Liu Xiaobo (intellectual)
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Liu Xiaobo (; 28 December 1955 – 13 July 2017) was a Chinese
literary critic A genre of arts criticism, literary criticism or literary studies is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often influenced by literary theory, which is the philosophical analysis of literature' ...
,
human rights activist A human rights defender or human rights activist is a person who, individually or with others, acts to promote or protect human rights. They can be journalists, environmentalists, whistleblowers, trade unionists, lawyers, teachers, housing campai ...
,
philosopher Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, Value (ethics and social sciences), value, mind, and language. It is a rational an ...
and
Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish language, Swedish and ) is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the Will and testament, will of Sweden, Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Nobe ...
laureate who called for political reforms and was involved in campaigns to end
Chinese Communist Party The Communist Party of China (CPC), also translated into English as Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and One-party state, sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Founded in 1921, the CCP emerged victorious in the ...
one-party rule A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system. In a one-party state, all opposition parties are either outlawed or en ...
in China. He was arrested numerous times, and was described as China's most prominent
dissident A dissident is a person who actively challenges an established political or religious system, doctrine, belief, policy, or institution. In a religious context, the word has been used since the 18th century, and in the political sense since the 2 ...
and the country's most famous
political prisoner A political prisoner is someone imprisoned for their political activity. The political offense is not always the official reason for the prisoner's detention. There is no internationally recognized legal definition of the concept, although ...
. On 26 June 2017, he was granted medical parole after being diagnosed with
liver cancer Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer, primary hepatic cancer, or primary hepatic malignancy, is cancer that starts in the liver. Liver cancer can be primary in which the cancer starts in the liver, or it can be liver metastasis, or secondar ...
; he died a few weeks later on 13 July 2017. Liu rose to fame in 1980s Chinese literary circles with his exemplary literary critiques. He eventually became a visiting scholar at several international universities. He returned to China to support the
1989 Tiananmen Square protests The Tiananmen Square protests, known within China as the June Fourth Incident, were student-led Demonstration (people), demonstrations held in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, lasting from 15 April to 4 June 1989. After weeks of unsucces ...
and was imprisoned for the first time from 1989 to 1991, again from 1995 to 1996 and yet again from 1996 to 1999 for his involvement on suspicion of inciting subversion of state power. He served as the President of the Independent Chinese
PEN PEN may refer to: * (National Ecological Party), former name of the Brazilian political party Patriota (PATRI) * PEN International, a worldwide association of writers ** English PEN, the founding centre of PEN International ** PEN America, located ...
Center, from 2003 to 2007. He was also the president of (''Democratic China'') magazine starting in the mid-1990s. On 8 December 2008, Liu was detained due to his participation with the ''
Charter 08 Charter 08 is a manifesto initially signed by 303 Chinese dissident intellectuals and human rights activists. It was published on 10 December 2008, the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopting its name and style fro ...
'' manifesto. He was formally arrested on 23 June 2009 on suspicion of "
inciting subversion of state power In criminal law, incitement is the encouragement of another person to commit a crime. Depending on the jurisdiction, some or all types of incitement may be illegal. Where illegal, it is known as an inchoate offense, where harm is intended but ma ...
". He was tried on the same charges on 23 December 2009 and sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment and two years' deprivation of political rights on 25 December 2009. During his fourth prison term, Liu was awarded the
2010 Nobel Peace Prize The 2010 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to imprisoned Chinese human rights activist (1955–2017) "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China". The laureate, once an eminent scholar, was reportedly little-known i ...
for "his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China." Liu was the first ethnically Chinese person of any citizenship to be awarded the peace prize as well as the first Chinese citizen to be awarded a Nobel Prize of any kind while residing in China. He was the third person to have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize while in prison or detention, after
Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
's Carl von Ossietzky (1935) and
Burma Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and ha ...
's Aung San Suu Kyi (1991).


Early life and work

Liu was born on 28 December 1955 in
Changchun Changchun is the capital and largest city of Jilin, Jilin Province, China, on the Songliao Plain. Changchun is administered as a , comprising seven districts, one county and three county-level cities. At the 2020 census of China, Changchun ha ...
, Jilin province, to a family of intellectuals. Liu's father, Liu Ling (), was born in 1931 in Huaide County, Jilin. A professor of Chinese at Northeast Normal University, he died of liver disease in September 2011. Liu's mother, Zhang Suqin (), worked in the Northeast Normal University Nursery School. Liu Xiaobo was the third-born in a family of five boys. * His eldest brother Liu Xiaoguang (), Dalian import and export clothing company manager, retired. He was estranged from Liu Xiaobo after the 1989 Tiananmen protests. * His second brother, Liu Xiaohui (), is a historian who graduated from the Department of History of Northeast Normal University, and who became deputy director of the Museum of Jilin Province. * His fourth brother Liu Xiaoxuan (), born in 1957, is professor of Energy and Materials, Guangdong University of Technology, engaged in optical functional polymer materials and light curing application technology research. In 1995, he was admitted as a PhD student at Tsinghua University, but Liu Xiaobo's political activities meant he was not allowed to take the examinations. * His youngest brother, Liu Xiaodong (), died of heart disease early in the 1990s. In 1969, during the
Down to the Countryside Movement The Up to the Mountains and Down to the Countryside Movement, often known simply as the Down to the Countryside Movement, was a policy instituted in the China, People's Republic of China between the mid-1950s and 1978. As a result of what he p ...
, Liu's father took him to
Horqin Right Front Banner Horqin Right Front Banner ( Mongolian: ; zh, s=科尔沁右翼前旗) is a banner in the east of Inner Mongolia, China, bordering Jilin province to the southeast. It is under the administration of Hinggan League. The local Mongolian dialect is ...
, Inner Mongolia. His father was a professor who remained loyal to the Communist Party. After finishing middle school in 1974, he was sent to the countryside to work on a farm in Jilin. In 1977, Liu was admitted to the Department of Chinese Literature at
Jilin University Jilin University (JLU) is a public university in the city of Changchun, Jilin, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education. The university is part of Project 211, Project 985, and the Double First-Class Construction. History Founded ...
, where he founded a poetry group known as "The Innocent Hearts" () with six schoolmates. In 1982, he graduated with a BA in literature before being admitted to the Department of Chinese Literature at
Beijing Normal University Beijing Normal University (BNU) () is a public university in Haidian, Beijing, Haidian, Beijing, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education (China), Ministry of Education of China, and co-funded by the Ministry of Education and the B ...
as a research student, where he received an MA in literature in 1984, and started teaching as a lecturer thereafter. That year, he married Tao Li, with whom he had a son named Liu Tao in 1985. In 1986, Liu started his doctoral study program and published his literary critiques in various magazines. He became renowned as a "
dark horse A dark horse is a previously lesser-known person, team or thing that emerges to prominence in a situation, especially in a competition involving multiple rivals, that is unlikely to succeed but has a fighting chance, unlike the underdog who is exp ...
" for his radical opinions and scathing comments on the official doctrines and establishments. Opinions such as these shocked both literary and ideological circles, and his influence on Chinese intellectuals was dubbed the "Liu Xiaobo Shock" or the "Liu Xiaobo Phenomenon". In 1987, his first book, ''Criticism of the Choice: Dialogs with
Li Zehou Li Zehou ( zh, s=李泽厚, hp=; 13 June 1930 – 2 November 2021) was a Chinese scholar of philosophy and intellectual history. He is considered an influential modern scholar of Chinese history and culture whose work was central to the period ...
'', was published and became a
nonfiction Non-fiction (or nonfiction) is any document or media content that attempts, in good faith, to convey information only about the real world, rather than being grounded in imagination. Non-fiction typically aims to present topics objectively ...
bestseller A bestseller is a book or other media noted for its top selling status, with bestseller lists published by newspapers, magazines, and book store chains. Some lists are broken down into classifications and specialties (novel, nonfiction book, cookb ...
. It comprehensively criticized the Chinese tradition of
Confucianism Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China, and is variously described as a tradition, philosophy, Religious Confucianism, religion, theory of government, or way of li ...
, and posed a frank challenge to Li Zehou, a rising ideological star who had a strong influence on contemporaneous young intellectuals in China. In June 1988, Liu received a PhD in literature. His doctoral thesis, ''Esthetic and Human Freedom'', passed the examination unanimously and was published as his second book. That same year he became a lecturer at the same department. He soon became a visiting scholar at several universities, including
Columbia University Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Churc ...
, the
University of Oslo The University of Oslo (; ) is a public university, public research university located in Oslo, Norway. It is the List of oldest universities in continuous operation#Europe, oldest university in Norway. Originally named the Royal Frederick Univ ...
, and the
University of Hawaii A university () is an educational institution, institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several Discipline (academia), academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly ...
. During the
1989 Tiananmen Square protests The Tiananmen Square protests, known within China as the June Fourth Incident, were student-led Demonstration (people), demonstrations held in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, lasting from 15 April to 4 June 1989. After weeks of unsucces ...
, Liu was in the United States but he decided to return to China to join the movement. He was later named one of the "four
junzi The word junzi ( or "Son of the Vassal, or Monarch") is a Chinese philosophical term often translated as "gentleman", "superior person",Sometimes "exemplary person". Paul R. Goldin translates it "noble man" in an attempt to capture both its earl ...
s of Tiananmen Square" for launching a hunger strike in support of the students. He also helped broker a peaceful exit for students remaining in the square. That year also saw the publication of his third book, ''The Fog of Metaphysics'', a comprehensive review of Western philosophy. Soon, all of his works were banned in China.


