Los Mojarras
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Los Mojarras are a band from the province of
El Agustino El Agustino is a district of the Lima Province in Peru. It is part of city of Lima. Officially established as a district on January 6, 1965. The current mayor (''alcalde'') of El Agustino is Richard Robert Soria Fuerte. The district's postal code ...
Lima Lima ( ; ), founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (, Spanish for "City of Biblical Magi, Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón River, Chillón, Rímac River, Rímac and Lurín Rive ...
Peru that formed in 1992. They released their first album in the same year, titled Sarita Colonia, and are still currently producing music and performing. Link label They have been politically active through their music, voicing political realities and views. Their music is referred to as
Peruvian rock Rock music entered the Peruvian scene in the late 1950s, through listening to performers like Elvis Presley, Buddy Holly and Bill Haley (musician), Bill Haley, who popularized rockabilly in the United States. The first Peruvian rock bands appeared ...
, however Luis A. Ramos-Garcia, a professor and researcher of Latin American theater and popular music from the
University of Minnesota The University of Minnesota Twin Cities (historically known as University of Minnesota) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint ...
, describes their music as a "mixture of Chicha or
Peruvian cumbia Peruvian cumbia (Spanish: ''Cumbia Peruana'') is a subgenre of cumbia that became popular in the coastal cities of Peru, mainly in Lima in the 1960s through the fusion of local versions of the original Colombian genre, traditional highland hu ...
, Andean Cumbia, and Afro-Peruvian styling’s".Luis A. Ramos-Garcia. ''Musical Migrations: Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in Latin/o America, Volume I''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 p.200 Their style of music also includes blends of rock music. Critically analyzed, the music of Los Mojarras, can be thought of as a form of
transculturation Transculturation is a term coined by Cuban anthropologist Fernando Ortiz in 1940 to describe the phenomenon of merging and converging cultures. Transculturation encompasses more than transition from one culture to another; it does not consist me ...
, in which the emergence of mixed cultures are expressed through the mixture of musical rhythms. This type of music can also be described a form of cultural
hybridity Hybridity, in its most basic sense, refers to mixture. The term originates from biology and was subsequently employed in linguistics and in racial theory in the nineteenth century. Young, Robert. ''Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and ...
, in which the music and its scene has become a new cultural production raised out of multiple existing cultures or shared meanings. As Jesus-Martin Barbero, a researcher and philosopher, who's disciplined in
Cultural Studies Cultural studies is an academic field that explores the dynamics of contemporary culture (including the politics of popular culture) and its social and historical foundations. Cultural studies researchers investigate how cultural practices rel ...
; has stated "music is the result of
mestizaje ( , ; fem. , literally 'mixed person') is a term primarily used to denote people of mixed Ethnic groups in Europe, European and Indigenous ancestry in the former Spanish Empire. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also refer to ...
, the profane deformation of an authentic form.
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Appropriated in musical terms,
mestizaje ( , ; fem. , literally 'mixed person') is a term primarily used to denote people of mixed Ethnic groups in Europe, European and Indigenous ancestry in the former Spanish Empire. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also refer to ...
can refer to the mixtures of different music produced as a response to the formations of new social identities; and in the search of belonging by new generations of
Andean The Andes ( ), Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long and wide (widest between 18°S ...
migrants in capital cities. This mixture of music has primarily been played by the "decedents of migrant Andeans, who grew up and/or were born in major cities such as Lima, in Peru". These migrants come from rural areas in Peru, moving to modernized cities often forced because of economic circumstances, exemplifying a form of local diasporic mobility. Los Mojarras lyrics range from the issues of societal
displacement Displacement may refer to: Physical sciences Mathematics and physics *Displacement (geometry), is the difference between the final and initial position of a point trajectory (for instance, the center of mass of a moving object). The actual path ...
,
dislocation In materials science, a dislocation or Taylor's dislocation is a linear crystallographic defect or irregularity within a crystal structure that contains an abrupt change in the arrangement of atoms. The movement of dislocations allow atoms to sli ...
of Andean migrants in major cities and working class migrant experiences and issues. Their music genre became recognized as a form of "new musical subjectivity by marginalized Urban-Andeans", that were expressing for the first time, within chicha music that has primarily been about love or romance; anger, agency, political issues and concerns. Los Mojarras created a space for people living within the
marginalized Social exclusion or social marginalisation is the social disadvantage and relegation to the fringe of society. It is a term that has been used widely in Europe and was first used in France in the late 20th century. In the EU context, the Euro ...
sectors of Peru.Wilfredo Hurtado Suarez.''Lima:Aspiraciones, Reconocimientos y Ciudadenia en los Noventa''.Universidad Catolica de Peru, 1997 p.89 These artists also brought “ attention to the problems situated within the hegemonic Creole-Spanish model maintained by privileged classes”, and narrating through music the conflicts between Limeños and Andean migrants, that arise within the city of Lima.


