Altar of the Gods of the Soils and Grains, the Altar of Heaven, and the Temple of the eminent Founder, Emperor Gao of Former Han were inaugurated. The Imperial University was restored in 29 AD. In 48 AD, the Yang Canal linked the capital to the Luo. In 56 AD, the main imperial observatory, the Spiritual Terrace, was constructed. For several centuries, Luoyang was the focal point of China. In AD 68, the

White Horse Temple White Horse Temple () is a Buddhist temple in Luoyang, Henan that, according to tradition, is the first Buddhism, Buddhist temple in China, having been first established in 68 AD under the patronage of Emperor Ming of Han, Emperor Ming in the Ea ...

, the first

Buddhist Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or ...

temple in China, was founded in Luoyang. The temple still exists, though the architecture is of later origin, mainly from the 16th century.

An Shigao An Shigao (, Korean: An Sego, Japanese: An Seikō, Vietnamese: An Thế Cao) (fl. c. 148–180 CE) was an early Buddhist missionary to China, and the earliest known translator of Indian Buddhist texts into Chinese. According to legend, he was a p ...

was one of the first monks to popularize

Buddhism Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or ...

in Luoyang. The diplomat

Ban Chao Ban Chao (; 32–102 CE), courtesy name Zhongsheng, was a Chinese diplomat, explorer, and military general of the Eastern Han dynasty. He was born in Fufeng (region), Fufeng, now Xianyang, Shaanxi. Three of his family members—father Ban Biao, ...

restored the

Silk Road The Silk Road was a network of Asian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century. Spanning over , it played a central role in facilitating economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between the ...

during the Eastern Han dynasty, thus making Luoyang the eastern terminus of the Silk Road during the Han dynasty. In 166 AD, the first Roman mission, sent by "the king of Da Qin he Roman Empire Andun" (

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Marcus Aurelius Antoninus ( ; ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and a Stoic philosopher. He was a member of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty, the last of the rulers later known as the Five Good Emperors and the ...

, r. 161–180 AD), reached Luoyang after arriving by sea in

Rinan Rinan (; ), also rendered as Jih-nan, was the southernmost commandery of the Chinese Han dynasty. It was located in the central area of modern-day Vietnam between Quảng Bình and Bình Định provinces. It was administered by a local manda ...

Commandery in what is now central

Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...

. The late 2nd century saw China decline into

anarchy Anarchy is a form of society without rulers. As a type of stateless society, it is commonly contrasted with states, which are centralized polities that claim a monopoly on violence over a permanent territory. Beyond a lack of government, it can ...

The decline was accelerated by the rebellion of the
Yellow Turbans The Yellow Turban Rebellion, alternatively translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion, was a peasant revolt during the late Eastern Han dynasty of ancient China. The uprising broke out in 184 CE, during the reign of Emperor Ling. Although th ...
, who, although defeated by the Imperial troops in 184 AD, weakened the state to the point where there was a continuing series of rebellions degenerating into civil war, culminating in the burning of the Han capital of Luoyang on 24 September 189 AD. This was followed by a state of continual unrest and wars in China until a modicum of stability returned in the 220s, but with the establishment of three separate kingdoms, rather than a unified empire.

Wei and Jin dynasties

On April 4, 190 AD, Chancellor

Dong Zhuo Dong Zhuo () (c. 140s – 22 May 192), courtesy name Zhongying, was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty. At the end of the reign of the Eastern Han, Dong Zhuo was a general and powerful ...

ordered his soldiers to ransack, pillage, and raze the city as he retreated from the coalition set up against him by regional lords all over China. The court was subsequently moved to the more defensible western city of

(modern Xi'an). Following a period of disorder, during which warlord

Cao Cao Cao Cao (; ; ; 15 March 220), courtesy name Mengde, was a Chinese statesman, warlord, and poet who rose to power during the end of the Han dynasty (), ultimately taking effective control of the Han central government. He laid the foundation f ...

held the last Han emperor

Xian Xi'an is the list of capitals in China, capital of the Chinese province of Shaanxi. A sub-provincial city on the Guanzhong plain, the city is the third-most populous city in Western China after Chongqing and Chengdu, as well as the most populou ...

Xuchang Xuchang ( zh, s=, t= ; postal: Hsuchang) is a prefecture-level city in central Henan province in Central China. It is bordered by the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the northwest, Kaifeng to the northeast, Zhoukou to the east, Luohe ...

(196–220), Luoyang was restored to prominence when his son Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of the Wei dynasty, declared it his capital in 220 AD. The

Jin dynasty Jin may refer to: States Jìn 晉 * Jin (Chinese state) (晉國), major state of the Zhou dynasty, existing from the 11th century BC to 376 BC * Jin dynasty (266–420) (晉朝), also known as Liang Jin and Sima Jin * Jin (Later Tang precursor) ...

, successor to Wei, was also established in Luoyang. At the height of Jin rule, Luoyang had a population of 600,000 and was probably the second largest city in the world after

Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...

. At the start of the 4th century, Luoyang was subjected to repeated attacks during the

War of the Eight Princes The War of the Eight Princes, Rebellion of the Eight Kings, or Rebellion of the Eight Princes ( zh, t=八王之亂, s=八王之乱, p=bā wáng zhī luàn, w=pa wang chih luan) was a series of coups and civil wars among kings/princes (Chinese: '' ...

and

Upheaval of the Five Barbarians The Upheaval of the Five Barbarians also translated as the Uprising, Rebellion or the Revolt of the Five Barbarians () is a Chinese expression used to refer to a chaotic period of warfare from 304 to 316 during the fall of the Western Jin dynast ...

under the Jin. In 311 AD, rebel forces of the

Xiongnu The Xiongnu (, ) were a tribal confederation of Nomad, nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese historiography, Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Modu Chanyu, t ...

-led

Han-Zhao The Han-Zhao ( zh, s=汉赵, t=漢趙, p=Hàn Zhào; 304–329 AD), or Former Zhao ( zh, s=前赵, t=前趙, p=Qián Zhào), was a dynastic state of China ruled by the Liu ( Luandi) clan of Chuge-Xiongnu ethnicity during the Sixteen Kingdoms per ...

dynasty sacked and razed the city in an event known as the

Disaster of Yongjia The Disaster of Yongjia (simplified Chinese: 永嘉之乱; traditional Chinese: 永嘉之亂) occurred in 311 CE, when forces of the Han-Zhao dynasty captured and sacked Luoyang, the capital of the Western Jin dynasty. The Han's army committed a m ...

. For the next two centuries, Luoyang would cease as a major population hub, but remained a hotly contested region among various states to come. It was the site of a pivotal battle in 328 between the Han-Zhao and

Later Zhao Zhao, briefly known officially as Wei (衛) in 350 AD, known in historiography as the Later Zhao (; 319–351) or Shi Zhao (石趙), was a dynasty of China ruled by the Shi family of Jie ethnicity during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Among the ...

dynasties which established the latter as a hegemonic power in the north. The city changed hands several times throughout the

Sixteen Kingdoms The Sixteen Kingdoms (), less commonly the Sixteen States, was a chaotic period in Chinese history from AD 304 to 439 when northern China fragmented into a series of short-lived dynastic states. The majority of these states were founded b ...

period, as it was also controlled by the

Former Yan Yan, known in historiography as the Former Yan (; 337–370), was a dynastic state of China ruled by the Murong clan of the Xianbei during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. From Liaoning, the Former Yan later conquered and ruled over Hebei, Shaanxi, ...

Former Qin Qin, known as the Former Qin and Fu Qin (苻秦) in historiography, was a Dynasties of China, dynastic state of China ruled by the Fu (Pu) clan of the Di (Five Barbarians), Di peoples during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Founded in the wake of ...

and

Later Qin Qin, known in historiography as the Later Qin ( zh, s=后秦, t=後秦, p=Hòuqín; 384–417) or Yao Qin (), was a dynastic state of China ruled by the Yao clan of Qiang ethnicity during the Sixteen Kingdoms period in northern China. As the onl ...

dynasties. The Jin dynasty, which had relocated south of the

Yangtze river The Yangtze or Yangzi ( or ) is the longest river in Eurasia and the third-longest in the world. It rises at Jari Hill in the Tanggula Mountains of the Tibetan Plateau and flows including Dam Qu River the longest source of the Yangtze, i ...

after the upheaval, was even able to recover the city on a few occasions.

Northern Wei

In winter 416, during Liu Yu's northern expedition against the Later Qin, Luoyang fell to the Jin general

Tan Daoji Tan Daoji () (before 394 - April 9, 436) was a high-level general of the Chinese Liu Song dynasty. He was one of the most respected generals during the Southern and Northern Dynasties era. Because of this, however, he was feared by Emperor Wen ...

. In 422, the city was captured by

Xianbei The Xianbei (; ) were an ancient nomadic people that once resided in the eastern Eurasian steppes in what is today Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Northeastern China. The Xianbei were likely not of a single ethnicity, but rather a multiling ...

-led

Northern Wei dynasty Wei (), known in historiography as the Northern Wei ( zh, c=北魏, p=Běi Wèi), Tuoba Wei ( zh, c=拓跋魏, p=Tuòbá Wèi), Yuan Wei ( zh, c=元魏, p=Yuán Wèi) and Later Wei ( zh, t=後魏, p=Hòu Wèi), was an imperial dynasty of Chi ...

. The

Liu Song dynasty Song, known as Liu Song (), Former Song (前宋) or Song of (the) Southern dynasties (南朝宋) in historiography, was an imperial dynasty of China and the first of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties peri ...