Thoughts and political views


On Chinese and Western cultures

Liu advocated for the
Westernization Westernization (or Westernisation, see spelling differences), also Europeanisation or occidentalization (from the ''Occident''), is a process whereby societies come under or adopt what is considered to be Western culture, in areas such as industr ...
of China. He echoed the
New Cultural Movement The New Culture Movement was a progressive sociopolitical movement in China during the 1910s and 1920s. Participants criticized many aspects of traditional Chinese society, in favor of new formulations of Chinese culture informed by modern i ...
's call for wholesale westernization and the rejection of Chinese traditional culture. In a 1988 interview with Hong Kong's ''Liberation Monthly'' (now known as ''Open Magazine''), he said "modernization means wholesale westernization, choosing a human life is choosing a Western way of life. The difference between the Western and the Chinese governing system is humane vs in-humane, there's no middle ground ... Westernization is not a choice of a nation, but a choice for the human race." In the same interview, Liu also criticised the TV documentary ''
River Elegy ''River Elegy'' () is an influential six-part documentary by Wang Luxiang, and co-written by Su Xiaokang, shown on China Central Television on June 16, 1988, which portrays the decline of traditional Chinese culture. Synopsis The film asserts ...
'', for not sufficiently criticising Chinese culture and not promoting westernisation enthusiastically enough. Liu was quoted to have said, "If I were to make this I would show just how wimpy, spineless and fucked-up [] the Chinese really are". Liu regarded it most unfortunate that his monolingualism bound him to the Chinese cultural sphere. When asked what it would take for China to realize a true historical transformation. He replied: In an article in ''
The New York Review of Books ''The New York Review of Books'' (or ''NYREV'' or ''NYRB'') is a semi-monthly magazine with articles on literature, culture, economics, science and current affairs. Published in New York City, it is inspired by the idea that the discussion of ...
'', Simon Leys wrote that Liu Xiaobo's perception of the West and its relationship to a modernizing China evolved during his travels in the United States and Europe in the 1980s. During a visit to the
Metropolitan Museum The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an encyclopedic art museum in New York City. By floor area, it is the third-largest museum in the world and the largest art museum in the Americas. With 5.36 million v ...
in New York City, he experienced a sort of epiphany that crystallized the turmoil of his latest self-questioning: he realized the shallowness of his own learning in the light of the fabulous riches of the diverse civilizations of the past, and simultaneously perceived the inadequacy of contemporary Western answers to mankind's modern predicament. His own dream that Westernization could be used to reform China suddenly appeared to him as pathetic as the attitude of 'a paraplegic laughing at a quadriplegic', he confessed at the time: In 2002, he reflected on his initial
Maoist Maoism, officially Mao Zedong Thought, is a variety of Marxism–Leninism that Mao Zedong developed while trying to realize a socialist revolution in the agricultural, pre-industrial society of the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic o ...
-flavored radical esthetic and political views in the 1980s: Liu admitted in 2006 in another interview with ''Open Magazine'' (formerly known as ''Liberation Monthly'') that his 1988 response of "300 years of colonialism" was extemporaneous, although he did not intend to retract it, because it represented "an extreme expression of his longheld belief". The quote was nonetheless used against him. He has commented, "Even today n 2006 radical patriotic ' angry youth' still frequently use these words to paint me with '
treason Treason is the crime of attacking a state (polity), state authority to which one owes allegiance. This typically includes acts such as participating in a war against one's native country, attempting to Coup d'état, overthrow its government, spy ...
'." Evolving from his esthetic notion of "individual subjectivity" as opposed to
Li Zehou Li Zehou ( zh, s=李泽厚, hp=; 13 June 1930 – 2 November 2021) was a Chinese scholar of philosophy and intellectual history. He is considered an influential modern scholar of Chinese history and culture whose work was central to the period ...
's theory of esthetic subjectivity which combined Marxist materialism and Kantian idealism, he upheld the notion of "esthetic freedom" which was based on the individualistic conception of freedom and esthetics. He also strongly criticized Chinese intellectuals' "traditional attitude of searching for rationalism and harmony as a slave mentality" just as it was criticized by radical left-wing literary critic
Lu Xun Lu Xun ( zh, c=魯迅, p=Lǔ Xùn, ; 25 September 188119 October 1936), pen name of Zhou Shuren, born Zhou Zhangshou, was a Chinese writer. A leading figure of modern Chinese literature, he wrote in both vernacular and literary Chinese as a no ...
during the New Culture Movement.


On Chinese democracy

In his letter to his friend
Liao Yiwu Liao Yiwu ( zh, c=廖亦武 , p=Liào Yìwǔ; also known as Lao Wei ( zh, 老威); born 16 June 1958) is a Chinese author, reporter, musician, and poet. He is a critic of Communist Party of China, China's Communist Party, for which he was impri ...
in 2000, he expressed his thoughts on the prospects of the democracy movement in China: He was also a strong critic of
Chinese nationalism Chinese nationalism is a form of nationalism that asserts that the Chinese people are a nation and promotes the cultural and national unity of all Chinese people. According to Sun Yat-sen's philosophy in the Three Principles of the People, Chin ...
, believing that the "abnormal nationalism" which had existed in China over the last century had turned from a defensive style which contained "mixed feelings of inferiority, envy, complaint, and blame" into an aggressive form of "patriotism" that was filled with "blind self-confidence, empty boasts, and pent-up hatred". The "ultra-nationalism" being deployed by the
Chinese Communist Party The Communist Party of China (CPC), also translated into English as Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and One-party state, sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Founded in 1921, the CCP emerged victorious in the ...
since the Tiananmen protests has also become "a euphemism for worship of violence in service of autocratic goals." In 2009 during his trial for "
inciting subversion of state power In criminal law, incitement is the encouragement of another person to commit a crime. Depending on the jurisdiction, some or all types of incitement may be illegal. Where illegal, it is known as an inchoate offense, where harm is intended but ma ...
" due to his participation in drafting the ''
Charter 08 Charter 08 is a manifesto initially signed by 303 Chinese dissident intellectuals and human rights activists. It was published on 10 December 2008, the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopting its name and style fro ...
'' manifesto which demanded freedom of expression, human rights and democratic elections, he wrote an essay known as " I Have No Enemies", stating that "the mentality of enmity can poison a nation's spirit, instigate brutal life and death struggles, destroy a society's tolerance and humanity, and block a nation's progress towards freedom and democracy", and he declared that he had no enemies, and no hatred.


On the Islamic World

Liu broadly supported U.S.
militarism Militarism is the belief or the desire of a government or a people that a state should maintain a strong military capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values. It may also imply the glorification of the mili ...
. He supported U.S. President
George W. Bush George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who was the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. A member of the Bush family and the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he i ...
's 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, his 2003 invasion of Iraq and subsequent
reelection The incumbent is the current holder of an office or position. In an election, the incumbent is the person holding or acting in the position that is up for election, regardless of whether they are seeking re-election. There may or may not be a ...
. Liu supported other U.S. interventions in the Middle East as well, alongside the
Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
and
Korean War The Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was an armed conflict on the Korean Peninsula fought between North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea; DPRK) and South Korea (Republic of Korea; ROK) and their allies. North Korea was s ...
. In his 2004 article titled "Victory to the Anglo-American Freedom Alliance", he praised the U.S.-led post-
Cold War The Cold War was a period of global Geopolitics, geopolitical rivalry between the United States (US) and the Soviet Union (USSR) and their respective allies, the capitalist Western Bloc and communist Eastern Bloc, which lasted from 1947 unt ...
conflicts as "best examples of how war should be conducted in a modern civilization." He wrote: He also predicted that "a free, democratic and peaceful Iraq will emerge." He commented on
Islamism Islamism is a range of religious and political ideological movements that believe that Islam should influence political systems. Its proponents believe Islam is innately political, and that Islam as a political system is superior to communism ...
that, "a culture and (religious) system that has produced this kind of threat (
Islamic fundamentalism Islamic fundamentalism has been defined as a revivalist and reform movement of Muslims who aim to return to the founding scriptures of Islam. The term has been used interchangeably with similar terms such as Islamism, Islamic revivalism, Qut ...
) must be inherently intolerant and bloodthirsty." He also criticized the
Iraq prison abuse scandals About six months after the United States invasion of Iraq of 2003, rumors of Iraq prison abuse scandals started to emerge. The best known abuse incidents occurred at the large Abu Ghraib prison. Graphic pictures of some of those abuse incide ...
. During the 2004 US presidential election, Liu again praised Bush for his war effort against Iraq and condemned Democratic Party candidate
John Kerry John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is an American attorney, politician, and diplomat who served as the 68th United States secretary of state from 2013 to 2017 in the Presidency of Barack Obama#Administration, administration of Barac ...
for not sufficiently supporting the wars in which the U.S. was then involved. On Israel, he said "without America's protection, the long persecuted Jews who faced extermination during
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, would probably be drowned once more by the Islamic world's hatred." He had defended U.S. policies in the
Israeli–Palestinian conflict The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is an ongoing military and political conflict about Territory, land and self-determination within the territory of the former Mandatory Palestine. Key aspects of the conflict include the Israeli occupation ...
, which he thought was effective in mediating between the two sides.


Human rights activities

On 27 April 1989, Liu returned to Beijing and immediately became an active supporter of the movement. When the
army An army, ground force or land force is an armed force that fights primarily on land. In the broadest sense, it is the land-based military branch, service branch or armed service of a nation or country. It may also include aviation assets by ...
seemed ready to violently eject the students who persistently occupied Tiananmen Square in order to challenge the government and the army that was enforcing its declaration of
martial law Martial law is the replacement of civilian government by military rule and the suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers. Martial law can continue for a specified amount of time, or indefinitely, and standard civil liberties ...
, he initiated a four-man three-day
hunger strike A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance where participants fasting, fast as an act of political protest, usually with the objective of achieving a specific goal, such as a policy change. Hunger strikers that do not take fluids are ...
on 2 June. Later referred to as the "Tiananmen Four Gentlemen Hunger Strike", the action earned the trust of the students. He requested that both the government and the students abandon the ideology of
class struggle In political science, the term class conflict, class struggle, or class war refers to the economic antagonism and political tension that exist among social classes because of clashing interests, competition for limited resources, and inequali ...
and adopt a new political culture of dialogue and compromise. Although it was too late to prevent the massacre which started on the night of 3 June from occurring beyond the square, he and his colleagues successfully negotiated with the student leaders and the army commander so the several thousand students who remained in the square would all be allowed to peacefully withdraw from it, thus preventing a possibly much larger scale of bloodshed. On 5 June, Liu was arrested and detained in
Qincheng Prison The Ministry of Public Security Qincheng Prison () is a maximum-security prison located in Qincheng Village, Xingshou, Changping District, Beijing in the People's Republic of China. The prison was built in 1958 with aid from the Soviet Union ...
for his alleged role in the movement, and three months later he was expelled from Beijing Normal University. The government's media issued numerous publications which labeled him a "mad dog" and a "black hand" because he had allegedly incited and manipulated the student movement to overthrow the government and socialism. His publications were banned, including his fourth book, ''Going Naked Toward God'', which was then in press. In Taiwan however, his first and third books, ''Criticism of the Choice: Dialogues with Leading Thinker Li Zehou'' (1989), and the two-volume ''Mysteries of Thought and Dreams of Mankind'' (1990) were republished with some additions. In January 1991, 19 months after his arrest, Liu Xiaobo was convicted of "counterrevolutionary propaganda and incitement" but he was exempted from criminal punishment due to his "major meritorious action" for preventing what could have been a bloody confrontation in Tiananmen Square. After his release, he was divorced; both his ex-wife and son subsequently emigrated to the US. He resumed his writing, mostly on human rights and political issues, but was not allowed to publish them in Mainland China. In 1992, while in
Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...
, he published his first book after his imprisonment, ''The Monologues of a Doomsday's Survivor'', a controversial memoir which contains his confessions and his political criticism of the popular movement in 1989. In January 1993, Liu was invited to visit
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...
and the
United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
for the interviews in the documentary film '' The Gate of Heavenly Peace''. Although many of his friends suggested that he take refuge abroad, Liu returned to China in May 1993 and continued his freelance writing. On 18 May 1995, the Chinese police took Liu into custody for launching a petition campaign on the eve of the sixth anniversary of the Tiananmen protests calling on the government to reassess the event and initiate political reform. He was held under residential surveillance in the suburbs of Beijing for nine months. He was released in February 1996 but was arrested again on 8 October for writing an October Tenth Declaration, coauthored by him and another prominent dissident, Wang Xizhe, mainly on the Taiwan issue, that advocated a peaceful reunification in order to oppose the Chinese Communist Party's forceful threats against the island. He was ordered to serve three years of
reeducation through labor Re-education through labor (RTL; zh, s=劳动教养, t=勞動教養, p=láodòng jiàoyǎng), abbreviated ''laojiao'' ( zh, s=劳教, t=勞教, p=láojiào, links=no) was a system of administrative detention in the People's Republic of China ...
"for disturbing public order" for that statement. In 1996, while he was still imprisoned in the
labor camp A labor camp (or labour camp, see British and American spelling differences, spelling differences) or work camp is a detention facility where inmates are unfree labour, forced to engage in penal labor as a form of punishment. Labor camps have ...
, Liu married Liu Xia, who herself was not a prisoner. Because she was the only person from the outside allowed to visit him in prison, she was deemed his "most important link to the outside world." After his release on 7 October 1999, Liu Xiaobo resumed his freelance writing. However, it was reported that the government built a sentry station next to his home and his phone calls and internet connections were tapped. In 2000, while in Taiwan, Liu published the book ''A Nation That Lies to Conscience'', a 400-page political criticism. Also published, in Hong Kong, was a ''Selection of Poems'', a 450-page collection of the poems as correspondences between him and his wife during his imprisonment; it was coauthored by Liu and his wife. The last of three books which he published during the year was published in Mainland China, later titled "Selected Poems of Liu Xiaobo and Liu Xia" (), a 250-page collection of literary critiques coauthored by a popular young writer and himself under his unknown pen name of "Lao Xiao". The same year, Liu participated in founding the "Independent Chinese PEN Center," and was elected to both its board of directors and as its president in November 2003; he was reelected to both positions two years later. In 2007, he did not seek reelection as president but held his position as a board member until he was detained by the police in December 2008. In 2003, when Liu started writing a human rights report on China at his home, his computer, letters and documents were all confiscated by the government. He once said, "at Liu Xia's iu's wifebirthday, her best friend brought two bottles of wine to y homebut was blocked by the police from coming in. I ordered a irthdaycake and the police also rejected the man who delivered the cake to us. I quarreled with them and the police said, 'it is for the sake of your security. It has happened many bomb attacks in these days.'" Those measures were loosened until 2007, prior to the
2008 Beijing Olympic Games The 2008 Summer Olympics (), officially the Games of the XXIX Olympiad () and officially branded as Beijing 2008 (), were an international multisport event held from 8 to 24 August 2008, in Beijing, China. A total of 10,942 athletes fr ...
. In January 2005, following the death of former Chinese Premier
Zhao Ziyang Zhao Ziyang; pronounced (17 October 1919 – 17 January 2005) was a Chinese politician. He served as the 3rd premier of China from 1980 to 1987, as vice chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1981 to 1982, and as the CCP general ...
, who had shown sympathy towards the student demonstrations in 1989, Liu was immediately put under
house arrest House arrest (also called home confinement, or nowadays electronic monitoring) is a legal measure where a person is required to remain at their residence under supervision, typically as an alternative to imprisonment. The person is confined b ...
for two weeks before he learned about the death of Zhao. The same year, he published two more books in the US, ''The Future of Free China Exists in Civil Society'', and ''Single-Blade Poisonous Sword: Criticism of Chinese Nationalism''. Liu's writing is considered subversive by the
Chinese Communist Party The Communist Party of China (CPC), also translated into English as Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and One-party state, sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Founded in 1921, the CCP emerged victorious in the ...
, and his name is censored. He called for multi-party elections and free markets, advocated the values of freedom, supported separation of powers and urged the governments to be accountable for its wrongdoings. When not in prison, he was the subject of government monitoring and he was also put under house arrest during times that the government considered politically sensitive. Liu's human rights work received international recognition. In 2004,
Reporters Without Borders Reporters Without Borders (RWB; ; RSF) is an international non-profit and non-governmental organisation, non-governmental organization headquartered in Paris, which focuses on safeguarding the right to freedom of information. It describes its a ...
awarded him the Fondation de France Prize as a defender of
press freedom Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the fundamental principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exerc ...
.


