A ''Luftwaffenhelfer'', also commonly known as a ''Flakhelfer'', was any member of the
auxiliary staff of the German ''
Luftwaffe
The Luftwaffe () was the aerial warfare, aerial-warfare branch of the before and during World War II. German Empire, Germany's military air arms during World War I, the of the Imperial German Army, Imperial Army and the of the Imperial Ge ...
'' during
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
. Such terms often implied students
conscripted as
child soldiers.
Establishment
''Luftwaffenhelfer'' (literally, "air force assistants") were established on January 22, 1943, following implementation of the decree ("Youth War Assistance Service in the Air Force"). The order called for drafting whole school classes of male students born in 1926 and 1927 into a military corps, supervised by
Hitler Youth
The Hitler Youth ( , often abbreviated as HJ, ) was the youth wing of the German Nazi Party. Its origins date back to 1922 and it received the name ("Hitler Youth, League of German Worker Youth") in July 1926. From 1936 until 1945, it was th ...
and ''
Luftwaffe
The Luftwaffe () was the aerial warfare, aerial-warfare branch of the before and during World War II. German Empire, Germany's military air arms during World War I, the of the Imperial German Army, Imperial Army and the of the Imperial Ge ...
'' personnel. The draft was later extended to include 1928 and 1929 births. Deployment included ideological indoctrination by the Hitler Youth, military duties and limited continuation of the normal school curriculum, often by the original teachers.
While the official term was ''Luftwaffenhelfer (HJ)'', the term more commonly used is (female: ) (''
Flak''-helper). The 1926–1929 births are commonly referred to as the "''Flakhelfer-Generation''". In German culture, the phrase is associated with the collective and incisive experience of being torn out of conventional adolescent life through circumstances of total war and being thrown into strict military service and extreme peril; in the final phase of the war, the antiaircraft batteries became preferred targets of Allied aircraft.
In August 1944, some 660,000 regular male soldiers and 450,000 female helpers (anti-aircraft personnel) in all departments served with the ''Luftwaffe'' within the 'auxiliary antiaircraft defense'. Many of the girls came from the ''
Bund Deutscher Mädel'' (BDM), although they had to officially join the ''
Wehrmacht
The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the German Army (1935–1945), ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmac ...
'' because it was forbidden for
BDM members to do armed duty. In 1945, "''Flakhelferinnen''" and other female assistants were trained and allowed to carry weapons to defend themselves.
In Latvia
In April 1944 the Germans had requested the drafting of 7000 Latvian boys, aged 14–16, and 400 girls, all for service as Air Defense auxiliaries. However, the Self-Administration of Latvia refused and consented only to invite the youths to volunteer. As the situation at the
Eastern Front worsened, in June and July the Self-Administration did agree to draft boys born in 1927 and 1928. From July 28 to September 9, 4139 boys were enlisted, 525 of whom were volunteers.
Mangulis, V. Latvia in the Wars of the 20th Century. Chapter IX July 1941 to May 8, 1945
. Historia.lv.
Famous members
* Peter Alexander (Austrian actor and singer)
* Bernhard Banaschewski (Mathematician, Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada)
* Hans-Dietrich Genscher (West German Minister of Foreign Affairs)
* Günter Guillaume (West German chancellor Willy Brandt's secretary, whilst intelligence agent for East Germany's secret service)
* Jürgen Habermas
Jürgen Habermas ( , ; ; born 18 June 1929) is a German philosopher and social theorist in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism. His work addresses communicative rationality and the public sphere.
Associated with the Frankfurt S ...
(German sociologist and a philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism)
* Dieter Hildebrandt (German Kabarett artist)
* Niklas Luhmann
Niklas Luhmann (; ; December 8, 1927 – November 11, 1998) was a German sociologist, philosopher of social science, and systems theorist.
Niklas Luhmann is one of the most influential German sociologists of the 20th century. His thinking was ...
(German sociologist, a prominent thinker in sociological systems theory)
* Dieter Noll author of '' Die Abenteuer des Werner Holt''
* Joseph Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI
Pope BenedictXVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger; 16 April 1927 – 31 December 2022) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 19 April 2005 until his resignation on 28 February 2013. Benedict's election as p ...
)
* Manfred Rommel (German politician and son of Erwin Rommel; mayor of Stuttgart
Stuttgart (; ; Swabian German, Swabian: ; Alemannic German, Alemannic: ; Italian language, Italian: ; ) is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population, largest city of the States of Germany, German state of ...
)
* Walter Sedlmayr (German stage, television, and film actor)
* Heinz Schwarz (German politician of the Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (CDU), minister of the interior in the state parliament of Rhineland-Palatinate, and member of the Bundestag)
* Wilhelm Volkert (German historian)
* Udo Walendy (German author and publisher)
* Hans Günter Winkler (German Olympic equestrian)
* Paul Wunderlich (German painter, draftsman, sculptor and graphic artist)
* Herbert Smagon (German painter)
See also
* ''Luftwaffe'' personnel structure
References
{{Authority control
Military history of Germany during World War II
Hitler Youth
Children in the military