, which succeeded the Jin, briefly recovered the city in 430, but by the 460s, Luoyang was definitively under Wei control. In 493 AD, as part of his

sinicization Sinicization, sinofication, sinification, or sinonization (from the prefix , 'Chinese, relating to China') is the process by which non-Chinese societies or groups are acculturated or assimilated into Chinese culture, particularly the language, ...

campaign,

Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei ((北)魏孝文帝) (October 13, 467 – April 26, 499), personal name Tuoba Hong (拓拔宏), later Yuan Hong (元宏), was an emperor of China's Northern Wei dynasty, reigning from September 20, 471 to April 26, ...

moved the capital from

Datong Datong is a prefecture-level city in northern Shanxi Province, China. It is located in the Datong Basin at an elevation of and borders Inner Mongolia to the north and west and Hebei to the east. As of the 2020 census, it had a population o ...

to Luoyang, moving over 150,000 people to the site by 495, and started the construction of the rock-cut

Longmen Grottoes The Longmen Grottoes () or Longmen Caves are some of the finest examples of Chinese Buddhist art. Housing tens of thousands of statues of Shakyamuni Buddha and his disciples, they are located south of present-day Luoyang in Henan province, ...

. More than 30,000

statues from the time of this dynasty have been found in the caves. Many of these sculptures were two-faced. At the same time, the

Shaolin Temple Shaolin Monastery ( zh, labels=no, c=少林寺, p=shàolínsì), also known as Shaolin Temple, is a monastic institution recognized as the birthplace of Chan Buddhism and the cradle of Shaolin kung fu. It is located at the foot of Wuru Peak o ...

was also built by the Emperor to accommodate an Indian monk on the

Mount Song Mount Song (, "lofty mountain") is an isolated mountain range in north central China's Henan Province, along the southern bank of the Yellow River. It is known in literary and folk tradition as the central mountain of the Five Great Mountains of ...

right next to Luoyang City. The

Yongning Temple The Yongning Pagoda or Yongning Temple () in Luoyang was one of the tallest buildings of the world from 516 AD to 534 AD. The timber-frame pagoda with a complete column grid and a stabilising masonry-core was built during the Northern ...

(), the tallest pagoda in China, was also built in Luoyang. The city reached a population of 600,000 at its height during the Northern Wei. The city was destroyed by the warlord

Gao Huan Gao Huan () (496 – 13 February 547), Xianbei name Heliuhun (賀六渾), formally Prince Xianwu of Qi (齊獻武王), later further formally honored by Northern Qi initially as Emperor Xianwu (獻武皇帝), then as Emperor Shenwu (神武皇� ...

, who captured the city and forced its population to move to his capital at Ye in 534. The old city was the site of numerous battles between

Western Wei Wei (), known in historiography as the Western Wei (), was an imperial dynasty of China that followed the disintegration of the Northern Wei. One of the Northern dynasties during the era of the Northern and Southern dynasties, it ruled the weste ...

(and its successor

Northern Zhou Zhou (), known in historiography as the Northern Zhou (), was a Xianbei-led Dynasties in Chinese history, dynasty of China that lasted from 557 to 581. One of the Northern and Southern dynasties#Northern dynasties, Northern dynasties of China's ...

) and

Eastern Wei Wei (), known in historiography as the Eastern Wei (), was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China that followed the disintegration of the Northern Wei dynasty. One of the Northern and Southern dynasties#Northern dynasties, Nor ...

(and its successor

Northern Qi Qi, known as the Northern Qi (), Later Qi (後齊) or Gao Qi (高齊) in historiography, was a Dynasties in Chinese history, Chinese imperial dynasty and one of the Northern and Southern dynasties#Northern dynasties, Northern dynasties during the ...

) between 538 and 575.

Sui and Tang dynasties

When

Emperor Yang of Sui Emperor Yang of Sui (隋煬帝, 569 – 11 April 618), personal name Yang Guang (), alternative name Ying (), Xianbei name Amo (), was the second emperor of the Sui dynasty of China. Emperor Yang's original name was Yang Ying, but he was rena ...

took control in 604 AD he founded the new Luoyang on the site of the existing city using a layout inspired by his father

Emperor Wen of Sui Emperor Wen of Sui (; 21 July 541 – 13 August 604), personal name Yang Jian (), Xianbei name Puliuru Jian (), was the founding Emperor of China, emperor of the Chinese Sui dynasty. As a Buddhist, he encouraged the spread of Buddhism through ...

's work in newly rebuilt Chang'an. Luoyang Pavilion

During the

, Luoyang was Dongdu (), the "Eastern Capital", and at its height had a population of around one million, second only to Chang'an, which, at the time, was the largest city in the world. During an interval in the Tang dynasty, the first and the only empress in Chinese history –

Empress Wu The asterisk ( ), from Late Latin , from Ancient Greek , , "little star", is a typographical symbol. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a heraldic star. Computer scientists and mathematicians often vocalize it as st ...

, moved the capital of her Zhou dynasty to Luoyang and named it as Shen Du (Capital of the God). She constructed the tallest palace in Chinese history, which is now in the site of Sui Tang Luoyang city. Luoyang was heavily damaged during the

An Lushan Rebellion The An Lushan rebellion was a civil war in China that lasted from 755 to 763, at the approximate midpoint of the Tang dynasty (618–907). It began as a commandery rebellion attempting to overthrow and replace the Tang government with the rogue ...

Epitaph An epitaph (; ) is a short text honoring a deceased person. Strictly speaking, it refers to text that is inscribed on a tombstone or plaque, but it may also be used in a figurative sense. Some epitaphs are specified by the person themselves be ...

s were found dating from the Tang dynasty of a Christian couple in Luoyang of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman, Lady An (安氏), who died in 821, and her Nestorian Christian Han Chinese husband, Hua Xian (花献), who died in 827. These Han Chinese Christian men may have married Sogdian Christian women because of a lack of Han Chinese women belonging to the Christian religion, limiting their choice of spouses among the same ethnicity. Another epitaph in Luoyang of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman also surnamed An was discovered and she was put in her tomb by her military officer son on 22 January, 815. This Sogdian woman's husband was surnamed He (和) and he was a Han Chinese man and the family was indicated to be multiethnic on the epitaph pillar. In Luoyang, the mixed raced sons of Nestorian Christian Sogdian women and Han Chinese men has many career paths available for them. Neither their mixed ethnicity nor their faith were barriers and they were able to become civil officials, a military officers and openly celebrated their Christian religion and support Christian monasteries. Central Asians like Sogdians were called "Hu" (胡) by the Chinese during the Tang dynasty. Central Asian "Hu" women were stereotyped as barmaids or dancers by Han in China. Occasionally, "Hu" women would be involved in prostitution as the "Hu" women in China were at times in occupations that doubled as illicit services. Luoyang in Han Dynasty

During the short Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Luoyang was the capital of the Later Liang (only for a few years before the court moved to

Kaifeng Kaifeng ( zh, s=开封, p=Kāifēng) is a prefecture-level city in east-Zhongyuan, central Henan province, China. It is one of the Historical capitals of China, Eight Ancient Capitals of China, having been the capital eight times in history, and ...

) and

Later Tang Tang, known in historiography as the Later Tang, was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China and the second of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in Chinese history. The first three of the Later Tang's four ...

dynasty.

Later history

During the North

, Luoyang was the 'Western Capital' and birthplace of Zhao Kuangyin, the founder of the Song dynasty. It served as a prominent cultural center, housing some of the most important philosophers. This prosperity was mainly caused by Luoyang undergoing new developments and reconstruction during this period. During the Jurchen

, Luoyang was the "Middle Capital". Since the

Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty ( ; zh, c=元朝, p=Yuáncháo), officially the Great Yuan (; Mongolian language, Mongolian: , , literally 'Great Yuan State'), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after Div ...

, Luoyang was no longer the capital of China in the rest of the ancient dynasties. During the Yuan and

Ming The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by the Han people, t ...

dynasties, Luoyang was razed and rebuilt twice. Its walls were destroyed by peasant rebels in the late Ming period. The city walls were then rebuilt during the

. The population was reduced to that of an average county. However, for one last time, Luoyang city was the capital of the

Republic of China Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...

for a brief period of time during the Japanese invasion. By 1949, Luoyang's population was 75,000.

People's Republic of China

After the People's Republic of China was established, Luoyang was revived as a major heavy industrial hub. In the first five-year plan of China, 7 of 156 Soviet-aided major industrial programmes were launched in Luoyang's

Jianxi District Jianxi District () is a district of the city of Luoyang, Henan province, China. Jianxi District was established in July 1955. It is located to the west of Jian River and Xigong District is east of the Jian River. Jianxi is a manufacturing center. ...

, including Dongfanghong Tractor Factory, Luoyang Mining Machines Factory and Luoyang Bearing Factory. Later, during the Third Front construction, a group of heavy industry factories was moved to or founded in Luoyang, including Luoyang Glass Factory. Industrial development significantly shifted Luoyang's demographic makeup, and about half of Luoyang's population are new immigrants after 1949 from outside the province or their descendants.

UNESCO World Heritage Site

, added to the

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO ) is a List of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and International secur ...

World Heritage List World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection under an international treaty administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance. The sites are judged to contain "cultural and natural heritag ...

in 2000 * The Grand Canal – Huiluo Barn, Hanjia Barn, added to the

in 2014 *

Silk Roads The Silk Road was a network of Asian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century. Spanning over , it played a central role in facilitating economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between the ...

– Han Wei Luoyang City Site, Dingding Gate Site of Sui Tang Luoyang City, Xin'an Hangu Guan Site, added to the

in 2014

Ancient city sites

* Erlitou Site (

) of

* Yanshi Shang City Site (Xibo) of

Shang dynasty The Shang dynasty (), also known as the Yin dynasty (), was a Chinese royal dynasty that ruled in the Yellow River valley during the second millennium BC, traditionally succeeding the Xia dynasty and followed by the Western Zhou d ...