''Charter 08''


Conception and diffusion of ''Charter 08''

Liu Xiaobo was one of the authors of ''Charter 08'', a
manifesto A manifesto is a written declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party, or government. A manifesto can accept a previously published opinion or public consensus, but many prominent ...
that called for freedom of expression, human rights, more democratic elections, the privatization of state enterprises and land, and
economic liberalism Economic liberalism is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy based on individualism and private property in the means of production. Adam Smith is considered one of the primary initial writers on economic liberalism ...
. Released on 10 December 2008 to coincide with the 60th anniversary of the adoption of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the Human rights, rights and freedoms of all human beings. Drafted by a UN Drafting of the Universal D ...
and modeled after
Charter 77 Charter 77 (''Charta 77'' in Czech language, Czech and Slovak language, Slovak) was an informal civic initiative in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic from 1976 to 1992, named after the document Charter 77 from January 1977. Founding members ...
, it was signed by 303 Chinese dissident intellectuals and
human rights Human rights are universally recognized Morality, moral principles or Social norm, norms that establish standards of human behavior and are often protected by both Municipal law, national and international laws. These rights are considered ...
activists.


2008–2017 arrest, trial, and imprisonment


Arrest

On the evening of 8 December 2008, two days before the official release of ''Charter 08'', Liu was taken into custody by the police along with , another scholar and ''Charter 08'' signatory. According to Zhang, the two were detained on suspicion of collecting signatures for the Charter. While Liu was detained in
solitary confinement Solitary confinement (also shortened to solitary) is a form of imprisonment in which an incarcerated person lives in a single Prison cell, cell with little or no contact with other people. It is a punitive tool used within the prison system to ...
, he was forbidden to meet with either his lawyer or his family, but he was allowed to eat lunch with his wife, Liu Xia, and two policemen on New Year's Day 2009. On 23 June 2009, the Beijing procuratorate approved Liu's arrest on charges of "suspicion of inciting subversion of state power," a crime under Article 105 of China's Criminal Law. In a
Xinhua Xinhua News Agency (English pronunciation: ),J. C. Wells: Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 3rd ed., for both British and American English or New China News Agency, is the official State media, state news agency of the China, People's Republic ...
news release announcing Liu's arrest, the Beijing Public Security Bureau alleged that Liu had incited the subversion of state power and the overthrow of the socialist system through methods such as spreading rumors and slander, citing Article 105 and noting that Liu had "fully confessed".


