Lumbricid

The Lumbricidae are a family of earthworms. About 33 lumbricid species have become naturalized around the world, but the bulk of the species are in the Holarctic region, from Canada (e.g. ''Bimastos lawrenceae'' on Vancouver Island) and the United States (e.g. ''Eisenoides carolinensis'', '' E. lonnbergi'', and most '' Bimastos'' spp.) and throughout Eurasia to Japan (e.g. ''Eisenia japonica'', ''E. koreana'', and ''Helodrilus hachiojii''). An enigmatic species in Tasmania is '' Eophila eti''. Currently, 670 valid species and subspecies in about 42 genera are recognized. This family includes the majority of earthworm species well known in Europe and Asia.

Genera

The family consists of these genera:

* '' Allolobophora'' Eisen, 1874
* '' Alpodinaridella'' Mršić, 1987
* ''Aporrectodea'' Orley, 1885
* '' Bimastos'' Moore, 1893
* '' Castellodrilus'' Qiu & Bouché, 1998 stat. nov.
* '' Cataladrilus'' Qiu & Bouché, 1998
* '' Cernosvitovia'' Omodeo, 1956
* '' Creinella'' Mršić, 1986
* '' Dendrobaena'' Eisen, 1874
* '' Eisenia'' Malm, 1877
* ''Eiseniella'' Michaelsen, 1900
* ''Eiseniona'' Omodeo, 1956
* '' Eophila'' Rosa, 1893
* '' Ethnodrilus'' Bouché, 1972
* '' Eumenescolex'' Qiu & Bouché, 1998
* '' Fitzingeria'' Zicsi, 1978
* '' Flabellodrilus'' Gérard, Decaëns & Marchán in Gérard et al., 2023
* '' Gatesona'' Qiu & Bouché, 1998
* '' Healyella'' Omodeo & Rota, 1989
* '' Helodrilus'' Hoffmeister, 1845
* '' Heraclescolex'' Qiu & Bouché, 1998
* '' Iberoscolex'' Qiu & Bouché, 1998
* '' Imetescolex'' Szederjesi, Marchán & Csuzdi In Szederjesi et al., 2022
* '' Italobalkaniona'' Mršić & Šapkarev, 1988
* '' Kenleenus'' Qiu & Bouché, 1998
* '' Kritodrilus'' Dumnicka, 1983
* ''Lumbricus'' Linnaeus, 1758
* '' Meroandriella'' Mršić, 1987
* '' Octodriloides'' Zicsi, 1986
* '' Octodrilus'' Omodeo, 1956
* ''Octolasion'' Örley, 1885
* '' Octolasium'' Michaelsen, 1900
* '' Omilurus'' Templeton, 1836
* '' Orodrilus'' Bouché, 1972
* '' Perelia'' Easton, 1983
* '' Philomontanus'' Bozorgi, Seiedy, Malek, Aira, Pérez-Losada & Domínguez, 2019
* '' Pietromodeona'' Qiu & Bouché, 1998
* '' Postandrilus'' Qiu & Bouché, 1998
* '' Proctodrilus'' Zicsi, 1985
* ''Prosellodrilus'' Bouché, 1972
* '' Reynoldsia'' Qiu & Bouché, 1998
* '' Satchellius'' Gates, 1975
* '' Scherotheca'' Bouché, 1972
* '' Spermophorodrilus'' Bouché, 1975
* ''Tetragonurus'' Eisen, 1874 is preoccupied by a genus of fish: '' Tetragonurus'' . ''Tetragonurus'' is a junior homonym, now accepted as ''Eiseniella''.
* '' Zophoscolex'' Qiu & Bouché, 1998

Range

The worms in the family Lumbricidae originate from Europe, but over time, members of the family have since been introduced and spread around the globe.

Europe

Members of Lumbricidae are native to Europe and are most diverse in southern Europe. Thirty species from the family occur in Ireland and Britain. Notably, a single mature individual of the species ''Prosellodrilus amplisetosus'' was found in a survey of soil biodiversity in Ireland. ''P. amplisetosis'' had never been recorded in Ireland before, but is commonly found in France or Spain. It is thought to have been introduced by humans through agricultural supplies. Another interesting case is of the species '' Dendrobaena attemsi'' in Scandinavia. It was first found in a national park in Sweden, the furthest north the species has been found. The discovery of ''D. attemsi'' implies the range of the species is moving north. Not only in Sweden are species of Lumbricidae expanding their range; many of the species found in Finland are exhibiting similar increases in range and Lumbricidae worms are also expanding into northeastern Europe, starting from the near Baltic Sea.

A 2022 molecular phylogenetic study of the highly diverse Franco-Iberian genus '' Zophoscolex'' showed most of the Iberian species to form a distinct clade, formally described as '' Castellodrilus'' stat. nov. Other species were moved to the genera '' Cataladrilus'' and '' Compostelandrilus'', with the remaining species remaining in '' Zophoscolex'' restricted to French representatives.

Asia

The Lumbricidae make up the majority of earthworms found in China, despite not being native to the area.

At higher elevations in India, some species of Lumbicidae can be found.

North America

When European settlers came to North America, so did European earthworms including the Lumbricidae. Before this, the area in North America where glaciers had been were mostly worm-free. Lumbricidae worms are known to be expanding into the Great Lakes region. The introduced worms have an impact on the native species and environments. Species from the family, such as '' Lumbricus rubelles -->,'' are believed to have displaced the local species in a number of regions. In others, Lumbricidae species outweigh the native species in biomass. Despite this, they are not as productive in processing nitrogen and phosphorus as the native species. Lumbricidae worms also tend to have a higher species richness than native North American worms, though the species richness of both the native and Lumbricidae decreases with increasing latitudes.

New Zealand and Australia

Similar to North America, worms from the family were introduced to New Zealand and Australia by European settlers.

Predators

Harvestmen, especially from the genera '' Leiobunum'' and '' Hadrobunus'', are known to consume Lumbricidae earthworms. This happens mostly in temperate regions. Another species known to prey on lumbricids is ''Ichthyophis bannanicus'', the Bannan caecilian. Lumbricids are an important part of its diet.

References

External links

Earthworm Society of Britain
– information on British earthworms

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Haplotaxida
Annelid families