* Wangcheng Site of

* Luoyang City Site of Han and Wei dynasty * Luoyang City Site of Sui and

Administrative divisions

The

of Luoyang administers 7

districts A district is a type of administrative division that in some countries is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions ...

and 7

counties A county () is a geographic region of a country used for administrative or other purposesL. Brookes (ed.) '' Chambers Dictionary''. Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, 2005. in some nations. The term is derived from the Old French denoti ...

: *Districts **

Xigong District Xigong District () is a district of the city of Luoyang, Henan Henan; alternatively Honan is a province in Central China. Henan is home to many heritage sites, including Yinxu, the ruins of the final capital of the Shang dynasty () and th ...

Laocheng District Laocheng () is a district of Luoyang in Henan Henan; alternatively Honan is a province in Central China. Henan is home to many heritage sites, including Yinxu, the ruins of the final capital of the Shang dynasty () and the Shaolin Temple ...

** Chanhe Hui District **

Luolong District Luolong District () is a district of the city of Luoyang, Henan province, China. Luolong District is located in the southeast of Luoyang city, backing the Mang Mount, facing the Yi River. The Luolong District was , registered population: 565,000, ...

Mengjin District Mengjin District is a district in Luoyang City, in the northwest of Henan province, China, located to the north of Luoyang's urban districts. History Mengjin began its life as an ancient ferry crossing for the Yellow River. According to legend, ...

*Defunct District **

, now part of

*Counties **

Xin'an County Xin'an County () is a county in the west of Henan Province, bordering Shanxi Province to the north across the Yellow River. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Luoyang, and contains its northernmost point. History In an ...

Luoning County Luoning County () is a county in the west of Henan province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Luoyang. Administrative divisions Eleven towns: *Chengguan, Luoning County, Chengguan (), Shangge (), Xiayu (), Hedi ...

** Yiyang County ** Yichuan County **

Song County Song County or Songxian () is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Luoyang, in the west of Henan Province Henan; alternatively Honan is a province in Central China. Henan is home to many heritage sites, includ ...

Luanchuan County Luanchuan County () is a county under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Luoyang, in the west of Henan province, China. It has an area of and a population of 318,000. The county contains significant deposits of molybdenum and tungs ...

Ruyang County Ruyang County () is a county in the west of Henan province, China, under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Luoyang. Ruyang County has been the site of several major discoveries of fossilized dinosaur Dinosaurs are a dive ...

During the 2010 census, the 5 "built-up" urban districts held a population of 1,857,003, making it the fourth-largest city in

. The entire area of Luoyang's municipal government held 6,549,941 inhabitants total.

2021 administrative reorganization

With the 2017 designation of Zhengzhou as a National Central City, Henan Province in 2020 proposed a new development plan for Zhengzhou Metropolitan Area, which called for the development of Luoyang as a sub-central city. As part of this development, authorities decided to expand the urban area of Luoyang. This not only facilitated planning and coordinated use of resources and infrastructure in Luoyang, but also allowed for better integration towards Zhengzhou, as Yanshi, Jili and Mengjin previously separated the Luoyang urban area from Zhengzhou. On 28 March 2021, the central government approved a major administrative reorganization of Luoyang city.

Yanshi Yanshi District () is a district in the prefecture-level city of Luoyang in western Henan province, China. Yanshi lies on the Luo River and is the easternmost county-level division of Luoyang. History After the Zhou conquest of Shang in mid-11t ...

City was reorganized into an urban district (Yanshi District), while Jili District and Mengjin County were merged into Mengjin District. This reorganization effectively doubled the urban area of Luoyang.

Geography

As its name states, the Old Town of Luoyang is located on the north bank of the

Luo Luo or LUO may refer to: Luo peoples and languages *Luo peoples, an ethno-linguistic group of eastern and central Africa **Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania or Joluo, an ethnic group in western Kenya, eastern Uganda, and northern Tanzania. *** Luol ...

, a southern tributary of the middle reaches of the

. The districts of the modern urban center include both banks and some of the surrounding mountains. The countryside controlled by the municipal government includes still more rugged land: mountains comprise 45.51% of the total area; hills, 40.73%; and plains, 13.8%.

Climate

Luoyang has a highly continental dry-winter

humid subtropical climate A humid subtropical climate is a subtropical -temperate climate type, characterized by long and hot summers, and cool to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents (except Antarctica), generally between ...

(

Köppen climate classification The Köppen climate classification divides Earth climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (te ...

: ''Cwa''). Extremes since 1951 have ranged from (unofficial record of ) was on January 17, 1936) to .

Culture

;Sites The

south of the city were listed on the

list of

World Heritage Sites World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection under an international treaty administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance. The sites are judged to contain "cultural and natural heritag ...

in November 2000. Guanlina series of temples built in honor of

Guan Yu Guan Yu (; ), courtesy name Yunchang, was a Chinese military general serving under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Along with Zhang Fei, he shared a brotherly relationship with Liu Bei and accompanied him on ...

, a hero of the

Three Kingdoms period The Three Kingdoms of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu dominated China from AD 220 to 280 following the end of the Han dynasty. This period was preceded by the Eastern Han dynasty and followed by the Western Jin dynasty. Academically, the ...

is nearby. The

is located east of the modern town. The

Luoyang Museum Luoyang Museum () is a historical museum in Luoyang, Henan Province, China. Situated in the Yellow River valley. It offers exhibits of the rich cultural heritage of Luoyang, a major Chinese cultural centre, which was the capital of several Ch ...

(established 1958) features ancient relics dating back to the Xia,

, and Zhou

dynasties A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics. A dynasty may also be referred to as a "house", "family" or "clan", among others. Historians ...

. The total number of exhibits on display is 1,700. China's only tomb museum, the Luoyang Ancient Tombs Museum, opened to the public in 1987 and is situated north of the modern town. The

Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory, also known as the Dengfeng Observatory, is an observatory in Duke of Zhou's shrine, Gaocheng Town, near Dengfeng in Henan province, China. This site has a long tradition of astronomical observations, from the ...

(also known as the Dengfeng Observatory or the Tower of Chou Kong) stands south-east of Luoyang. It was constructed in 1276 during the

Guo Shoujing Guo Shoujing (, 1231–1316), courtesy name Ruosi (), was a Chinese astronomer, hydraulic engineer, mathematician, and politician of the Yuan dynasty. The later Johann Adam Schall von Bell (1591–1666) was so impressed with the preserved astro ...

as a giant

gnomon A gnomon (; ) is the part of a sundial that casts a shadow. The term is used for a variety of purposes in mathematics and other fields, typically to measure directions, position, or time. History A painted stick dating from 2300 BC that was ...

for "the measurement of the sun's shadow". Prior to the

Jesuit China Missions The history of the missions of the Jesuits in China is part of the history of Foreign relations of China, relations between China and the Western world. The missionary efforts and other work of the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, between the 16th a ...

, it was used for establishing the

summer Summer or summertime is the hottest and brightest of the four temperate seasons, occurring after spring and before autumn. At or centred on the summer solstice, daylight hours are the longest and darkness hours are the shortest, with day ...

and

winter solstice The winter solstice, or hibernal solstice, occurs when either of Earth's geographical pole, poles reaches its maximum axial tilt, tilt away from the Sun. This happens twice yearly, once in each hemisphere (Northern Hemisphere, Northern and So ...

s in traditional

Chinese astronomy Astronomy in China has a long history stretching from the Shang dynasty, being refined over a period of more than 3,000 years. The Ancient China, ancient Chinese people have identified stars from 1300 BCE, as Chinese star names later categori ...

. Luoyang is the foundation of Confucianism, the birth of Taoism, the first transmission of Buddhism, the formation of metaphysics, and the origin of neo-Confucianism. All kinds of cultural thoughts are integrated and symbiosis here, and the

compass A compass is a device that shows the cardinal directions used for navigation and geographic orientation. It commonly consists of a magnetized needle or other element, such as a compass card or compass rose, which can pivot to align itself with No ...

paper making Papermaking is the manufacture of paper and cardboard, which are used widely for printing, writing, and packaging, among many other purposes. Today almost all paper is made using industrial machinery, while handmade paper survives as a special ...

and

printing Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The ...

among the

four great inventions The Four Great Inventions are inventions from ancient China that are celebrated in Chinese culture for their historical significance and as symbols of ancient China's advanced science and technology. They are the compass, gunpowder, papermaking ...

of ancient China were born here. Luoyang is also the cultural root and ancestral lineage of the global Chinese, more than 100 million Hakka ancestral home in the world, 70% of China's clan name originated here, Heluo culture represented by "Hetu Luoshu" is the ancestral source of Chinese civilization. ;Cuisine

Water Banquet The Water Banquet () is a Chinese set of dishes comprising eight cold and 16 warm dishes cooked in various broths, gravies, and juices. It is considered one of the "Three Wonders of Luoyang"—a former Chinese capital located in Henan—al ...

, which is one of the famous banquets passed on for generations in the history of Chinese cuisine, consists of 8 cold and 16 warm dishes all cooked in various broths, gravies, or juices. The water here has two meanings: one is that all the hot dishes have soup-tang soup water; the other is that each dish is served after another smoothly just like flowing water. It comprises a wide selection of ingredients, simple and versatile, diverse tastes, sour, spicy, sweet and salty, comfortable and delicious. ;Botany Luoyang is also celebrated for the cultivation of

peonies The peony or paeony () is any flowering plant in the genus ''Paeonia'', the only genus in the family Paeoniaceae. Peonies are native to Asia, Europe, and Western North America. Scientists differ on the number of species that can be distinguishe ...