Trial

On 1 December 2009, Beijing police transferred Liu's case to the procuratorate for investigation and processing; on 10 December, the procuratorate formally indicted Liu on charges of "
inciting subversion of state power In criminal law, incitement is the encouragement of another person to commit a crime. Depending on the jurisdiction, some or all types of incitement may be illegal. Where illegal, it is known as an inchoate offense, where harm is intended but ma ...
" and sent his lawyers, Shang Baojun and Ding Xikui, the indictment document. He was tried at Beijing No. 1 Intermediate Court on 23 December 2009. His wife was not permitted to observe the hearing, although his brother-in-law was present. Diplomats from more than a dozen countries – including the U.S., Britain, Canada, Sweden, Australia and New Zealand – were denied access to the court in order to watch the trial and they all stood outside the court for its duration. Among them were Gregory May, political officer at the U.S. Embassy, and Nicholas Weeks, first secretary of the Swedish Embassy. Liu wrote a statement, entitled " I have no enemies", intending for it to be read at his trial. He was never given the right to speak. The essay was later read in the
2010 Nobel Peace Prize The 2010 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to imprisoned Chinese human rights activist (1955–2017) "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China". The laureate, once an eminent scholar, was reportedly little-known i ...
ceremony, which Liu was unable to attend due to his imprisonment. On 25 December 2009, Liu was sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment and two years' deprivation of political rights by the Beijing No. 2 Intermediate Court on charges of "inciting subversion of state power". According to Liu's family and counsel, he planned to appeal the judgment. In the verdict, ''Charter 08'' was named as part of the evidence supporting his conviction. John Pomfret of ''The Washington Post'' said Christmas Day was chosen to dump the news because the Chinese government believed Westerners were less likely to take notice on a holiday. Liu argued that his verdict violated both the Chinese constitution and the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the Human rights, rights and freedoms of all human beings. Drafted by a UN Drafting of the Universal D ...
of the United Nations. He argued that charges against him of 'spreading rumors, slandering and in other ways inciting the subversion of the government and overturning the socialist system' were contrived, as he did not fabricate or create false information, nor did he besmirch the good name and character of others by merely expressing a point of view, a value judgment. Criminal law professor Gao Mingxuan characterized Liu's activities as publishing provocative speech on the Internet and gathering signatures to advocate the overthrow of government, activities he argued were prohibited by Chinese criminal law. However, Liu was advocating for the incremental and peaceful adoption of a democratic system with individual rights. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China asserted that there are similar laws in many countries to prevent activities to advocate the overthrow of government, such as the Treason Act 1351 of England. Liu's detention was condemned worldwide by both
human rights organizations :''The list is incomplete; please add known articles or create missing ones'' The following is a list of articles on the human rights organizations of the world. It does not include political parties, or academic institutions. The list includes ...
and foreign countries. On 11 December 2008, the
U.S. Department of State The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs o ...
called for Liu's release, which was followed on 22 December 2008 by a similar request from a consortium of scholars, writers, lawyers and human rights advocates. Additionally, on 21 January 2009, 300 international writers, including
Salman Rushdie Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie ( ; born 19 June 1947) is an Indian-born British and American novelist. His work often combines magic realism with historical fiction and primarily deals with connections, disruptions, and migrations between Eastern wor ...
,
Margaret Atwood Margaret Eleanor Atwood (born November 18, 1939) is a Canadian novelist, poet, literary critic, and an inventor. Since 1961, she has published 18 books of poetry, 18 novels, 11 books of nonfiction, nine collections of short fiction, eight chi ...
,
Ha Jin Jin Xuefei (; born February 21, 1956) is a Chinese American poet and novelist who uses the pen name Ha Jin (). The name ''Ha'' comes from his favorite city, Harbin. His poetry is associated with the Misty Poetry movement. Early life, educatio ...
and
Jung Chang Jung Chang (, ; born 25 March 1952) is a Chinese-born British author. She is best known for her family autobiography ''Wild Swans'', selling over 10 million copies worldwide but Censorship in China, banned in the China, People's Republic of Ch ...
, called for Liu's release in a statement put out through
PEN PEN may refer to: * (National Ecological Party), former name of the Brazilian political party Patriota (PATRI) * PEN International, a worldwide association of writers ** English PEN, the founding centre of PEN International ** PEN America, located ...
. In March 2009, the One World Film Festival awarded Liu Xiaobo the Homo Homini Award, organized by the People in Need foundation, for promoting freedom of speech, democratic principles and human rights. In December 2009, the
European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational union, supranational political union, political and economic union of Member state of the European Union, member states that are Geography of the European Union, located primarily in Europe. The u ...
and United States issued formal appeals calling for the unconditional release of Liu Xiaobo. China's government, responding to the international calls prior to the verdict, stated that other nations should "respect China's judicial sovereignty and not do things that will interfere in China's internal affairs". Responding to the verdict, United Nations Human Rights Commissioner
Navanethem Pillay Navanethem "Navi" Pillay (born 23 September 1941) is a South African jurist who served as the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights from 2008 to 2014. A South African of Indian Tamil origin, Pillay was the first non-white woman ju ...
expressed concern about the deterioration of political rights in China. German Chancellor
Angela Merkel Angela Dorothea Merkel (; ; born 17 July 1954) is a German retired politician who served as Chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021. She is the only woman to have held the office. She was Leader of the Opposition from 2002 to 2005 and Leade ...
strongly criticized the verdict, stating "despite the great progress in other areas in the expression of views, I regret that the Chinese government still massively restricts press freedom." Canada and Switzerland also condemned the verdict. The Republic of China President
Ma Ying-jeou Ma Ying-jeou ( zh, t=馬英九; pinyin: ''Mǎ Yīngjiǔ''; ; born 13 July 1950) is a Taiwanese politician, lawyer, and legal scholar who served as the sixth president of the Republic of China from 2008 to 2016. A member of the Kuomintang (KMT ...
called on Beijing to "tolerate dissent". On 6 January 2010, former Czech president Václav Havel joined with other communist-era dissidents at the Chinese Embassy in Prague to present a petition calling for Liu's release. On 22 January 2010, European Association for Chinese Studies sent an open letter to
Hu Jintao Hu Jintao (born 21 December 1942) is a Chinese retired politician who served as the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 2002 to 2012, the president of China from 2003 to 2013, and chairman of the Central Military Comm ...
on behalf of over 800 scholars from 36 countries calling for Liu's release. On 18 January 2010, Liu was nominated for the
2010 Nobel Peace Prize The 2010 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to imprisoned Chinese human rights activist (1955–2017) "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China". The laureate, once an eminent scholar, was reportedly little-known i ...
by
Václav Havel Václav Havel (; 5 October 193618 December 2011) was a Czech statesman, author, poet, playwright, and dissident. Havel served as the last List of presidents of Czechoslovakia, president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until 1992, prior to the dissol ...
, the
14th Dalai Lama The 14th Dalai Lama (born 6 July 1935; full spiritual name: Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, shortened as Tenzin Gyatso; ) is the incumbent Dalai Lama, the highest spiritual leader and head of Tibetan Buddhism. He served a ...
,
André Glucksmann André Glucksmann (; 19 June 1937 – 10 November 2015) was a French philosopher, activist, and writer. He was a leading figure of the new philosophers. Glucksmann began his career as a Marxist, who went on to reject Marxism–Leninism and real s ...
,
Vartan Gregorian Vartan Gregorian (April 8, 1934 – April 15, 2021) was an Armenian-American academic, educator, and historian. He served as president of the Carnegie Corporation from 1997 to 2021. Gregorian moved to the United States from Iran at age 22. H ...
,
Mike Moore Michael Moore is an American filmmaker and author. Michael Moore may also refer to: Academia * Michael G. Moore (fl. 1970s–2020s), professor of education * Michael S. Moore (academic) (fl. 1960s–2020s), American law professor * Michael Mo ...
,
Karel Schwarzenberg Karel Schwarzenberg (, 10 December 1937 – 12 November 2023) was a Czech politician, diplomat and statesman who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs (Czech Republic), Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic from 2007 to 2009 and ...
,
Desmond Tutu Desmond Mpilo Tutu (7 October 193126 December 2021) was a South African Anglican bishop and theologian, known for his work as an anti-apartheid and human rights activist. He was Bishop of Johannesburg from 1985 to 1986 and then Archbishop ...
and
Grigory Yavlinsky Grigory Alekseyevich Yavlinsky (; born 10 April 1952) is a Russian economist and politician. He has held numerous positions in the Soviet and Russian governments across different levels, including in the State Duma. Yavlinsky was one of auth ...
. China's Foreign Ministry spokesperson Ma Zhaoxu stated that awarding the Nobel Peace Prize to Liu would be "totally wrong". Geir Lundestad, a secretary of the Nobel Committee, stated the award would not be influenced by Beijing's opposition. On 25 September 2010, ''
The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
'' reported that a petition in support of the Nobel nomination was being circulated in China. On 14 September 2010, the Mayor of
Reykjavík Reykjavík is the Capital city, capital and largest city in Iceland. It is located in southwestern Iceland on the southern shore of Faxaflói, the Faxaflói Bay. With a latitude of 64°08′ N, the city is List of northernmost items, the worl ...
,
Jón Gnarr Jón Gnarr (; born Jón Gunnar Kristinsson on 2 January 1967) is an Icelanders, Icelandic actor, comedian, and politician who served as the Mayor of Reykjavík, Mayor of Reykjavík from 2010 to 2014. He is currently a member of the Althing for ...
, met on an unrelated matter with CPC Politburo member Liu Qi and demanded China set the dissident Liu Xiaobo free. Also that September
Václav Havel Václav Havel (; 5 October 193618 December 2011) was a Czech statesman, author, poet, playwright, and dissident. Havel served as the last List of presidents of Czechoslovakia, president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until 1992, prior to the dissol ...
, Dana Němcová and
Václav Malý Václav Malý (born 21 September 1950 in Prague) is a Czech Catholic priest and a prominent persona of the 1989 Velvet Revolution. He is a titular bishop of Marcelliana and auxiliary bishop of Prague. Early life Václav Malý studied at the Rom ...
, leaders of
Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia ( ; Czech language, Czech and , ''Česko-Slovensko'') was a landlocked country in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland beca ...
's
Velvet Revolution The Velvet Revolution () or Gentle Revolution () was a non-violent transition of power in what was then Czechoslovakia, occurring from 17 November to 28 November 1989. Popular demonstrations against the one-party government of the Communist Pa ...
, published an open letter in the ''
International Herald Tribune The ''International Herald Tribune'' (''IHT'') was a daily English-language newspaper published in Paris, France, for international English-speaking readers. It published under the name ''International Herald Tribune'' starting in 1967, but its ...
'' calling for the award to be given to Liu, while a petition began to circulate soon afterwards. On 6 October 2010, the non-governmental organization
Freedom Now Freedom Now is a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit, non-partisan organization that opposes government repression and defends human rights through direct legal support, advocacy, and capacity-building analysis and assistance. Its approach is to ...
, which serves as an international counsel to Liu Xiaobo as retained by his family, publicly released a letter from 30 members of the
U.S. Congress The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. It is a bicameral legislature, including a lower body, the U.S. House of Representatives, and an upper body, the U.S. Senate. They both ...
to President
Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who was the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American president in American history. O ...
, urging him to directly raise both Liu's case and that of fellow imprisoned dissident
Gao Zhisheng Gao Zhisheng (born 20 April 1964) is a Chinese Human rights law, human rights attorney and dissident known for defending activists and religious minorities and documenting Human rights in the People's Republic of China, human rights abuses in ...
to Chinese President Hu Jintao at the G-20 Summit in November 2010. The Republic of China's President Ma Ying-jiu congratulated Liu on winning the Nobel Prize and requested that the Chinese authorities improve their impression in the eyes of the world by respecting human rights, but did not call for his release from prison. On 15 October 2010, the
state media State media are typically understood as media outlets that are owned, operated, or significantly influenced by the government. They are distinguished from public service media, which are designed to serve the public interest, operate independent ...
outlet
China News Service China News Service (CNS; ) is the second largest state news agency in China, after Xinhua News Agency. China News Service was formerly run by the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office, which was absorbed into the United Front Work Department of the ...
stated that in 2008 Liu had received a financial endowment from the
National Endowment for Democracy The National Endowment for Democracy (NED) is a quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization in the United States founded in 1983 with the stated aim of advancing democracy worldwide and counter communism, communist influence abroad, by prom ...
. In 2011, a WorldWideReading was dedicated to Liu Xiaobo; on 20 March, readings in more than 60 towns and cities on all continents and broadcast via radio stations were held in his honor. The " Freedom for Liu Xiaobo" appeal was supported by more than 700 writers from around the world, among them Nobel Prize laureates John M. Coetzee, Nadine Gordimer,
Herta Müller Herta Müller (; born 17 August 1953) is a Romanian-German novelist, poet, essayist and recipient of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature. She was born in Nițchidorf (; ), Timiș County in Romania; her native languages are German and Romanian. Si ...
and Elfriede Jelinek, as well as Breyten Breytenbach, Eliot Weinberger, Salman Rushdie, Vikram Seth, Mario Vargas Llosa, Wolf Biermann and Dave Eggers. On 20 March 2011, the international literature festival called for a worldwide reading for Liu Xiaobo. More than 700 authors from all continents signed the appeal and over 150 institutions took part in the event. On 19 November 2013, his wife, Liu Xia, who was placed under house arrest shortly after Liu Xiaobo was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, filed an appeal for Liu Xiaobo's retrial. This move has been called "extraordinary" because the action could refocus the world's attention on China's human rights record. According to her attorney, Mo Shaoping, Liu Xia visited her husband in
Jinzhou Jinzhou (, zh, s= , t=錦州 , p=Jǐnzhōu), formerly Chinchow, is a coastal prefecture-level city in central-west Liaoning province, China. It is a geographically strategic city located in the Liaoxi Corridor, which connects most of the la ...
Prison in Liaoning and gained his approval before filing this motion.


Nobel Peace Prize

On 8 October 2010, the Nobel Committee awarded Liu the Nobel Peace Prize "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China", saying that Liu had long been front-runner as the recipient of the prize. Liu's wife, Liu Xia, expressed gratitude on behalf of her husband to the Nobel Committee, Liu's proposers, and those who have been supporting him since 1989, including the
Tiananmen Mothers The Tiananmen Mothers ( zh, 天安門母親) is a Chinese pro-democracy organization founded in September 1989 by Ding Zilin, alongside Jiang Peikun and Zhang Xianling. It advocates for change in the government's position over the 1989 Tiananme ...
—family members or representatives of those who were killed, or had disappeared, in the
1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre The Tiananmen Square protests, known within China as the June Fourth Incident, were student-led demonstrations held in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, lasting from 15 April to 4 June 1989. After weeks of unsuccessful attempts between t ...
. She said, "The prize should belong to all who signed ''Charter 08'' and were jailed due to their support". Liu Xia informed her husband of his award during a visit to Jinzhou Prison on 9 October 2010, one day after the official announcement. She reported that Liu wept and dedicated the award to those who suffered as a result of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, saying: "The award is first and foremost for the Tiananmen martyrs." After Mrs. Liu returned home, she was put under house arrest and was watched by armed guards. She expressed the desire to attend the awards ceremony in Norway in December, but was skeptical of her chances of being allowed to do so. Liu Xia wrote an open letter to 143 prominent figures, encouraging them to attend the award ceremony in Oslo. Liu was the second person to have been denied the right to have a representative collect the Nobel Prize for him as well as the second to die in custody, with the first being Ossietzky. Berit Reiss-Andersen, chairman of the
Norwegian Nobel Committee The Norwegian Nobel Committee () selects the recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize each year on behalf of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel's estate, based on instructions of Nobel's will. Five members are appointed by the Norwegian Parliament. ...
, blamed the Chinese communist regime for his death and said that "Liu Xiaobo had contributed to the fraternity of peoples through his non-violent resistance against the oppressive actions of the Communist regime in China." China reacted negatively to the award, immediately censoring news about the announcement of the award in China, though later that day limited news of the award became available. Foreign news broadcasters including
CNN Cable News Network (CNN) is a multinational news organization operating, most notably, a website and a TV channel headquartered in Atlanta. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable ne ...
and the
BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current sta ...
were immediately blocked, while heavy censorship was applied to personal communications. The Chinese Foreign Ministry denounced the award to Liu Xiaobo, saying that it "runs completely counter to the principle of the award and it is also a desecration of the Peace Prize". The Norwegian ambassador to the People's Republic of China was summoned by the Foreign Ministry on 8 October 2010 and presented with an official complaint about the granting of the Nobel Peace Prize to Liu. The Chinese government has called Liu Xiaobo a criminal and stated that he does not deserve the prize. Chinese dissident
Wei Jingsheng Wei Jingsheng (; born 20 May 1950) is a Chinese human rights activist and dissident. He is best known for his involvement in the Chinese democracy movement. He is most prominent for having authored the essay " The Fifth Modernization", which ...
, in his response to news of the award, criticized Liu by calling him "the accomplice of the Communist regime." As a result, nearly all large-scale commercial trading between Norway and China was limited, and relations soured until after Liu Xiaobo's death in 2017, when talks resumed. In October 2018, the Norwegian King
Harald V Harald V (, ; born 21 February 1937) has been King of Norway since 1991. A member of the House of Glücksburg, Harald was the third child and only son of King Olav V of Norway and Princess Märtha of Sweden. He was second in the line of succ ...
visited Beijing and met with Chinese president Xi Jinping, symbolizing the recovery of China-Norway relations. ''
Global Times The ''Global Times'' is a daily Chinese Tabloid (newspaper format), tabloid under the auspices of the Chinese Communist Party's flagship newspaper, the ''People's Daily'', commenting on international issues from a Chinese nationalistic pers ...
'', part of the Chinese government-owned ''
People's Daily The ''People's Daily'' ( zh, s=人民日报, p=Rénmín Rìbào) is the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It provides direct information on the policies and viewpoints of the CCP in multiple lan ...
'', published a statement saying that Liu Xiaobo and his case had properly undergone "strict legal procedure", blaming Western regimes for sensationalizing the Liu Xiaobo story "in defiance of China's judicial sovereignty". The Chinese paper also rejected the view that Liu Xiaobo should be described as "China's Mandela", by stating: "Mandela was a Nobel Peace Prize laureate for leading African people to anti-apartheid victory through struggles ... however, awarding a Chinese prisoner who confronted authorities and was rejected by mainstream Chinese society derides China's judicial system ...
hich Ij () is a village in Golabar Rural District of the Central District in Ijrud County, Zanjan province, Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq ...
makes sure a society of 1.3 billion people runs smoothly." Following the announcement of the Nobel Peace Prize, celebrations in China were either stopped or curtailed, and prominent intellectuals and other dissidents were detained, harassed or put under surveillance; Liu's wife, Liu Xia, was placed under house arrest and she was forbidden to talk to reporters even though no official charges were filed against her. Sixty-five countries with missions in Norway were all invited to the Nobel Prize ceremony, but fifteen of them declined the invitation, in some cases due to heavy lobbying by China. Besides China, these countries included Russia, Kazakhstan, Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Iraq, Iran, Vietnam, Venezuela, Egypt, Sudan, Cuba, and Morocco. China also imposed travel restrictions on known dissidents ahead of the ceremony. A non-governmental Chinese group presented its Confucius Peace Prize as an alternative and awarded it to former Taiwanese Vice-President
Lien Chan Lien Chan ( zh, t=連戰, w=, p=, poj=; born August 27, 1936) is a Taiwanese political scientist and politician. He was the chairman of the Taiwan Provincial Government from 1990 to 1993, premier of the Republic of China from 1993 to 1997, vice ...
for promoting peace between Taiwan and Mainland China. Lien Chan denied receiving any award.