Nostalgia Provinciana

The song “Nostalgia Provinciana” gives a perfect example of the cultural
hybridity Hybridity, in its most basic sense, refers to mixture. The term originates from biology and was subsequently employed in linguistics and in racial theory in the nineteenth century. Young, Robert. ''Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and ...
that was created through the
migration Migration, migratory, or migrate may refer to: Human migration * Human migration, physical movement by humans from one region to another ** International migration, when peoples cross state boundaries and stay in the host state for some minimum le ...
of Andean migrants to Lima, Peru. Through both its lyrics and the imagery portrayed in the music video we can see the representations of cultural hybridity, as well as societal
displacement Displacement may refer to: Physical sciences Mathematics and physics *Displacement (geometry), is the difference between the final and initial position of a point trajectory (for instance, the center of mass of a moving object). The actual path ...
and
dislocation In materials science, a dislocation or Taylor's dislocation is a linear crystallographic defect or irregularity within a crystal structure that contains an abrupt change in the arrangement of atoms. The movement of dislocations allow atoms to sli ...
previously mentioned. Music Video
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There is a reoccurring image of an indigenous man, dressed as the European representation of
Jesus Christ Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament, other names and titles, was a 1st-century Jewish preacher and religious leader. He is the Jesus in Chris ...
on the crucifix recognizing or reminding the
colonization 475px, Map of the year each country achieved List of sovereign states by date of formation, independence. Colonization (British English: colonisation) is a process of establishing occupation of or control over foreign territories or peoples f ...
of the Americas through the introduction of
Catholicism The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...
and its resulting
mestizaje ( , ; fem. , literally 'mixed person') is a term primarily used to denote people of mixed Ethnic groups in Europe, European and Indigenous ancestry in the former Spanish Empire. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also refer to ...
. The cross in which he is attached to, is actually a telephone pole and it is located at the edge of the city looking on as if observing what has happened to both his people and his new home. This can be representative of the re-colonization of indigenous people by the modern societal expectations that follow a Creole-Spanish model that excludes much of the culture of Andean migrants. The video also demonstrates cultural hybridity in the different types of clothing worn by the Andean people in the city, who are wearing modern or contemporary clothing and more traditional indigenous clothing. This shows how, even though the
diaspora A diaspora ( ) is a population that is scattered across regions which are separate from its geographic place of birth, place of origin. The word is used in reference to people who identify with a specific geographic location, but currently resi ...
of the indigenous Andeans are now living in a different environment than their native one and they have adopted many of the
hegemonic Hegemony (, , ) is the political, economic, and military predominance of one state over other states, either regional or global. In Ancient Greece (ca. 8th BC – AD 6th c.), hegemony denoted the politico-military dominance of the ''hegemon'' ...
customs such as more modern fashions, they still pay homage to their roots. An example would be the way they still wear guaraches with contemporary styles of clothing, representing how they are still grounded in their culture and history. The Andean migrants living in Lima have formed a hybrid identity where they are a part of both the city and the rural "province" and a part of neither at the same time; demonstrating a
mestiza ( , ; fem. , literally 'mixed person') is a term primarily used to denote people of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry in the former Spanish Empire. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also refer to people who are culturall ...
consciousness. ''Ahi se va una generacion de pueblos de migrantes / Que vivieron un mundo diferente/ A las de sus padres a la de nuestros abuelos / Asistieron a colegios con gente de ciudad/ Fusionando sus costumbres'
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The lyrics of the song mention the process of how Andino migrants through generations of migration adaptation have established a sense of identity, but still struggle in maintaining a sense of belonging. The first verse of the song reveals the displacement through their migrant experiences. People had to leave the more rural areas and move to the city to be able to survive, get an education and find economic opportunities.


Band members

* Hernan Condori "Cachuca" (Vocals, Guitar) * Felipe Ascárate (Bass) * Ricardo Centeno (Lead Guitar) * Ismael Carhuanina (Drums) * Miguel Málaga (Keyboards) * Jorge Bravo (Percussion)


Discography

* Sarita Colonia (1992) * Ruidos en la Ciudad (1994) * Opera Salvaje Para Tribus Urabanas (1995) * Todos Contra la Pared en Vivo (1998) * Tour Perrada (1998)


References


External links

* https://web.archive.org/web/20110820065740/http://losmojarras.net/ {{DEFAULTSORT:Mojarras Musical groups established in 1992