, its city flower. Since 1983, each mid-April the city hosts the Peony Culture Festival of Luoyang. More than 19 million tourists visited Luoyang during the 2014 festival. ;Music "Spring in Luoyang" ( zh, labels=no, s= , p=Luòyáng Chūn), an ancient Chinese composition, became popular in

Korea Korea is a peninsular region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and smaller islands. Since the end of World War II in 1945, it has been politically Division of Korea, divided at or near the 38th parallel north, 3 ...

during the

Goryeo dynasty Goryeo (; ) was a Korean state founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korea, Korean Peninsula until the establishment of Joseon in 1392. Goryeo achieved what has b ...

(918–1392) and is still performed in its ''

dangak ''Dangak'' () is a genre of traditional Korean court music. The name means " Tang music", and the style was first adapted from Tang Dynasty Chinese music during the Unified Silla period in the late first millennium. It was continued through t ...

'' (Koreanized) version ''Nakyangchun'' ().

Lou Harrison Lou Silver Harrison (May 14, 1917 – February 2, 2003) was an American composer, music critic, music theorist, painter, and creator of unique musical instruments. Harrison initially wrote in a dissonant, ultramodernist style similar to his for ...

, an American composer, has also created an arrangement of the work. ;Dialect Residents of Luoyang typically speak a dialect of

Zhongyuan Mandarin Central Plains Mandarin, or ''Zhongyuan'' Mandarin (), is a variety of Mandarin Chinese spoken in the central and southern parts of Shaanxi, Henan, southwestern part of Shanxi, southern part of Gansu, far southern part of Hebei, northern Anhui, n ...

. Although Luoyang's dialect was a

prestige dialect Prestige in sociolinguistics is the level of regard normally accorded a specific language or dialect within a speech community, relative to other languages or dialects. Prestige varieties are language or dialect families which are generally c ...

of spoken Chinese from the

Warring States period The Warring States period in history of China, Chinese history (221 BC) comprises the final two and a half centuries of the Zhou dynasty (256 BC), which were characterized by frequent warfare, bureaucratic and military reforms, and ...

of the Zhou until the

Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of ...

, it differs from the Beijing form of

Mandarin Mandarin or The Mandarin may refer to: Language * Mandarin Chinese, branch of Chinese originally spoken in northern parts of the country ** Standard Chinese or Modern Standard Mandarin, the official language of China ** Taiwanese Mandarin, Stand ...

which became the basis of the standard modern dialect. ;Outer space Asteroid (239200) 2006 MD13 is named after Luoyang.

Education

Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology () is an educational institute in the Chinese city of Luoyang Luoyang ( zh, s=洛阳, t=洛陽, p=Luòyáng) is a city located in the confluence area of the Luo River and the Yellow River in the we ...

* Henan University of Science and Technology *Luoyang Normal University *PLA Foreign Language Institute, formerly known as the Luoyang PLA College of Foreign Languages

Transportation

The city can be reached by highways, trains or planes. Long-distance buses are also an option although they generally tend to take longer. High-speed rail is the most common way to get into the city from either

Xi'an Xi'an is the list of capitals in China, capital of the Chinese province of Shaanxi. A sub-provincial city on the Guanzhong plain, the city is the third-most populous city in Western China after Chongqing and Chengdu, as well as the most populou ...

. Luoyang has a bus system of around 30+ lines. Taxis are also a common sight in the city.

Subway

Line 1 of Luoyang Subway opened 28 March 2021. Line 2 opened on 26 December 2021.

Rail

;Conventional speed The main station for conventional rail services is

Luoyang railway station Luoyang railway station () is a station on Longhai railway in Luoyang, Henan Henan; alternatively Honan is a province in Central China. Henan is home to many heritage sites, including Yinxu, the ruins of the final capital of the Shang ...

on the

Longhai railway The Longhai railway (), formerly romanized as the is a major arterial east–west railway in China. It runs from Lianyungang, Jiangsu, on the Yellow Sea to Lanzhou, Gansu, through the provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Shaanxi, and Gansu, cove ...

. Guanlin railway station on the

Jiaozuo–Liuzhou railway The Jiaozuo–Liuzhou railway or Jiaoliu railway (), is a major trunkline railroad in China between Jiaozuo in central China and Liuzhou in southern China. The line is long and runs north–south through four provinces.(Chinese焦柳铁路简� ...

has a far less frequent service, only seeing north–south trains or vice versa that don't stop at Luoyang railway station. ;High-speed

Luoyang Longmen railway station The Luoyang Longmen railway station () is a railway station part of the Xuzhou–Lanzhou High-Speed Railway. The station is located in Luoyang, Henan, China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East As ...

sees high-speed services on the

Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway The Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway, also known as the Zhengxi passenger line, is a high-speed railway line operated by China Railway High-speed, connecting Zhengzhou and Xi'an, the provincial capitals of Henan and Shaanxi, respectively. I ...

Road

G30 Lianyungang–Khorgas Expressway The Lianyungang–Khorgas Expressway (), designated as G30 and commonly referred to as the Lianhuo Expressway (), is

* G36 Nanjing–Luoyang Expressway *

G55 Erenhot–Guangzhou Expressway The Erenhot–Guangzhou Expressway ( zh, s=二连浩特—广州高速公路), designated as G55 and commonly referred to as the Erguang Expressway ( zh, s=二广高速公路) is an expressway that connects the cities of Erenhot, Inner Mongolia, a ...

China National Highway 207 China National Highway 207 (G207) runs from Ulanhot, Inner Mongolia to Hai'an, Guangdong. It is in length and runs south from Xilinhot through Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, Hubei, Guangxi, and ends in Guangdong. Route and distance ...

China National Highway 310 China National Highway 310 (G310) runs northwest from Lianyungang, Jiangsu towards Anhui, Henan, Shaanxi provinces, and ends in Tianshui, Gansu. It was originally 1613 kilometres in length, but was later extended westward to Gonghe County in Qin ...

Air

Luoyang is served by

Luoyang Beijiao Airport Luoyang Beijiao Airport is an airport serving the city of Luoyang in Henan Province, China. History On November 19, 1985, construction of Luoyang North Suburban Airport began. On September 26, 1987, Luoyang Beijiao Airport was officially opene ...

Twin towns and sister cities

Luoyang is twinned with: *

La Crosse, Wisconsin La Crosse ( ) is a city in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. Positioned alongside the Mississippi River, La Crosse is the largest city on Wisconsin's western border. La Crosse's population was 52,680 as of the 202 ...

, United States *

Okayama, Okayama is the prefectural capital, capital Cities of Japan, city of Okayama Prefecture in the Chūgoku region of Japan. The Okayama metropolitan area, centered around the city, has the largest urban employment zone in the Chugoku region of western J ...

, Japan

Notable people

An Chonghui An Chonghui (d. June 25, 931?''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 277.Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter) (, fl. 10th century) was the chief of staff ('' Shumishi'') and chief advisor to Li Siyuan (Emperor Mingzong) (r. 926–933) of the Ch ...

, chief advisor to Li Siyuan (Emperor Mingzong) of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Later Tang * An Jincang, Tang dynasty court official *

An Lushan An Lushan (; 20th day of the 1st month (19 February) 703 – 29 January 757) was a Chinese military general and rebel leader during the Tang dynasty and is primarily known for instigating the An Lushan Rebellion which devastated China and kill ...

, military general and rebel leader during the Tang dynasty *

, early Buddhist missionary to China * Bahram VII, son of

Yazdegerd III Yazdegerd III (also Romanized as ''Yazdgerd'', ''Yazdgird'') was the last Sasanian Empire, Sasanian King of Kings from 632 to 651. His father was Shahriyar (son of Khosrow II), Shahriyar and his grandfather was Khosrow II. Ascending the throne a ...

, the last

Shahanshah Shāh (; ) is a royal title meaning "king" in the Persian language.Yarshater, Ehsa, ''Iranian Studies'', vol. XXII, no. 1 (1989) Though chiefly associated with the List of monarchs of Iran, monarchs of Iran, it was also used to refer to the ...

of the

Sasanian Empire The Sasanian Empire (), officially Eranshahr ( , "Empire of the Iranian peoples, Iranians"), was an List of monarchs of Iran, Iranian empire that was founded and ruled by the House of Sasan from 224 to 651. Enduring for over four centuries, th ...

Bai Juyi Bai Juyi (also Bo Juyi or Po Chü-i; , Mandarin Chinese, Mandarin pinyin ''Bǎi Jūyì''; 772–846), courtesy name Letian (樂天), was a Chinese musician, poet, and politician during the Tang dynasty. Many of his poems concern his career o ...

, musician, poet, and politician during the Tang dynasty *

, diplomat, explorer, and military general of the Eastern Han dynasty *

Bao Shanju Bao Shanju ( zh, 鲍珊菊; born 3 November 1997) is a Chinese cyclist. She competed in the women's team sprint event at the 2020 Summer Olympics. In the first round of the event, she and teammate Zhong Tianshi set a new world record with a tim ...

, cyclist * Chen Dong,

astronaut An astronaut (from the Ancient Greek (), meaning 'star', and (), meaning 'sailor') is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a List of human spaceflight programs, human spaceflight program to serve as a commander or crew member of a spa ...

Shenzhou 11 Shenzhou 11 was a crewed spaceflight of the Shenzhou program of China, launched on 17 October 2016 (16 October UTC) from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. It was China's sixth crewed space mission, at 33 days, it was the longest until the fo ...

and

Shenzhou 14 Shenzhou 14 () was a Chinese spaceflight to the Tiangong space station, launched on 5 June 2022. It carried three People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps (PLAAC) Astronaut#Taikonaut, taikonauts on board a Shenzhou (spacecraft), Shenzhou spacecr ...

Chen Qichang Chen Qichang ( zh, t=陳其昌, w=Ch'en Ch'i-ch'ang; 1900–1942) was a Chinese communist politician. He was an early member of Chinese Communist Party and was active in the labor movement. He broke with the party to join with Chen Duxiu in his n ...