Medical parole and health

On 26 June 2017, it was reported that Liu had been granted medical parole after being diagnosed with terminal
liver cancer Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer, primary hepatic cancer, or primary hepatic malignancy, is cancer that starts in the liver. Liver cancer can be primary in which the cancer starts in the liver, or it can be liver metastasis, or secondar ...
in late May 2017. The Shenyang Justice Ministry released a statement on 5 July saying that the First Hospital of China Medical University, where Liu was being treated, has invited cancer experts from the United States, Germany and other nations to join its team of doctors. However, the statement did not mention which foreign doctors had been invited or whether or not any of them had responded. A statement one day later from the hospital said that Liu was admitted on 7 June. On 8 July, the hospital said that Joseph M. Herman of
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (colloquially MD Anderson Cancer Center) is a comprehensive cancer center and autonomous university of the University of Texas System in Houston, Texas. It is the largest cancer center in the w ...
and
Markus Büchler Markus Wolfgang Büchler (born 22 July 1955) is a German surgeon and university full professor. He specialises in gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary and transplant surgery, and is especially known for pioneering operations on the pancreas. in Sas ...
of
Heidelberg University Heidelberg University, officially the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg (; ), is a public research university in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Founded in 1386 on instruction of Pope Urban VI, Heidelberg is Germany's oldest unive ...
had joined domestic experts for group consultation. The foreign doctors said that Liu had indicated that he wanted to be sent abroad for treatment. Acknowledging the risk that is involved when a patient is moved, they deemed that Liu was fit to travel abroad in order to receive the care which they were willing to provide him. However, the hospital said that the foreign doctors had confirmed that even they had no better treatment methods and also that the domestic doctors had done a very good job. On 10 July, the hospital said that Liu was in critical condition, and that he was suffering from an increasingly bloated stomach, an inflamed
abdominal wall In anatomy, the abdominal wall represents the boundaries of the abdominal cavity. The abdominal wall is split into the anterolateral and posterior walls. There is a common set of layers covering and forming all the walls: the deepest being the vi ...
, falling blood pressure, faltering kidneys, growing cancer lesions, and that they were actively rescuing him, and were starting to use continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). On 12 July, the hospital said that Liu was suffering from
liver failure Liver failure is the inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic functions as part of normal physiology. Two forms are recognised, acute and chronic (cirrhosis). Recently, a third form of liver failure known as acute- ...
( Child–Pugh class C), kidney failure,
respiratory failure Respiratory failure results from inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system, meaning that the arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide, or both cannot be kept at normal levels. A drop in the oxygen carried in the blood is known as hypoxemia; a r ...
,
septic shock Septic shock is a potentially fatal medical condition that occurs when sepsis, which is organ injury or damage in response to infection, leads to dangerously low blood pressure and abnormalities in cellular metabolism. The Third International C ...
,
blood clot A thrombus ( thrombi) is a solid or semisolid aggregate from constituents of the blood (platelets, fibrin, red blood cells, white blood cells) within the circulatory system during life. A blood clot is the final product of the blood coagulatio ...
, etc. and that they had communicated the necessity for
tracheal intubation Tracheal intubation, usually simply referred to as intubation, is the placement of a flexible plastic catheter, tube into the vertebrate trachea, trachea (windpipe) to maintain an open airway or to serve as a conduit through which to administer c ...
, but his family had rejected the procedure. The ''New York Times'' reported that Liu's family could not be independently reached for confirmation of his condition.


Death and funeral

Liu Xiaobo died on 13 July 2017 in Shenyang's First Hospital of China Medical University from
liver cancer Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer, primary hepatic cancer, or primary hepatic malignancy, is cancer that starts in the liver. Liver cancer can be primary in which the cancer starts in the liver, or it can be liver metastasis, or secondar ...
.


Censorship

Since his death, the fate of Liu Xiaobo has been compared by the media of the world to that of
Carl von Ossietzky Carl von Ossietzky (; 3 October 1889 – 4 May 1938) was a German journalist and Pacifism, pacifist. He was the recipient of the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize for his work in exposing the clandestine German rearmament. As editor-in-chief of the magazin ...
, Nobel Laureate in 1935 who also died as a prisoner of
Nazi Germany Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalit ...
. Whilst Liu's death was widely reported in the Western media, it was mentioned only in the most perfunctory manner in the press inside mainland China. Censors deleted images or emojis of candles, or a simple "RIP"; searches on
Weibo Weibo (), or Sina Weibo (), is a Chinese microblogging ( weibo) website. Launched by Sina Corporation on 14 August 2009, it is one of the biggest social media platforms in China, with over 582 million monthly active users (252 million daily ac ...
regarding Liu's health returned the message: "According to relevant laws and policies, results for 'Liu Xiaobo' cannot be displayed". The
Citizen Lab The Citizen Lab is an interdisciplinary laboratory based at the Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto, Canada. It was founded by Ronald Deibert in 2001. The laboratory studies information controls that impact the openness an ...
documented censorship of the death of Liu Xiaobo on
WeChat WeChat or Weixin in Chinese ( zh, c=微信, p=Wēixìn , l=micro-message) is an instant messaging, social media, and mobile payment mobile app, app developed by Tencent. First released in 2011, it became the world's largest standalone mobile a ...
and Weibo." They noted on 16 July censorship on WeChat of images related to Liu after his death, and found that even images were being blocked in one-to-one chat the first time as well as in group chat and WeChat Moments. Based on analyses of search term blocking on Weibo, the lab confirmed that a blanket ban on searches for Liu Xiaobo's name was still being applied. They said: "In fact, just his given name of Xiaobo is enough to trigger censorship in English and both Simplified and Traditional Chinese..." On the early morning of 15 July 2017, a brief funeral service was held for Liu which Liu's body was cremated following a short mourning service. Liu's mourning ceremony and funeral were heavily stage-managed as friends and supporters had been warned that public funeral or memorial would not be tolerated. All the questions international journalists have been asking about Liu failed to appear in official transcripts of news briefings by the Chinese foreign ministry. Germany, UK, France, the United States, Taiwan and the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights,
Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein Zeid bin Ra'ad bin Zeid al-Hussein (; born 26 January 1964) is a Jordanian former diplomat who is the Perry World House Professor of the Practice of Law and Human Rights at the University of Pennsylvania. He is also the president and CEO of the ...
, called for the People's Republic of China to allow Liu Xiaobo's wife Liu Xia to travel and leave the country if she wishes.


Funeral

The funeral was organized in a heavy-handed fashion in which Chinese government attempted to defend their treatment of Liu and his wife, even though it was clear they and their family members were under perpetual surveillance. Although the funeral was attended by a brother of Ms. Liu and two of Mr. Liu's brothers and their wives, none of Liu's friends could be identified from official photographs of the mourners. A government spokesman said: "Liu Xia is free now, ut wasgrief-stricken and doesn't need to be disturbed". The government claimed that Liu had been cremated, and his ashes scattered into the sea at the family's own request. His eldest brother, Liu Xiaoguang appeared at the same press briefing, thanked the Chinese Communist party and also the government "because everything they have done for our family shows a high level of humanity and personal care to us". According to Liu Xiaobo's biographer
Yu Jie Yu Jie ( zh, c=余杰), is a Chinese-American writer and Calvinist democracy activist. The bestselling author of more than 30 books, Yu was described by the ''New York Review of Books'' in 2012 as "one of China's most prominent essayists and cr ...
, Liu had excommunicated his eldest brother, Xiaoguang, after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, calling him a "petty bureaucrat of the Communist Party". Yu further criticized Xiaoguang for usurping Liu Xia's position of
next of kin A person's next of kin (NOK) may be that person's spouse A spouse is a significant other in a marriage. A female spouse is called a wife while a male spouse is called a husband. Married The legal status of a spouse, and the specific righ ...
and his "shamelessness" in attempting to grab a share of Liu's Nobel Prize money. The government of China has been accused by Liu's supporters of trying to erase any shrine or traces to Liu Xiaobo with a sea burial of his remains. Chinese human rights activists Hu Jia stated to the ''
South China Morning Post The ''South China Morning Post'' (''SCMP''), with its Sunday edition, the ''Sunday Morning Post'', is a Hong Kong-based English-language newspaper owned by Alibaba Group. Founded in 1903 by Tse Tsan-tai and Alfred Cunningham, it has remaine ...
'' that the hasty actions were "humiliating to a Nobel winner". In Hong Kong, which at the time, had civil rights that are nonexistent in mainland China, activists organized the only large-scale commemoration for Liu on Chinese soil. A vigil outside the Beijing Liaison Office started on 10 July and continued until his death. Some newspapers in the city splashed Liu's portrait on their front pages to announce his death, while other pro-Communist journals relegated coverage to the inner pages. In the Legislative Council legislators of the
Pro-democracy camp The pro-democracy camp, also known as the pan-democracy camp, is a political alignment in Hong Kong that supports increased democracy, namely the universal suffrage of the Chief Executive and the Legislative Council as given by the Basic La ...
made seven attempts to table a debate on Liu, but president of the council, Andrew Leung, who is from the governing faction, rejected the attempts on the grounds that the matter did not have "urgent public importance according to 16.2 of the Rules of Procedure, nd thatthe wording of their petitions lacked neutrality".


