logothete

Logothete (, ''logothétēs'', pl. λογοθέται, ''logothétai''; Med. , pl. ''logothetae''; ; ; ; , ''logotet'') was an administrative title originating in the eastern Roman Empire. In the middle and late Byzantine Empire, it rose to become a senior administrative title, equivalent to a minister or secretary of state. The title spread to other states influenced by Byzantine culture, such as Bulgaria, Sicily, Serbia, and the Danubian Principalities.

Byzantine Empire

Origin and development

In Greek, ''logothetēs'' means "one who accounts, calculates or ratiocinates", literally "one who sets the word". The exact origin of the title is unclear; it is found in papyri and works of the Church Fathers denoting a variety of junior officials, mostly charged with fiscal duties.. The ancestors of the middle Byzantine logothetes were the fiscal officials known as '' rationales'' during Late Antiquity. The office dates back to at least the time of Emperor Septimius Severus (), where a '' procurator a rationibus'' is attested. In late Roman times, the ''rationales'' were officials attached to the praetorian prefectures and charged with supervising the state treasury and the emperor's private domains. The first notable official titled as a logothete was Marinus, the future praetorian prefect and chief minister of Emperor Anastasius I (). In the 6th century, under Emperor Justinian I (), the logothetes gained in prominence and power, as they were placed in charge of the emperor's revenue-gathering measures and dispatched as fiscal agents to the provinces or accompanied military expeditions. They were allowed to keep a twelfth of the sums they would gather for the treasury, and some, such as the notorious Alexander "Scissors", amassed considerable fortunes in this way.

The major transformation of the office came in the early 7th century: during the Heraclian dynasty, the administrative machinery of the state, inherited from the time of Diocletian and Constantine the Great, was thoroughly reformed. Thus the three chief financial "departments" of the old system, the Praetorian Prefecture, the Sacred Largesses (''sacrae largitiones'') and the Private Domains (''res privata'') were replaced by smaller specialized departments titled ''logothesia'' (sing. ''logothesion'') or ''sekreta'' (sing. ''sekreton''). This process was the result of severe territorial loss and the need to rationalize revenue collection during the final Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 and the early Muslim conquests, but had already been presaged by Emperor Justinian's reforms in the 6th century, when the ''res privata'', responsible for the managing of imperial estates, had been divided by kind into five separate departments. By the mid-7th century, the ''sacrae largitiones'' too disappeared altogether, while its various sections, as those of the praetorian prefecture, were separated and set up as autonomous departments, some of them headed by a logothete. These were under the supervision of the '' sakellarios'', who functioned as a "general comptroller of finances", and ultimately of the emperor himself.

The first mention of a logothete in a senior position was the "most glorious logothete and patrician" Theodosios in 626, possibly either in charge of the ''genikon'' or the ''stratiōtikon''. Although the first concrete evidence for the existence of many of the subsequent offices is often of a much later date, the chief departments, the ''genikon'', the ''(e)idikon'', the ''stratiōtikon'' and the ''dromos'' were in place by the late 7th century. There were also logothetes in the church, assisting the patriarch and the metropolitan bishops, while a ''logothetēs tou praitoriou'' was a senior official under the Eparch of Constantinople.

Under Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (), the logothete of the bureaux (''logothetēs tōn sekretōn'') was instituted, who supervised all state departments, evolving eventually into the Grand Logothete (''megas logothetēs'') of the late Byzantine Empire. By the Palaiologan period, the various logothetes had vanished or were converted into purely honorary titles.

Logothetes

*The '' logothetēs tou dromou'' (), in English usually rendered as Logothete of the Course/Drome/''Dromos'' or Postal Logothete, responsible for the imperial post, diplomacy and intelligence. In the 10th–11th centuries, its holder often functioned as the Byzantine Empire's chief minister.
*The '' logothetēs tou genikou'' (), often called ''genikos logothetēs'' or simply ''ho genikos'' (), and usually rendered in English as the General Logothete. He was in charge of the "general financial ministry", the ''genikon logothesion'', responsible for general taxation and revenue.
*The '' logothetēs tou stratiōtikou'' (), the Logothete of the Military isc was in charge of the pay and provisioning of the Byzantine army, although his exact duties are somewhat obscure.
*The '' logothetēs tōn agelōn'' (), in English the Logothete of the Herds, was responsible for the state-run estates ('' mētata'') in western Asia Minor that reared horses and mules for the army and the imperial Public Post.
*The '' epi tou eidikou'' or simply the ''eidikos'' ("the one responsible for the Special Affairs Department"): responsible for the ''(e)idikon logothesion'', which supervised the imperial treasury, factories, storehouses, and monopolies. According to some scholars, an evolution of the Roman '' comes rerum privatarum''.
*The '' logothetēs tou praitōriou'' () or Logothete of the Praetorium, one of the two principal aides of the Eparch of Constantinople, probably charged with judicial and policing duties.
*The ''logothetēs tōn hydatōn'' (), the "logothete of the waters", an obscure official who is mentioned only once. Possibly to be identified with the ''komēs hydatōn'' ("Count of the Waters"), an official in charge of the aqueducts.
*The '' logothetēs tōn oikeiakōn'' (), in charge of the ''oikeiakoi'' ("of the household") class of palace officials, and carrying out a variety of fiscal and judicial duties.
*The '' megas logothetēs'' (μέγας λογοθέτης) or "Grand Logothete", originally established as the '' logothetēs tōn sekretōn'' (λογοθέτης τῶν σεκρέτων) by Alexios I Komnenos to supervise and coordinate the other government departments (''sekreta'').

Logothetes outside Byzantium

Serbia

The title ''logotet'' ( sr-cyr, логотет) was used in Serbia in the Middle Ages since the rule of King Stefan Milutin (). Notable title-holders include Rajko, Joanikije, Pribac, Gojko, Voihna, Pahomije and Stefan Ratković.

Sicily

Holy Roman Emperor Otto III (), the son of the Byzantine princess Theophanu, bestowed it on his chancellor, Leo of Vercelli (999–1026). In the end, it only became firmly established in Sicily, where the logothete occupied the position of chancellor elsewhere, his office being equal if not superior to that of the ''Magnus Cancellarius''. Thus, the title was borne for example by Pietro della Vigna, the all-powerful minister of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (), king of Sicily.

Romanian principalities

The title was also borrowed in the internal organization of the medieval Romanian countries, Moldavia and Wallachia. In Moldavia, the Great Logothete (''mare logofăt'') was the chief minister of the prince and head of the chancellery, while in Wallachia, he was the second-most senior member of the prince's council, after the ban.

Several other officials were also called logothetes:
*Second Logothete (''logofăt al doilea''), deputy of the Great Logothete.
*Third Logothete (''logofăt al treilea''), secretary of the Great Logothete.
*Logothete of the Treasury (''logofăt de vistierie'').
*Logothete of the Chamber (''logofăt de cămară'').
*Logothete of the Ceremonies (''logofăt de obiceiuri'')
*Logothete of the Secrets (''logofăt de taină'') or Royal Logothete (''Logofăt domnesc''), private secretary of the prince.

Modern era

Former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt accused then-President Woodrow Wilson of being a "Byzantine logothete." The epithet insinuated that, like pencil-pushing Byzantine logothetes, or administrators, Wilson was dillydallying by not declaring America's participation in World War I.

See also

* Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy
*Chancellor
*Lord Chancellor
* Vestiarion

References

Sources

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{{Byzantine Empire topics, state=collapsed

Byzantine administrative offices
Titles