, communist politician *

, statesman, warlord, and poet during the Han dynasty *

Cao Pi Cao Pi () (late 187 – 29 June 226), courtesy name Zihuan, was the first emperor of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the second son of Cao Cao, a warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty, but the ...

, first emperor of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period *

Cao Que Cao Que (曹確), courtesy name Gangzhong (剛中), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Yizong. Background It is not known when Cao Que was born. His family was from the Tang dynas ...

, official of the Tang dynasty *

Cao Rui Cao Rui () (204 or 205 – 22 January 239), courtesy name Yuanzhong, was the second emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. His parentage is in dispute: his mother, Lady Zhen, was Yuan Xi's wife, but she later remarr ...

, second emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period *

Cao Shuang Cao Shuang (died 9 February 249), courtesy name Zhaobo, was a Chinese military general and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the eldest son of Cao Zhen, a prominent general of Cao Wei. He initially ...

, military general and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period *

Chen Yixing Chen Yixing (陳夷行) (died 844''Old Book of Tang'', vol. 18, part 1.), courtesy name Zhoudao (周道),was a Chinese historian, military general, and politician during the Tang dynasty, serving twice as a chancellor during the reigns of Emperor ...

, historian, military general, and politician during the Tang dynasty * Chen Yuyi, poet and politician of the Song dynasty *

Cheng Hao Chéng Hào (, 1032–1085), Courtesy name Bóchún (), was a Chinese philosopher and politician from Luoyang, China. In his youth, he and his younger brother Cheng Yi were students of Zhou Dunyi, one of the architects of Neo-Confucian cosm ...

, philosopher and politician *

Cheng Lin Cheng Lin (; born 1967) is a Chinese solo singer. Her first involvement in the music industry was at the age of 13 when she released the track "Little Horn". Since then she has sold 25 million albums across Asia. Cheng's latest album was ' ...

, singer * Cheng Yi, philosopher and politician of the Song Dynasty *

Deng Yu Deng Yu (2 – June 585th month of the 1st year of the ''Yong'ping'' era, per Emperor Ming's biography in ''Book of the Later Han''. The month corresponds to 11 Jun to 9 Jul 58 in the Julian calendar.), courtesy name Zhonghua, was a Chinese sta ...

, statesman and military commander of the early Eastern Han dynasty *

Di Renjie Di Renjie (630 – November 11, 700), courtesy name Huaiying (懷英), posthumous name Duke Wenhui of Liang (梁文惠公), was a Chinese politician of the Tang dynasty, Tang and Wu Zhou dynasties, twice serving as Chancellor of the Tang dynas ...

, politician of the Tang and Wu Zhou dynasties *

, military general, politician, and warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty * Dou Zhengu, historian and politician * Du Wei, footballer *

Dugu Xin Dugu Xin ( Chinese: 獨孤信; 503 – 24 April 557), Xianbei name Qimitou (期彌頭), known as Dugu Ruyuan (獨孤如願) before 540, was a general and official during the chaotic Northern and Southern dynasties period of imperial China ...

, general and official during the Northern and Southern dynasties period *

Fu Yanqing Fu Yanqing () (898'' History of Song'', vol. 251.-July 31, 975''Xu Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 8.Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter), né Li Yanqing (), courtesy name Guanhou (), formally the Prince of Wei (), nicknamed Fu Disi ( ...

, military general, monarch, and politician of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period * Gao Hong,

pipa The pipa, pípá, or p'i-p'a () is a traditional Chinese musical instrument belonging to the plucked category of instruments. Sometimes called the "Chinese lute", the instrument has a pear-shaped wooden body with a varying number of frets rangi ...

player * Gao Xingzhou, military general, monarch, and politician *

Guo Zhenqian Guo Zhenqian (; February 1933 – 13 August 2019) was a Chinese politician and banker. He served as Governor of Hubei from 1985 to 1990, Vice Governor of the People's Bank of China from 1990 to 1993, and Auditor-General of the National Audit Of ...

, politician and banker *

Guo Zhongshu Guo Zhongshu ( 929 – 977), courtesy name Shuxian (or Guobao, according to '' Xuanhe Huapu''), was a Chinese calligrapher, painter, philologist, and scholar during the Five Dynasties period and Song dynasty. He was noted for his paintings o ...

, painter, scholar, calligrapher and philologist during the Five Dynasties period and Song dynasty *

Emperor An of Han Emperor An of Han (; 9430 April 125) was an Emperor of the Han dynasty and the sixth emperor of the Eastern Han, ruling from 106 to 125. He was a grandson of Emperor Zhang and cousin to Emperor Shang of Han, who died while Deng Sui, the emp ...

, emperor of the Han dynasty *

Emperor He of Han Emperor He of Han (; 79 – 13 February 106) was an emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty who ruled from 88 to 106. He was the 4th emperor of the Eastern Han, and the 20th emperor of the Han dynasty. Emperor He was a son of Emperor Zhang and, th ...

, emperor of the Han dynasty *

Emperor Shang of Han Emperor Shang of Han (; late October or early November 105 – 21 September 106) was an infant emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty and the fifth emperor of the Eastern Han. Born Liu Long, the infant was placed on the throne by the Empress Dowager ...

, infant emperor of the Han dynasty *

Han Chao Han Chao (; born 31 January 1989) is a Chinese people, Chinese professional footballer who currently plays for Henan Oriental Classic. Club career In 2008, Han Chao started his professional footballer career with Shanghai Dongya in the China Le ...

, footballer *

He Bin He Bin ( zh, s=何滨; born June 26, 1983) is a Chinese former association football, footballer who played as a midfielder. Club career Shanghai Shenhua He Bin graduated from the Shanghai Shenhua youth team in 2004 after playing for their vari ...

, footballer *

He Jin He Jin () (died 22 September 189), courtesy name Suigao, was a Chinese military general and politician. He was the military Grand Marshal and regent of the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was an elder half-brother of Empress He (the emp ...

, military general and politician of the late Eastern Han dynasty *

He Lei He Lei (; born June 1955) is a lieutenant general of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. Biography He was born in Luoyang, Henan, in June 1955, to a military family, while his ancestral home in Tongjiang County, Sichuan Province. He enlisted ...

, lieutenant general of the People's Liberation Army *

Guiguzi ''Guiguzi'' (), also called ''Baihece'' (), is a collection of ancient Chinese texts compiled between the late Warring States period and the end of the Han dynasty. The work, between 6,000 and 7,000 Chinese characters, discusses techniques of ...

geomancer Geomancy, a compound of Greek roots denoting "earth divination", was originally used to mean methods of divination that interpret geographic features, markings on the ground, or the patterns formed by soil, rocks, or sand. Its definition has ex ...

and numerologist * Ji Bingxuan, politician *

Ji Xu Ji Xu () was a Chinese politician during Wu Zetian's Zhou dynasty, serving briefly as chancellor. Background It is not known when Ji Xu was born, but it is known that he was from the Zhou capital Luoyang. He was said to be tall, good at hiding h ...

, politician during Wu Zetian's Zhou dynasty * Jia Boyan, footballer *

Jia Su Jia Su (賈餗) (died December 17, 835Academia Sinica Chinese-Western Calendar Converter. ...

, official of the Tang dynasty *

Jia Yi Jia Yi (; c. 200169 BCE) was a Chinese essayist, poet and politician of the Western Han dynasty, best known as one of the earliest known writers of ''fu'' rhapsody and for his essay "Disquisition Finding Fault with Qin" (''Guò Qín Lùn'' ), wh ...

, poet and politician of the Western Han dynasty *

Jiang Shen Jiang Shen (蔣伸) (799–881These dates are per a shorbiography for Jiang Shen on the Wuxi City Government Web site, which did not cite any sources.), courtesy name Dazhi (大直), formally the Duke of Le'an (樂安公),'':zh:s:授蔣伸畢誠 ...

, official of the Tang dynasty *

Emperor Huai of Jin Emperor Huai of Jin (; 284 – March 14, 313), personal name Sima Chi (司馬熾), courtesy name Fengdu (豐度), was an emperor of the Jin dynasty. Emperor Huai was captured in July 311 ( Disaster of Yongjia) and later executed in 313 under t ...

, emperor of the Jin Dynasty *

Emperor Yuan of Jin Emperor Yuan of Jin (; 276 – 3 January 323), personal name Sima Rui (), courtesy name Jingwen (), was an emperor of the Jin dynasty and the first emperor of the Eastern Jin. He was the great-grandson of Sima Yi, the grandson of Sima Zhou an ...

, emperor of the Jin dynasty *

Aowen Jin Aowen Jin is a Chinese-born British artist and social commentator. Early life Aowen Jin was born in Luoyang, Henan in China. She moved to the United Kingdom as a student when she was 18, and initially studied Law & Economics at Durham Universit ...

, British artist and social commentator * Jing Yanguang, general and official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period *

Princess Lanling Princess Le'an (), also Princess Lanling () (fl. 530s), was the consort of the Rouran khagan Yujiulü Anluochen. She was born into the imperial house of the Eastern Wei dynasty and was a descendant of Tuoba Yulü of the Dai dynasty and of Empress ...

, consort of the Rouran khagan

Yujiulü Anluochen Yujiulü Anluochen (; pinyin: Yùjiǔlǘ Ānluóchén) (?–554) was the last khagan of the Rouran (553–554) in the east. He was the son of Yujiulü Anagui. During reign of Anagui He was married to Princess Le'an (乐安公主), daughter of Gao ...

Laozi Laozi (), also romanized as Lao Tzu #Name, among other ways, was a semi-legendary Chinese philosophy, Chinese philosopher and author of the ''Tao Te Ching'' (''Laozi''), one of the foundational texts of Taoism alongside the ''Zhuangzi (book) ...