Reactions


Sinosphere

: The
Ministry of Foreign Affairs In many countries, the ministry of foreign affairs (abbreviated as MFA or MOFA) is the highest government department exclusively or primarily responsible for the state's foreign policy and relations, diplomacy, bilateral, and multilateral r ...
' spokesman
Geng Shuang Geng Shuang (; born April 1973) is a Chinese politician serving as China's Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations. He formerly served as the deputy director of the Information Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Biogr ...
chastised foreign officials' "improper comments on Liu Xiaobo's death of illness" and said that China had lodged "stern representations" with their countries. Geng also said on 14 July that "Conferring the prize to such a person goes against the purposes of this award. It's a blasphemy of the peace prize", according to the ''
Voice of America Voice of America (VOA or VoA) is an international broadcasting network funded by the federal government of the United States that by law has editorial independence from the government. It is the largest and oldest of the American internation ...
''. But an almost identical report from ''Voice of America Chinese'' also wrote that Geng's statement could not be found from the regular press briefing's Q&A transcript posted on the ministry's website. :
President of the Republic of China The president of the Republic of China, also known as the president of Taiwan, is the head of state of the Taiwan, Republic of China (Taiwan), as well as the commander-in-chief of the Republic of China Armed Forces. Republic of China (1912– ...
Tsai Ing-wen Tsai Ing-wen (; pinyin: ''Cài Yīngwén''; born 31 August 1956) is a Taiwanese politician and legal scholar who served as the seventh president of the Republic of China (Taiwan) from 2016 to 2024. A member of the Democratic Progressive Party ...
pleaded with the Communist government to "show confidence in engaging in political reform so that the Chinese can enjoy the God-given rights of freedom and democracy ... The
Chinese Dream The Chinese Dream, also called the China Dream, is a term closely associated with Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and China's paramount leader. Xi began promoting the phrase as a slogan during a high-profil ...
is not supposed to be about military might. It should be about taking ideas like those from Liu Xiaobo into consideration. Only through democracy, in which every Chinese person has freedom and respect, can China truly become a proud and important country." In his tribute on Facebook, former ROC President and leader of the Kuomintang
Ma Ying-jeou Ma Ying-jeou ( zh, t=馬英九; pinyin: ''Mǎ Yīngjiǔ''; ; born 13 July 1950) is a Taiwanese politician, lawyer, and legal scholar who served as the sixth president of the Republic of China from 2008 to 2016. A member of the Kuomintang (KMT ...
said the Chinese dream should develop proportionally on freedom and human rights. Mayor of Taipei
Ko Wen-je Ko Wen-je ( zh, c=柯文哲; born 6 August 1959), also known by his nickname, Ko P, is a Taiwanese politician and physician who served as the Mayor of Taipei, mayor of Taipei from 2014 to 2022. He founded the Taiwan People's Party (TPP) in 201 ...
expressed condolences. Tibetan Government in Exile: The
14th Dalai Lama The 14th Dalai Lama (born 6 July 1935; full spiritual name: Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, shortened as Tenzin Gyatso; ) is the incumbent Dalai Lama, the highest spiritual leader and head of Tibetan Buddhism. He served a ...
, who himself is the 1989 Nobel Peace Prize winner, the Speaker of the Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile, Khenpo Sonam Tenphel, and Prime Minister of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile, Lobsang Sangay mourned the death of Liu. The Dalai Lama issued the following short statement on 14 July 2017, "I am deeply saddened to learn that fellow Nobel Laureate Liu Xiaobo has passed away while undergoing a lengthy prison sentence. I offer my prayers and condolences to his wife, Liu Xia and to other members of his family. Although he is no longer living, the rest of us can best pay honor to Liu Xiaobo by carrying forward the principles he has long embodied, which would lead to a more harmonious, stable and prosperous China. It is my belief that Nobel Laureate Liu Xiaobo's unceasing efforts in the cause of freedom will bear fruit before long."


International


= States

= : President
Emmanuel Macron Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron (; born 21 December 1977) is a French politician who has served as President of France and Co-Prince of Andorra since 2017. He was Ministry of Economy and Finance (France), Minister of Economics, Industr ...
, who hosted a press conference for visiting US President Trump, later paid tribute to Liu in a tweet, praising him as "a freedom fighter". French Foreign Minister
Jean-Yves Le Drian Jean-Yves Le Drian (; born 30 June 1947) is a French politician who served as Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs in the governments of Prime Ministers Édouard Philippe and Jean Castex (2017–2022) and as Minister of Defence under Preside ...
expressed condolences as well. : Chancellor
Angela Merkel Angela Dorothea Merkel (; ; born 17 July 1954) is a German retired politician who served as Chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021. She is the only woman to have held the office. She was Leader of the Opposition from 2002 to 2005 and Leade ...
described Liu Xiaobo as a "courageous fighter for civil rights and freedom of expression". Foreign Minister
Sigmar Gabriel Sigmar Hartmut Gabriel (born 12 September 1959) is a German politician who was the Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2017 to 2018 and the vice-chancellor of Germany from 2013 to 2018. He was Leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germa ...
said that "China now has the responsibility to quickly, transparently and plausibly answer the question of whether the cancer could not have been identified much earlier." : Both the Minister of Foreign Affairs
Fumio Kishida Fumio Kishida (born 29 July 1957) is a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan and President of the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP) from 2021 to 2024. He has been a member of the House of Representatives in the National Diet ...
and Chief Cabinet Secretary
Yoshihide Suga is a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan and President of the Liberal Democratic Party (Liberal Democratic Party (Japan), LDP) from 2020 to 2021. He had served as Chief Cabinet Secretary during the second administration ...
expressed condolences. : Prime Minister of Norway
Erna Solberg Erna Solberg (; born 24 February 1961) is a Norwegian politician and the current Leader of the Opposition. She served as the prime minister of Norway from 2013 to 2021, and has been the leader of the Conservative Party of Norway, Conservative Part ...
said that "It is with deep grief that I received the news of Liu Xiaobo's passing. Liu Xiaobo was for decades a central voice for human rights and China's further development."
Thorbjørn Jagland Thorbjørn Jagland ( né Johansen; , 5 November 1950) is a Norwegian politician from the Labour Party. He served as the secretary general of the Council of Europe from 2009 to 2019. He served as the prime minister of Norway from 1996 to 1997, a ...
, a member and former chairman of the
Norwegian Nobel Committee The Norwegian Nobel Committee () selects the recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize each year on behalf of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel's estate, based on instructions of Nobel's will. Five members are appointed by the Norwegian Parliament. ...
, and a former Prime Minister of Norway, compared Liu Xiaobo to
Carl von Ossietzky Carl von Ossietzky (; 3 October 1889 – 4 May 1938) was a German journalist and Pacifism, pacifist. He was the recipient of the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize for his work in exposing the clandestine German rearmament. As editor-in-chief of the magazin ...
, noting that he became the second Nobel Prize laureate who was prevented from receiving the prize because he died in prison. An official statement by the Norwegian Nobel Committee blamed the Chinese communist regime for Liu Xiaobo's death and condemned the erosion of human rights as a universal value; on behalf of the committee, chairwoman Reiss-Andersen said that "Liu Xiaobo had contributed to the fraternity of peoples through his non-violent resistance against the oppressive actions of the Communist regime in China" and that "the Chinese Government bears a heavy responsibility for his premature death". Reiss-Andersen said Liu Xiaobo will remain "a powerful symbol for all who fight for freedom, democracy and a better world". She also lamented the "sad and disturbing fact that the representatives of the free world, who themselves hold democracy and human rights in high regard, are less willing to stand up for those rights for the benefit of others." : Foreign Secretary
Boris Johnson Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (born 19 June 1964) is a British politician and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party (UK), Leader of the Conservative Party from 2019 to 2022. He wa ...
called Liu a "lifelong campaigner for democracy, human rights and peace", and said that his death was a huge loss. He further stated that "Liu Xiaobo should have been allowed to choose his own medical treatment overseas" and called for the Chinese authorities "to lift all restrictions" on Liu's widow. : The
White House Press Secretary The White House press secretary is a senior White House official whose primary responsibility is to act as spokesperson for the executive branch of the United States federal government, especially with regard to the president, senior aides and ...
issued a statement of condolences. Secretary of State
Rex Tillerson Rex Tillerson is an American energy executive who served as the 69th United States secretary of state from 2017 to 2018 in the first administration of Donald Trump. From 2006 to 2016, he was chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of Exxon ...
said that "Mr Liu dedicated his life to the betterment of his country and humankind, and to the pursuit of justice and liberty," and urged Beijing to free Liu's widow. U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations
Nikki Haley Nimarata Nikki Randhawa Haley (''née'' Randhawa; born January 20, 1972) is an American politician and diplomat who served as the 116th governor of South Carolina from 2011 to 2017 and as the 29th U.S. ambassador to the United Nations from Ja ...
and U.S. Ambassador to China
Terry Branstad Terry Edward Branstad (born November 17, 1946) is a retired American politician who served as the 39th and 42nd governor of Iowa (1983–1999; 2011–2017) and the United States ambassador to China (2017–2020). A member of the Repu ...
both expressed condolences. The
Congressional-Executive Commission on China The Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC) is an independent agency of the U.S. government which monitors human rights and rule of law developments in the People's Republic of China. The commission was given the mandate by the U.S. C ...
, whose commissioners come from both the
House of Representatives House of Representatives is the name of legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national entities. In many countries, the House of Representatives is the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the corresponding upper house often ...
and
Senate A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
, issued a bipartisan statement. The United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights and International Organizations held a hearing on Liu and his death (entitled "The Tragic Case of Liu Xiaobo").
Nancy Pelosi Nancy Patricia Pelosi ( ; ; born March 26, 1940) is an American politician who was the List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives, 52nd speaker of the United States House of Representatives, serving from 2007 to 2011 an ...
, the House Minority Leader, was saddened by the news of Liu's passing. Back on 18 May, both Republican Senator
Ted Cruz Rafael Edward Cruz (; born December 22, 1970) is an American politician and attorney serving as the junior United States senator from Texas since 2013. A member of the Republican Party, Cruz was the solicitor general of Texas from 2003 ...
and Representative
Mark Meadows Mark Randall Meadows (born July 28, 1959) is an American politician who served as the 29th White House chief of staff from 2020 to 2021 under the Trump administration. A member of the Republican Party, he also served as the U.S. representat ...
had re-introduced bills to resume their push to rename the address of
Embassy of China in Washington, D.C. The Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States () is the diplomatic mission of the People's Republic of China to the United States, located in Washington D.C. The main chancery is located at 3505 International Place NW, Wa ...
as "1 Liu Xiaobo Plaza." Bob Fu, a Chinese American human rights activist and pastor, told
The Texas Tribune ''The Texas Tribune'' is a nonprofit politics and public policy news website headquartered in Austin, Texas, United States. Its stated aim is to promote civic engagement through original, explanatory journalism and public events. ''The Texas T ...
that he is "definitely more optimistic" about Cruz's bill getting enacted with President Trump in office. Later Senator
Marco Rubio Marco Antonio Rubio (; born May 28, 1971) is an American politician, lawyer, and diplomat serving since 2025 as the 72nd United States Secretary of State, United States secretary of state. A member of the Republican Party (United States) , Rep ...
wrote a letter, which was sent to Liu Xia, Liu Xiaobo's widow. Senator
John McCain John Sidney McCain III (August 29, 1936 – August 25, 2018) was an American statesman and United States Navy, naval officer who represented the Arizona, state of Arizona in United States Congress, Congress for over 35 years, first as ...
said that "this is only the latest example of Communist China's assault on human rights, democracy, and freedom." Former president
George W. Bush George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who was the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. A member of the Bush family and the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he i ...
and First Lady
Laura Bush Laura Lane Welch Bush (née Welch; born November 4, 1946) is an American educator who was the first lady of the United States from 2001 to 2009 as the wife of George W. Bush, the 43rd president of the United States. Bush was previously the fir ...
also expressed condolences.


= Organizations

= : President of the European Commission
Jean-Claude Juncker Jean-Claude Juncker (; born 9 December 1954) is a Luxembourgish politician who was List of prime ministers of Luxembourg, prime minister of Luxembourg from 1995 to 2013 and president of the European Commission from 2014 to 2019. He also was List ...
and President of the European Council
Donald Tusk Donald Franciszek Tusk (born 22 April 1957) is a Polish politician and historian who has served as the prime minister of Poland since 2023, previously holding the office from 2007 to 2014. Tusk served as the president of the European Council (20 ...
said in a joint statement that they had learned of Liu's death "with deep sadness" and that "We appeal to the Chinese authorities to allow his wife, Ms Liu Xia and his family to bury Liu Xiaobo at a place and in a manner of their choosing, and to allow them to grieve in peace". : UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein Zeid bin Ra'ad bin Zeid al-Hussein (; born 26 January 1964) is a Jordanian former diplomat who is the Perry World House Professor of the Practice of Law and Human Rights at the University of Pennsylvania. He is also the president and CEO of the ...
said, "The human rights movement in China and across the world has lost a principled champion who devoted his life to defending and promoting human rights, peacefully and consistently, and who was jailed for standing up for his beliefs. Liu Xiaobo was the true embodiment of the democratic, non-violent ideals he so ardently advocated."


Major works

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *


Awards and honors

* Hellman-Hammett Grant (1990, 1996) * China Foundation on Democracy Education for Outstanding Democratic Activist (2003) * Fondation de France Prize for defender of press freedom (2004) * Hong Kong Human Rights Press Awards (2004, 2005, 2006) :*Excellent Award (2004) for an article ''Corrupted News is not News'', published on Open Magazine, January 2004 issue :*Grand Prize (2005) for an article ''Paradise of the Powerful, Hell of the Vulnerable'' on Open Magazine, September 2004 issue :*Excellent Award (2006) for ''The Causes and Ending of Shanwei Bloodshed'' on Open Magazine, January 2006 * Asia-Pacific Human Rights Foundation (Australia) Courage of Conscience Award (2007) *
People in Need People in Need (PIN; ) is a Czech nonprofit, non-governmental organisation based in Prague, Czech Republic. PIN implements Humanitarian Aid, humanitarian relief and long term Development aid, development projects, educational programmes, and huma ...
(Czech) Homo Homini Award (2009) * PEN/Barbara Goldsmith Freedom to Write Award (2009) *
Independent Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars The Independent Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars (IFCSS) was founded on August 1, 1989, when over 1,000 Chinese student representatives from more than 200 Chinese Students and Scholars Association in major U.S. universities held their ...
(USA) Free Spirit Award (2009) * German PEN Hermann Kesten Medal (2010) *
Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish language, Swedish and ) is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the Will and testament, will of Sweden, Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Nobe ...
(2010) * Giuseppe Motta Medal (2010) * Honorary member of German, American, Portuguese, Czech and Sydney PEN Centers and Honorary President of Independent Chinese PEN Center. A statue of Liu Xiaobo in
Hong Kong Hong Kong)., Legally Hong Kong, China in international treaties and organizations. is a special administrative region of China. With 7.5 million residents in a territory, Hong Kong is the fourth most densely populated region in the wor ...
was removed in November 2021 after the police objected to its presence.


See also

*
Carl von Ossietzky Carl von Ossietzky (; 3 October 1889 – 4 May 1938) was a German journalist and Pacifism, pacifist. He was the recipient of the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize for his work in exposing the clandestine German rearmament. As editor-in-chief of the magazin ...
*
Charter 08 Charter 08 is a manifesto initially signed by 303 Chinese dissident intellectuals and human rights activists. It was published on 10 December 2008, the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopting its name and style fro ...
*
Human rights in the People's Republic of China Humans (''Homo sapiens'') or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus ''Homo''. They are great apes characterized by their hairlessness, bipedalism, and high intelligen ...
*
Inciting subversion of state power In criminal law, incitement is the encouragement of another person to commit a crime. Depending on the jurisdiction, some or all types of incitement may be illegal. Where illegal, it is known as an inchoate offense, where harm is intended but ma ...
*
List of Chinese dissidents This list consists of activists who are known as Chinese dissidents. The label is primarily applied to intellectuals and other high-profile individuals from China who are known for their criticism of the Chinese government or its policies. Deta ...
*
List of Chinese Nobel laureates Since 1957, there have been thirteen Chinese (including Chinese-born) winners of the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize is a Sweden-based international monetary prize. The award was established by the 1895 will and estate of Swedish chemist and inv ...
* Literary inquisition *
Weiquan movement The Weiquan movement is a non-centralized group of lawyers, legal experts, and intellectuals in the People's Republic of China who seek to protect and defend the civil rights of the citizenry through litigation and legal activism. The movemen ...
*
Wolf warrior diplomacy Wolf warrior diplomacy is a confrontational form of public diplomacy adopted by diplomats of the People's Republic of China in the late 2010s. The phrase is derived from the Chinese action film franchise ''Wolf Warrior'' (2015) and its Wolf Warr ...


References

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Congressional-Executive Commission on China The Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC) is an independent agency of the U.S. government which monitors human rights and rule of law developments in the People's Republic of China. The commission was given the mandate by the U.S. C ...