, legendary founder of

Taoism Taoism or Daoism (, ) is a diverse philosophical and religious tradition indigenous to China, emphasizing harmony with the Tao ( zh, p=dào, w=tao4). With a range of meaning in Chinese philosophy, translations of Tao include 'way', 'road', ' ...

Li Binzhu Li Binzhu (; 8 November 1921 – 12 July 2007) was a Chinese-Austrian judge and politician. She was a long-time fighter in the war of the Second Sino-Japanese War. She developed a school model for literacy of rural women. In 1945, she married ...

, Chinese-Austrian judge and politician * Li Chongmei, imperial prince of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period *

Li Conghou Li Conghou () (914–934), posthumous name Emperor Min of Later Tang (), childhood name Pusanu (菩薩奴, "slave of a Bodhisattva"), was an emperor of the Later Tang dynasty of China, ruling between 933 and 934. He was overthrown by his adopte ...

, emperor of the Later Tang dynasty *

Li Congrong Li Congrong () (died December 9, 933''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 278.Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter), formally the Prince of Qin (), was a son of Li Siyuan, the second emperor of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period ...

, son of

Li Siyuan Li Siyuan (李嗣源, later changed to Li Dan (李亶)) (10 October 867 – 15 December 933), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang (後唐明宗), was the second emperor of the Later Tang dynasty of China, reign ...

, the second emperor of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period * Li Congyi, imperial prince of the Later Tang dynasty *

Li Cunxu Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang (), personal name Li Cunxu (), nickname Yazi (), stage name Li Tianxia (), was the second ruling prince of the Former Jin dynasty (r. 908–923) who later became the founding emperor of the Later Tang dynasty ...

, Emperor Zhuangzong of Tang, founding emperor of the Later Tang dynasty *

Li He Li He ( – ) was a Chinese poet of the Tang poetry#Middle Tang, mid-Tang dynasty. His courtesy name was Changji, and he is also known as Guicai and Shigui. He was prevented from taking the imperial examination due to a naming taboo. He died ve ...

, poet of the mid-Tang dynasty *

Li Hengde Li Hengde (; 30 June 1921 – 28 May 2019) was a Chinese nuclear physicist and materials scientist who established China's first nuclear materials program at Tsinghua University. He was a founding academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineerin ...

, nuclear physicist and materials scientist * Li Jue, military general and politician during the Tang dynasty *

Li Longji Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (; 8 September 685 – 3 May 762), personal name Li Longji, was an Emperor of China, emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, reigning from 712 to 756. His reign of 44 years was the longest during the Tang dynasty. Throu ...

, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang *

Li Mian Li Mian (; 717 – September 14, 788), courtesy name Xuanqing (玄卿), formally Duke Zhenjian of Qian (汧貞簡公), was a Chinese judge, military general, musician, poet, and politician during the Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during t ...

, judge, military general, musician, poet, and politician during the Tang dynasty *

Li Qiaoming Li Qiaoming (; born April 1961) is a general of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), currently serving as commander of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force, PLA Ground Force. He served as commander of the Northern Theater Command fro ...

, general of the Chinese People's Liberation Army *

Li Shen Li Shen () (died July 29, 846''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 248.), courtesy name Gongchui (), formally Duke Wensu of Zhao (), was a Chinese historian, military general, poet, and politician of the Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign ...

, historian, military general, poet, and politician of the Tang dynasty * Li Song, official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period * Li Xian, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, fourth and seventh emperor of the Tang dynasty *

Li Shizhi Li Shizhi (; 694 - 747), né Li Chang (李昌), formally the Duke of Qinghe (清和公), was a Chinese poet and politician during the Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. He was known as one of the Eight I ...

, poet and politician during the Tang dynasty * Li Yu, Emperor Daizong of Tang, emperor of the Chinese Tang dynasty * Li Xiang, journalist *

Li Zhaonan Li Zhaonan ( zh, s=李昭楠, t=李昭楠, p=Lǐ Zhāonán; born 22 September 1982) is a former Chinese footballer. Career statistics Club ;Notes Honours Henan Jianye *China League One: 2013 2013 was the first year since 1987 ...

, footballer *

Li Zhun Li Zhun (; 4 July 1928 – 2 February 2000) was a Chinese novelist who was the vice president of China Writers Association and the librarian of Chinese Modern Literature Museum. Biography Li was born into an ethnic Mongolian family of teachers i ...

, novelist *

Liang Ji Liang Ji (梁冀) (died 9 September 159), courtesy name Bozhuo (伯卓), was a Chinese military general and politician. As a powerful consort kin, he dominated government in the 150s together with his younger sister, Empress Liang Na. After hi ...

, military general and politician * Liangqing, Buddhist monk and abbot of Famen Temple *

George Lindbeck George Arthur Lindbeck (March 10, 1923 – January 8, 2018) was an American Lutheran theologian. He was best known as an ecumenicist and as one of the fathers of postliberal theology. Early life and education Lindbeck was born on March 10, 192 ...

, American Lutheran theologian *

Linghu Chu Linghu Chu () (766 – December 18, 837), courtesy name Keshi (), formally Duke Wen of Pengyang (), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Emperor Xianzong and (briefly) Emperor Xianzong's son Emp ...

, official of the Tang dynasty *

Liu Bian Liu Bian (176 – 26 March 190), also known as Emperor Shao of Han and the Prince of Hongnong, was the 13th emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty in China. He became emperor around the age of 13 upon the death of his father, Emperor Ling, and r ...

, 13th emperor of Eastern Han dynasty *

Liu Zhangqing Liu Zhangqing ( zh, w=''Liu Chang-ch'ing''; ca. 709–785), often read and Romanized as Liu Changqing, courtesy name Wenfang (), was a Chinese poet and politician during the Tang dynasty. Eleven of his poems are included in the popular anthology ...

, poet and politician during the Tang dynasty * Liu Cong, emperor of the Han-Zhao dynasty * Liu Fangping, Tang dynasty poet *

Liu Faqing Liu Faqing (; born June 1964) is a lieutenant general ('' zhongjiang'') of the People's Liberation Army (PLA). He has been serving as Secretary-General of National Defense Mobilization Commission since December 2021, and formerly served as deput ...

, lieutenant general of the People's Liberation Army *

Liu Jingyan Empress Liu (531 – 20 March 615), personal name Liu Jingyan (), was an empress of the Chinese Chen dynasty. Her husband was Emperor Xuan (Chen Xu). She briefly governed as regent during the illness of her son Chen Shubao in 582. Background ...

, empress of the Chen dynasty * Liu Qing, crown prince of the Han dynasty *

Liu Shan Liu Shan (, 207–271), courtesy name Gongsi, was the second and last emperor of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. As he ascended the throne at the age of 16, Liu Shan was entrusted to the care of the Chancellor Zhuge Liang ...

, second and last emperor of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period *

Liu Xie Liu Xie (, ca. 465–522), courtesy name Yanhe (), was a Chinese monk, politician, and writer. He was the author of China's greatest work of literary aesthetics, '' The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons'' (文心雕龍). His biography is i ...

, Emperor Xian of Han * Liu Yan, economist and politician during the Tang dynasty * Liu Yang, Emperor Ming of Han *

Liu Yonghong Liu Yonghong () is a Chinese cinematographer, based in Beijing. His work was recognized at the 23rd Manaki Brothers International Film Camera Festival, for his work as director of photography on ''Seafood (film), Seafood'' (2001). As well as at ...

, cinematographer * Liu Yuan, Emperor Guangwen of Han (Zhao), founding emperor of the Xiongnu-led Han-Zhao dynasty *

Liu Yuxi Liu Yuxi ( Wade-Giles: Liu Yü-hsi; zh, t=劉禹錫, p=Liú Yǔxī, Liú Yǔxí; 772–842) was a Chinese essayist, philosopher, and poet active during the Tang dynasty. Biography Family background and education His ancestors were Xiongnu noma ...

, poet *

Liu Zhuan Liu Zhuan (劉瑑; 796 – June 20, 858Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter.''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 249.), courtesy name Ziquan (子全), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty, who served briefly as a chancellor during the re ...

, official of the Tang dynasty * Lu Feng, footballer * Lu Ji, military general, politician, and writer during the late Three Kingdoms period and Jin dynasty * Lu Zhuguo, screenwriter and writer *

Ma Chongchong Ma Chongchong (; born 17 January 1991) is a professional Chinese football player who currently plays as a centre-back or left-back for Shijiazhuang Gongfu. Club career Ma Chongchong started his football career playing for the various Beijing G ...

, footballer *

Man Chong Man Chong () (before 175According to the chronology of Man Chong's biography in ''Records of the Three Kingdoms'', he was older than 17 when he was recruited by Cao Cao during Cao's tenure as Governor of Yan Province between 191 and 192. By calc ...

, military general and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period *

Men Yang Men Yang (; born 20 February 1991 in Luoyang) is a Chinese football player who currently plays for China League One side Suzhou Dongwu. Club career His father is former footballer Men Wenfeng and he would start his football career with the Che ...

, footballer *

Meng Guang Meng Guang ( 190s – third century), courtesy name Xiaoyu, was an official and scholar of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. Life Meng Guang was from Luoyang, Henan. He was born sometime in the Eastern Han dynasty. His ...

, official and scholar of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period *

Meng Jiao Meng Jiao (751–814) was a Chinese poet during the Tang dynasty. Two of his poems have been collected in the popular anthology '' Three Hundred Tang Poems''. Meng was the oldest of the Mid-Tang poets and is noted for the unusual forcefulnes ...

, poet during the Tang dynasty *

Meng Meiqi Meng Meiqi (born October 15, 1998) is a Chinese singer and actress signed under Yuehua Entertainment. She began her career as a member of South Korean girl group WJSN in 2016 and went on hiatus from the group from early-2018 prior to leaving ...

, singer, dancer (

WJSN WJSN (; ), also known as Cosmic Girls, is a South Korean girl group formed by Starship Entertainment and Yuehua Entertainment. The group is composed of ten members: Seola (singer), Seola, Bona (singer), Bona, Exy, Soobin, Luda (singer), Luda, ...

and

Rocket Girls 101 Rocket Girls 101 () was a Chinese idol girl group formed by Tencent through the 2018 reality show Produce 101 China on Tencent Video. The project girl group consists of eleven-members that came from different companies: Meng Meiqi, Wu Xuanyi ...

) *

Ouyang Xiu Ouyang Xiu (; 1007 – 1072 CE), courtesy name Yongshu, also known by his art names Zuiweng () and Liu Yi Jushi (), was a Chinese historian, calligrapher, epigrapher, essayist, poet, and politician of the Song dynasty. He was a renowned writer a ...

, historian, calligrapher, epigrapher, essayist, poet, and politician of the Song dynasty * Pan Yue, poet in the Western Jin dynasty * Pang Xi, official during the Eastern Han dynasty * Qi Kang, historian and politician of the Tang Dynasty * Qiao Wei, footballer *

Qiao Xuan Qiao Xuan (110 – 6 June 184), courtesy name Gongzu, was an influential official during the Eastern Han dynasty of China. Born in a scholarly family, he began his career as a local county officer and eventually gained fame for his sense of ...

, official during the Eastern Han dynasty *

Sang Hongyang Sang Hongyang ( Chinese: ; c. 152–November 80 BC) was a prominent official of the Han dynasty, who served Emperor Wu of Han and his successor Emperor Zhao. He is famous for his economic policies during the reign of Emperor Wu, the best know ...

, politician of the Han dynasty *

Sang Weihan Sang Weihan (桑維翰) (898''Old History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 89. – January 12, 947''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 285.Shi Yue, professional Go player *

Sima Guang Sima Guang (17 November 1019 – 11 October 1086), courtesy name Junshi, was a Chinese historian, politician, and writer. He was a high-ranking Song dynasty scholar-official who authored the ''Zizhi Tongjian'', a monumental work of history. B ...

, historian, politician, and writer in the Song dynasty *

Sima Wei Sima Wei (司馬瑋) (271 – 26 July 291), courtesy name Yandu (彥度), formally Prince Yin of Chu (楚隱王), was an imperial prince during the Western Jin dynasty and was the second of the eight princes commonly associated with the War of t ...

, imperial prince during Jin Dynasty *

Sima Yi Sima Yi (; ; 179 CE7 September 251 CE), courtesy name Zhongda, was a Chinese military general, politician, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He formally began his political career in 208 under th ...

, military general, politician, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period *

Sima Ying Sima Ying (司馬穎) (279 – December 306), courtesy name Zhangdu (章度), was a Jin dynasty imperial prince who served briefly as his half-brother Emperor Hui of Jin's regent and crown prince. He was the sixth of eight princes commonly assoc ...

, imperial prince during Jin dynasty *

Sima Yue Sima Yue (司馬越) (died 23 April 311), courtesy name Yuanchao (元超), formally Prince Xiaoxian of Donghai (東海孝獻王), was a Jin dynasty (266–420), Western Jin imperial prince and regent for Emperor Hui of Jin, Emperor Hui and Emper ...

, imperial prince and regent for Emperor Hui and Emperor Huai *

Sima Zhao Sima Zhao () (; 211 – 6 September 265), courtesy name Zishang (子上), was a Chinese military general, politician, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Sima Zhao capably maintained control of Wei, whi ...

, military general, politician, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period * Empress Song, empress consort of the Song dynasty *

Song Wo Song Wo ( 926 – 989), also known as Song Yanwo (), was a military officer and general who successively served the Later Jin, Later Han, Later Zhou, and Song dynasties. He was a grandson of Later Tang's founding emperor Li Cunxu, a son-in-law ...

, military officer and general who served the Later Jin, Later Han, Later Zhou, and Song dynasties *

Sun Bu'er Sun Bu'er (Sun Pu-erh, ), one of the Taoist Seven Masters of Quanzhen, lived c. 1119–1182 C.E. in the Shandong Shandong is a coastal Provinces of China, province in East China. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since ...

, one of the Taoist Seven Masters of Quanzhen *

Sun Ru Sun Ru (; died July 3, 892Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 259.), formally the Prince of Le'an (), was a Chinese military general, rebel and politician during the Tang dynasty. He initially served as a ...

, military general, rebel and politician during the Tang dynasty *

Sun Shengwu Sun Shengwu (; 1917 – 9 June 2014), also known as Sun Wei (), was a Chinese translator and editor. Biography Sun was born in Yanshi, Henan, China in 1917. In 1942 he graduated from Northwest University, where he majored in the Russian language ...

, translator and editor *

Taishi Ci Taishi Ci () (166–206), courtesy name Ziyi, was a Chinese military general who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He had served as a minor Han official, before eventually coming to serve warlords Liu Yao, Sun Ce, and Sun Ce' ...

, military general during the late Eastern Han dynasty *

Emperor Taizu of Song Emperor Taizu of Song (21 March 927 – 14 November 976), personal name Zhao Kuangyin, courtesy name Yuanlang, was the founding emperor of the Song dynasty of China. He reigned from 960 until his death in 976. Formerly a distinguished milita ...

, founder of the Song dynasty *

Touzi Yiqing Touzi Yiqing (; ), sometimes also Touzi Qing Huayan, was a Chan Buddhism, Chan (Zen) Buddhist monk during the early Song Dynasty. Biography Touzi Yiqing was born in a city known at the time as Qingshe, which is near the present-day city of Yanshi ...

, Zen Buddhist monk during the early Song Dynasty * Consort Dowager Wang, noble consort to

Wang Duo Wang Duo () (died 884), courtesy name Zhaofan (), formally the Duke of Jin (), was a Chinese politician of the medieval Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor of the Tang dynasty, chancellor during the reigns of Emperor Yizong of Tang, Emperor Yiz ...

, calligrapher, painter, and poet in Ming dynasty * Wang Fei, beach volleyballer * Wang Hao, footballer *

Wang Haoran Wang Haoran ( zh, s=王浩然, t=, p=; born 19 January 2001) is a Chinese footballer currently playing as a midfielder for Henan. Club career Wang was born in Luoyang, and was selected as one of thirty children to join the Atlético Madrid acade ...

, footballer * Wang Hesheng, composer * Wang Huimin, politician * Wang Jianan, footballer * Wang Jianwu, military officer * Wang Kai, politician *

Wang Luoyong Wang Luoyong (; born 24 December 1958) is a Chinese actor who has appeared in American films. He first appeared in ''Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story'' as Ip Man. He had recently appeared in CCTV's ''The Legend of Bruce Lee'' as Shao Ruhai, a master ...

, actor *

Wang Shanshan Wang Shanshan (; born 27 January 1990) is a Chinese association football player who plays for Chinese Women's Super League club Beijing Jingtan. International career Wang played at the 2011 Summer Universiade. She made her debut for the seni ...

, footballer * Wang Shufeng, politician *

Wang Yanqiu Wang Yanqiu () (869?''New History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 46./873?'' History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 64.-930?/932?Wang Yanqiu's biography in the ''History of the Five Dynasties'' gave his death year as 932 and indicated that he died a ...

, general of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period states *

Wang Yibo Wang Yibo ( zh, c=, p=Wáng Yībó, pronounced wǎŋ.íː.pʷǒ">Help:IPA/Mandarin">wǎŋ.íː.pʷǒ born 5 August 1997) is a Chinese actor, dancer, singer, professional road motorcycle racer and racing driver. He debuted as a member of Sou ...

, actor, singer * Wang Yun, politician during the late Eastern Han dynasty * Wu Yuanheng, poet and politician during the Tang dynasty *

, Empress of China from 660 to 705 *

Xi Zheng Xi Zheng (died 278), courtesy name Lingxian, was a Chinese essayist, poet, and politician of the state of Shu Han during the late Three Kingdoms period of China. He also served as an official in the early years of the Jin dynasty. Early life B ...

, poet and politician during the late Three Kingdoms period * Xiao Zhi, footballer *

Xiu Xiu Xiu Xiu ( ) is an American experimental rock band, formed in 2002 by singer-songwriter Jamie Stewart in San Jose, California. Currently, the line-up consists of multi-instrumentalists Stewart (the only constant member since formation), Angel ...

, pentathlete * Nora Xu, model and beauty pageant titleholder *

Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei (May or June 483 – February 12, 515) was an emperor of the Xianbei-led Chinese Northern Wei dynasty (499-515). He was born Tuoba Ke, but later changed his surname so that he became Yuan Ke. During Emperor Xuanwu's ...

, emperor of the Northern Wei dynasty *

Xuanzang Xuanzang (; ; 6 April 6025 February 664), born Chen Hui or Chen Yi (), also known by his Sanskrit Dharma name Mokṣadeva, was a 7th-century Chinese Bhikkhu, Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller, and translator. He is known for the epoch-making ...

, Buddhist monk and hero of the ''

Journey to the West ''Journey to the West'' () is a Chinese novel published in the 16th century during the Ming dynasty and attributed to Wu Cheng'en. It is regarded as one of the Classic Chinese Novels, great Chinese novels, and has been described as arguably the ...

'' * Yang Jian, imperial prince of the Sui dynasty * Yang Jian, Emperor Wen of Sui, founding emperor of the Sui dynasty *

Yan Lianke Yan Lianke (; born August 24, 1958) is a Chinese writer of novels and short stories based in Beijing. His work is highly satirical, which has resulted in some of his most renowned works being banned in China. He has admitted to self-censorsh ...

, writer *

, second emperor of the Sui dynasty *

Yang Kuo Yang Kuo (; born 8 January 1993 in Luoyang, Henan) is a Chinese football player who currently plays as a right-back or midfielder for Henan FC. Club career Yang Kuo started his professional football career in the 2011 league season for third ti ...

, footballer *

Yang Yilin Yang Yilin (born August 26, 1992) is a Chinese retired artistic gymnast. She was the 2008 Olympic Gymnastics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic individual all-around, all-around bronze medalist and a member of the gold medal winn ...

, footballer * Yang Yiyang, sport shooter *

Yang Zhao Yang Zhao (楊昭) (21 February 584 – 30 August 606According to Yang Guang's biography in ''Book of Sui'', Yang Zhao died on the ''jiaxu'' day of the 7th month of the 2nd year of the ''Da'ye'' era of Yang Guang's reign. This corresponds to 30 A ...

, crown prince of the Chinese Sui dynasty * Yao Shouzhong, poet * Yao Sui, poet *

Ye Chun Ye Chun ( zh, s=叶春) is a Chinese-American writer and literary translator. Life Ye was born in Luoyang, China, and moved to the U.S. in 1999. She received an MFA in poetry from the University of Virginia, and a PhD in Literature and Creative ...

, Chinese-American writer and literary translator *

Yu Hai Yu Hai (; ; born 4 June 1987) is a Chinese former professional footballer. Club career Shaanxi Chanba Yu Hai started his football career with Shaanxi Chanba in the 2004 season and he made his debut for the club on 16 May 2004 in a 2–2 ...

, footballer * Yu Zhigang, politician *

Yuan An Yuan An (袁安) (died 9 April 92), courtesy name Shaogong (邵公), was a Chinese politician. At the Han dynasty courts of Emperor Zhang and Emperor He, Yuan was regarded as the founder of the powerful Yuan clan of Runan, one of the leading a ...

, politician during the Han dynasty *

Yuan Baoju Emperor Wen of Western Wei ((西)魏文帝) (507 – 28 March 551), personal name Yuan Baoju (元寶炬), was the first emperor of the Western Wei dynasty of China. In 534, Yuan Baoju, then the Prince of Nanyang, followed his cousin Emperor Xiaowu ...

, Emperor Wen of Western Wei *

Yuan Shao Yuan Shao (, ; died 28 June 202), courtesy name Benchu (), was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He occupied the northern territories of China during the civil wars that occurred tow ...

, military general, politician, and warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty * Yuan Ziyou, Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei *

Yuan Xu Emperor Xiaoming of (Northern) Wei ((北)魏孝明帝) (510 – March 31, 528According to Emperor Xiaoming's biography in ''Book of Wei'', he died aged 19 (by East Asian reckoning) on the ''guichou'' day of the second month of the first year of ...

, Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei *

Yuquan Shenxiu Yuquan Shenxiu (, 606?–706) was one of the most influential Chan masters of his day, a Patriarch of the East Mountain Teaching of Chan Buddhism. Shenxiu was Dharma heir of Daman Hongren (601–674), honoured by Wu Zetian (r. 690–705) o ...

, Chan master *

Zang Ba Zang Ba ( 162–230s), courtesy name Xuangao, was a military general who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period of China. He served the warlord Tao Qian initially, followed by Lü Bu and finally Cao Cao and his succ ...

, military general during the late Eastern Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period of China * Zhang Ce, official of the Tang dynasty *

Zhang Heng Zhang Heng (; AD 78–139), formerly romanization of Chinese, romanized Chang Heng, was a Chinese polymathic scientist and statesman who lived during the Han dynasty#Eastern Han (25–220 AD), Eastern Han dynasty. Educated in the capital citi ...

, polymathic scientist and statesman during the Han dynasty * Zhang Li, footballer *

Louxin Zhang Louxin Zhang is a Canadian computational biologist. He is currently a professor in the Department of Mathematics at the National University of Singapore. He is recognized for his contributions to combinatorial semigroup theory in mathematics. In ...

, Canadian computational biologist *

Zhang Quanyi Zhang Quanyi () (852'' History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 63. – April 29, 926Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 274.), né Zhang Juyan () or Zhang Yan (), known as Zhang Zongshi () during Later Liang ...

, Tang dynasty warlord *

Zhang Siqing Zhang Siqing (; August 1932 – 17 June 2022) was a Chinese politician and magistrate. Biography Zhang was born in Luoyang, Henan, China, in 1932. He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1952. He was the President of Hubei High People's ...

, politician and magistrate *

Zhang Yanshang Zhang Yanshang (; 727 – September 7, 787), né Zhang Baofu (), was a Chinese politician serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Dezong. Background Zhang Baofu was born in 727, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. His family tr ...

, politician serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Dezong * Zhang Yue, historian, military general, poet, and politician *

Zhangsun Sheng Zhangsun Sheng or Zhangsun Cheng (; 552 — 609), courtesy name Jicheng (季晟), was a Chinese statesman, diplomat and general of Xianbei extraction who served the Sui dynasty. He was China's chief strategist about Turkic policy. He was describe ...

, statesman, diplomat and general who served Sui dynasty *

Zhangsun Shunde Zhangsun Shunde (), titled Duke of Pi, was a general and officer in the early Tang dynasty. He is one of 24 honored founding officials of the Tang dynasty at Lingyan Pavilion, and also a distant relative to Zhangsun Wuji and Empress Zhangsun. The ...

, general and officer in the early Tang dynasty *

Zhangsun Wuji Zhangsun Wuji (; died 659), courtesy name Fuji (), formally the Duke of Zhao, was a Chinese politician who served as a chancellor in the early Tang dynasty. He was Empress Zhangsun's brother, which made him a brother-in-law of Emperor Taizong ( ...

, chancellor in the early Tang dynasty * Zhang Xiaopei, politician *

Zhao Kuangyin Emperor Taizu of Song (21 March 927 – 14 November 976), personal name Zhao Kuangyin, courtesy name Yuanlang, was the founding emperor of the Song dynasty of China. He reigned from 960 until his death in 976. Formerly a distinguished milita ...

, Emperor Taizu of Song, founding emperor of the Song dynasty * Zhao Wenfu, politician *

Zhao Yin Zhao Yin (, died 881),''Old Book of Tang'', vol. 19, part 2. courtesy name Dayin (大隱), formally the Count of Tianshui (天水伯), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Emperor Yizong and Em ...

, official of the Tang dynasty *

Zheng Xunyu Zheng Xunyu (鄭珣瑜) (738 – December 11, 805), courtesy name Yuanbo (元伯), was a Chinese judge and politician during the Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Emperor Dezong and Emperor Shunzong. Background Zheng Xu ...

, judge and politician during the Tang dynasty *

Zheng Yuqing Zheng Yuqing (鄭餘慶) (746 – January 2, 821), courtesy name Juye (居業), formally Duke Zhen of Yingyang (滎陽貞公), was a Chinese politician during the Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Emperor Dezong and Emperor ...

, politician during the Tang dynasty *

Zhong Hui Zhong Hui (225 – 3 March 264), courtesy name Shiji, was a Chinese calligrapher, essayist, military general, and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the younger son of Zhang Changpu with Zhong Ya ...

, calligrapher, essayist, military general, and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China *

Zhou Chi Zhou Chi (; 793 – March 23, 851Du Mu, '' Epitaph of the Tang Deceased ''Jiedushi'' of Dongchuan Circuit, Acting ''You Pushe'', ''Yushi Daifu'', Posthumously-Honored ''Situ'', Lord Zhou.''), courtesy name Desheng (), formally the Baron of Ru'nan ( ...

, official of the Tang dynasty *

Zhou Heyang Zhou Heyang (Traditional Chinese character, Traditional: 周鶴洋; Simplified Chinese character, Simplified: 周鹤洋; Pinyin: Zhōu Hèyáng; born June 18, 1976) is a Chinese Go players, professional Go player. Biography Zhou Heyang was ...

, professional Go player *

Zhu Changxun Zhu Changxun ( Chinese: 朱常洵; 22 February 1586 – 2 March 1641) was the third son of the Ming dynasty Wanli Emperor. His mother, Noble Consort Zheng, was a favoured concubine and, in efforts to please her, the emperor attempted to have Zhu ...

, third son of the Ming dynasty Wanli Emperor. *

Zhu Shouyin Zhu Shouyin (朱守殷) (died November 7, 927''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 276.Academia SinicaChinese-Western Calendar Converter), nickname Hui'er (會兒), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period sta ...

, military general and politician of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period *

Zhuge Dan Zhuge Dan (died 10 April 258), courtesy name Gongxiu, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. When he held key military appointments throughout his middle to late career, h ...

, military general and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China *

Zu Yong Zu Yong (699–746?) was a Chinese poet of the High Tang period. His courtesy name is unknown. He attained a ''jinshi'' degree in the imperial examination in 724, but left the capital to live a pastoral life, and composed his most famous poem ...

, poet of the High Tang period *

Daughter of Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei Empress Yuan (12 February 528 – after 1 April 528), personal name unknown, was briefly an emperor of the Xianbei-led Chinese Northern Wei dynasty. She bore the surname Yuan (), originally Tuoba. Yuan was the only child of Emperor Xiaoming ...

, emperor of the Northern Wei dynasty

References

External links

Official website
of the Luoyang Municipal Government *

at China.org {{Authority control Ancient Chinese capitals National forest cities in China 12th-century BC establishments 2nd-millennium BC establishments in China Prefecture-level divisions of Henan Holy cities National Civilized City National Famous Historical and Cultural City

Etymology

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See also

References

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External links