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China's top dissident arrested for subversion
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Human Rights in China Human rights in the People's Republic of China are poor, as per reviews by international bodies, such as human rights treaty bodies and the United Nations Human Rights Council's Universal Periodic Review. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), th ...
,
International Community Speaks Out on Liu Xiaobo Verdict
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JURIST A jurist is a person with expert knowledge of law; someone who analyzes and comments on law. This person is usually a specialist legal scholar, mostly (but not always) with a formal education in law (a law degree) and often a Lawyer, legal prac ...
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RTHK Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK) is the public broadcasting service of Hong Kong. GOW, the predecessor to RTHK, was established in 1928 as the first broadcasting service in Hong Kong. As a government department under the Commerce and Econom ...
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McKinnon, Mark
"Liu Xiaobo could win the Nobel Peace Prize, and he'd be the last to know"
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812041629/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/asia-pacific/liu-xiaobo-could-win-the-nobel-peace-prize-and-hed-be-the-last-to-know/article1747791/ , date=12 August 2016. ''
The Globe and Mail ''The Globe and Mail'' is a Newspapers in Canada, Canadian newspaper printed in five cities in Western Canada, western and central Canada. With a weekly readership of more than 6 million in 2024, it is Canada's most widely read newspaper on week ...
''. 7 October 2010. 'Ms. Liu said her husband had been told by his lawyer during a recent visit that he had been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, but he would be shocked if he won, she said. "I think he would definitely find it hard to believe. He never thought of being nominated, he never mentioned any awards. For so many years, he has been calling for people to back the
Tiananmen Mothers The Tiananmen Mothers ( zh, 天安門母親) is a Chinese pro-democracy organization founded in September 1989 by Ding Zilin, alongside Jiang Peikun and Zhang Xianling. It advocates for change in the government's position over the 1989 Tiananme ...
(a support group formed by parents of students killed in the 1989 demonstrations).."'
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"Liu Xiaobo wasn't the First Nobel Laureate Barred From Accepting His Prize"
{{webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221234853/http://www.aolnews.com/2010/11/18/liu-xiaobo-isnt-the-first-nobel-laureate-barred-from-accepting/ , date=21 December 2010.
AOL News AOL (formerly a company known as AOL Inc. and originally known as America Online) is an American web portal and online service provider based in New York City, and a brand marketed by Yahoo! Inc. The service traces its history to an online ...
{{cite web , url = http://cneffpaysages.blog.lemonde.fr/2017/07/17/liu-xiaobo-carl-von-ossietzky/ , title = Liu Xiaobo – Carl von Ossietzky , author = Christophe Neff , date = 17 July 2017 , publisher = Blogs le Monde on LeMonde.fr , language = fr , access-date = 17 July 2017 , archive-date = 29 July 2017 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729203621/http://cneffpaysages.blog.lemonde.fr/2017/07/17/liu-xiaobo-carl-von-ossietzky/ , url-status = dead {{cite web, url=http://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/Press/Press-Releases2/Norwegian-Nobel-Committee-mourns-Liu-Xiaobo-statement-by-Chair-Berit-Reiss-Andersen, title=Norwegian Nobel Committee mourns Liu Xiaobo, statement by Chair Berit Reiss-Andersen, website=The Nobel Peace Prize, access-date=13 July 2017, archive-date=20 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720045330/https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/Press/Press-Releases2/Norwegian-Nobel-Committee-mourns-Liu-Xiaobo-statement-by-Chair-Berit-Reiss-Andersen, url-status=dead {{cite web, url=http://www.pen.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/4454/prmID/172, title=Verdict Against Liu Xiaobo, publisher=
International PEN PEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association has autonomous Internati ...
, access-date=11 January 2012, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308173713/http://www.pen.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/4454/prmID/172, archive-date=8 March 2012
{{Cite news , url=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/instantnews/web_tc/article/20170713/s00004/1499874447378 , script-title=zh:【劉曉波逝世】一門五兄弟 父同因肝病去世 , date=13 July 2017 , work=Ming Pao , access-date=17 July 2017 , language=zh-tw , archive-date=14 July 2017 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714053034/https://news.mingpao.com/ins/instantnews/web_tc/article/20170713/s00004/1499874447378 , url-status=live {{Cite book , script-title=zh:我無罪: 劉曉波傳 , author=Yu Jie , publisher=時報文化 , year=2012 , isbn=9789571356280 , oclc=820002390, language=zh {{Cite news, url=http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201707150296-1.aspx, script-title=zh:劉曉波好友 怒批劉曉光無恥, work=
Central News Agency (Taiwan) The Central News Agency (CNA) is the national news agency of the Republic of China (Taiwan). History The CNA agency was founded , by the Kuomintang. Party member Hsiao Tung-tzu separated the CNA from Kuomintang headquarters in 1932. The agency ...
, date=15 July 2017 , language=zh, access-date=17 July 2017, archive-date=16 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716015558/http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201707150296-1.aspx, url-status=live
{{Cite web , url=http://www.jlplib.com.cn/szzy/yjyjjzt/xgxxbd/201102/t20110211_14793.htm , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203151005/http://www.jlplib.com.cn/szzy/yjyjjzt/xgxxbd/201102/t20110211_14793.htm , url-status=dead , archive-date=3 February 2019 , script-title=zh:新时代仍需要抗联精神(December 2004 )——杨念杨靖宇将军诞辰100周年特别报道 , access-date=17 July 2017 , publisher=Jilin Provincial Library , language=zh {{Cite news , url=http://www.dw.com/zh/%25E5%2588%2598%25E6%2599%2593%25E6%259A%2584%25E5%2591%25BC%25E5%2590%2581%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%25BA%259C%25E9%2587%258A%25E6%2594%25BE%25E5%2585%25B6%25E5%2585%2584%25E5%2588%2598%25E6%2599%2593%25E6%25B3%25A2/a-6229879?&zhongwen=simp , script-title=zh:刘晓暄呼吁中国政府释放其兄刘晓波 , date=15 November 2010 , publisher=Deutsche Welle , access-date=17 July 2017 , language=zh , archive-date=1 March 2021 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301122022/https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%88%98%E6%99%93%E6%9A%84%E5%91%BC%E5%90%81%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%87%8A%E6%94%BE%E5%85%B6%E5%85%84%E5%88%98%E6%99%93%E6%B3%A2/a-6229879?&zhongwen=simp , url-status=live {{Cite web , url=http://clnyxy.gdut.edu.cn/info/1111/3085.htm , language=zh-cn , script-title=zh:刘晓暄教授-材料与能源学院 , access-date=17 July 2017 , work=Guangdong University of Technology , archive-date=28 August 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828194041/https://clnyxy.gdut.edu.cn/info/1111/3085.htm , url-status=live {{Cite news , url=http://digitalpaper.stdaily.com/http_www.kjrb.com/kjrb/html/2016-07/25/content_344998.htm , script-title=zh:刘晓暄:高分子光化学的传承与创新 , author=侯晓敏 , date=25 July 2016 , script-work=zh:科技日报 , page=7 , access-date=17 July 2017 , language=zh , archive-date=28 August 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828194220/http://digitalpaper.stdaily.com/http_www.kjrb.com/kjrb/html/2016-07/25/content_344998.htm , url-status=dead {{cite web , url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/world/asia/liu-xiaobo-dead.html , title=Liu Xiaobo, Chinese Dissident Who Won Nobel While Jailed, Dies at 61 , work=The New York Times , date=13 July 2017 , access-date=13 July 2017 , archive-date=13 July 2017 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713181903/https://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/world/asia/liu-xiaobo-dead.html , url-status=live {{cite web, url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2101699/liu-xiaobo-quiet-determined-teller-chinas-inconvenient, title=Liu Xiaobo – the quiet, determined teller of China's inconvenient truths, date=13 July 2017, work=South China Morning Post, access-date=14 July 2017, archive-date=14 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714065554/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2101699/liu-xiaobo-quiet-determined-teller-chinas-inconvenient, url-status=live {{cite web, url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/five-things/liu-xiaobo/5668/, publisher=pbs.org, title=5 things you need to know about Liu Xiaobo, date=10 December 2010, access-date=4 September 2017, archive-date=4 March 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093342/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/five-things/liu-xiaobo/5668/, url-status=dead {{cite web , url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2101699/liu-xiaobo-quiet-determined-teller-chinas-inconvenient , title=Liu Xiaobo – the quiet, determined teller of China's inconvenient truths , last1=Huang , first1=Cary , last2=Mai , first2=Jun , date=14 July 2017 , website=
South China Morning Post The ''South China Morning Post'' (''SCMP''), with its Sunday edition, the ''Sunday Morning Post'', is a Hong Kong-based English-language newspaper owned by Alibaba Group. Founded in 1903 by Tse Tsan-tai and Alfred Cunningham, it has remaine ...
, access-date=20 December 2017 , archive-date=22 December 2017 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222161925/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2101699/liu-xiaobo-quiet-determined-teller-chinas-inconvenient , url-status=live
{{cite magazine , author=Liu Xiaobo , url=http://www.open.com.hk/old_version/1011p68.html , language=zh-Hant , script-title=zh:文壇「黑馬」劉曉波 , trans-title=Liu Xiaobo, the "Dark Horse" of Literature , magazine=Open Magazine , date=27 November 1988 , access-date=30 January 2015 , archive-date=17 July 2017 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717055134/http://www.open.com.hk/old_version/1011p68.html , url-status=live {{cite journal, author=貝嶺, url=http://mag.udn.com/mag/world/storypage.jsp?f_MAIN_ID=409&f_SUB_ID=4595&f_ART_ID=255134, script-title=zh:別無選擇—記1989年前後的劉曉波, journal=United Daily News, location=Taiwan, language=zh, date=17 June 2010, access-date=18 December 2010, archive-date=11 October 2010, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011233021/http://mag.udn.com/mag/world/storypage.jsp?f_MAIN_ID=409&f_SUB_ID=4595&f_ART_ID=255134, url-status=live {{cite book , last1=Xiaobing , first1=Li , date=2016 , title=
Modern China The history of China spans several millennia across a wide geographical area. Each region now considered part of the Chinese world has experienced periods of unity, fracture, prosperity, and strife. Chinese civilization first emerged in the Y ...
, publisher= ABC-CLIO , isbn=978-1-61069-625-8 , pages=106
{{cite web, last1=Yu , first1=Shicun (余世存) , url=http://www.chinesepen.org/Article/hyxz/200806/Article_20080603033147.shtml , language=zh-Hans , script-title=zh:北京当代汉语研究所2008年公告, publisher=Chinese Pen, date=2 June 2008, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718134903/http://www.chinesepen.org/Article/hyxz/200806/Article_20080603033147.shtml, archive-date=18 July 2011 {{cite web, last1=Kristof, first1=Nicholas, title=Liu Xiaobo, We Miss You, url=https://kristof.blogs.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/liu-xiaobo-we-miss-you/, website=The New York Times, date=13 July 2017, access-date=13 July 2017, archive-date=13 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713181811/https://kristof.blogs.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/liu-xiaobo-we-miss-you/, url-status=live {{cite web, last1=Branigan, first1=Tania, title=Liu Xiaobo obituary, url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/13/liu-xiaobo-obituary, website=The Guardian, date=13 July 2017, access-date=13 July 2017, archive-date=15 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715040758/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/13/liu-xiaobo-obituary, url-status=live {{cite web, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-nobel-liu-idUSTRE6B712Q20101209, title=Factbox: Who is Liu Xiaobo?, date=9 December 2010, work=
Reuters Reuters ( ) is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide writing in 16 languages. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world. The agency ...
, access-date=4 September 2017, archive-date=20 August 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820155822/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-nobel-liu-idUSTRE6B712Q20101209, url-status=live
{{cite web, url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/26/jailed-chinese-nobel-peace-laureate-liu-xiaobo-released-diagnosis/ , archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/26/jailed-chinese-nobel-peace-laureate-liu-xiaobo-released-diagnosis/ , archive-date=12 January 2022 , url-access=subscription , url-status=live, title=Jailed Chinese Nobel Peace laureate Liu Xiaobo released after diagnosis of terminal cancer, work=The Daily Telegraph, date=26 June 2017{{cbignore {{cite magazine , author=Liu Xiaobo , url=http://www.open.com.hk/old_version/0701p26.html , language=zh-Hant , script-title=zh:我與《開放》結緣十九年 , trans-title=My 19 Years of Ties with "Open Magazine" , magazine=Open Magazine , date=19 December 2006 , access-date=30 January 2015 , archive-date=23 July 2014 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723161447/http://open.com.hk/old_version/0701p26.html , url-status=live Leys, Simon (9 February 2012)
"He Told the Truth About China's Tyranny"
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501134804/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/liu-xiaobo-he-told-truth-about-chinas-tyranny/?pagination=false , date=1 May 2012. ''
The New York Review of Books ''The New York Review of Books'' (or ''NYREV'' or ''NYRB'') is a semi-monthly magazine with articles on literature, culture, economics, science and current affairs. Published in New York City, it is inspired by the idea that the discussion of ...
''.
{{cite book, title=Letter from Liu Xiaobo to Liao Yiwu, url=http://www.hrichina.org/en/content/3215, publisher=Human Rights in China, access-date=13 July 2017, archive-date=20 October 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020031819/http://www.hrichina.org/en/content/3215, url-status=live {{cite book, title=Cosmopolitanism and the Legacies of Dissent, first1=Tamara, last1=Caraus, first2=Camil Alexandru, last2=Parvu, pages=69–70 {{cite book, page=75, title=No Enemies, No Hatred, last=Liu, first=Xiabo, publisher=Harvard University Press, year=2012 {{cite book, page=83, title=No Enemies, No Hatred, last=Liu, first=Xiabo, publisher=Harvard University Press, year=2012 McKey, Robert (8 October 2010)
Jailed Chinese Dissident's 'Final Statement'
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021081558/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/08/jailed-chinese-dissidents-final-statement/ , date=21 October 2010, ''The New York Times''.
{{cite news, last1=Buckley, first1=Chris, title=Liu Xiaobo, Chinese Dissident Who Won Nobel While Jailed, Dies at 61, url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/world/asia/liu-xiaobo-dead.html, website=The New York Times, date=13 July 2017, access-date=13 July 2017, archive-date=27 August 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827125517/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/world/asia/liu-xiaobo-dead.html, url-status=live {{cite web, last1=Johnson, first1=Ian, title=China's 'Fault Lines': Yu Jie on His New Biography of Liu Xiaobo, url=http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2012/07/14/china-fault-lines-yu-jie-liu-xiaobo/, website=
The New York Review of Books ''The New York Review of Books'' (or ''NYREV'' or ''NYRB'') is a semi-monthly magazine with articles on literature, culture, economics, science and current affairs. Published in New York City, it is inspired by the idea that the discussion of ...
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{{cite web , last1=Liu , first1=Xiaobo , trans-title=The Iraq War and the 2004 U.S. Election , language=zh-cn , script-title=zh:伊战与美国大选 , url=https://blog.boxun.com/hero/liuxb/217_1.shtml , website=
Boxun Boxun () is an aggregation website and blog, which focuses on alleged political scandals in China. Boxun is partly backed by the China Free Press project, which is partially funded by the National Endowment for Democracy, a US-funded organizat ...
, access-date=13 July 2017 , archive-date=13 July 2017 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713014256/http://blog.boxun.com/hero/liuxb/217_1.shtml , url-status=live
{{cite web , author=Liu Xiaobo , url=http://blog.boxun.com/hero/liuxb/133_1.shtml , language=zh-cn , script-title=zh:刘晓波:美英自由联盟必胜 , trans-title=Liu Xiaobo: Victory to the Anglo-American Freedom Alliance , publisher=
Boxun Boxun () is an aggregation website and blog, which focuses on alleged political scandals in China. Boxun is partly backed by the China Free Press project, which is partially funded by the National Endowment for Democracy, a US-funded organizat ...
, date=11 April 2004 , access-date=15 July 2017 , archive-date=13 July 2017 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713022916/http://blog.boxun.com/hero/liuxb/133_1.shtml , url-status=live
{{cite web, last1=Xiaobo, first1=Liu, title=The Prison Abuse Scandal and Iraq's Status, url=https://blog.boxun.com/hero/liuxb/152_1.shtml, website=
Boxun Boxun () is an aggregation website and blog, which focuses on alleged political scandals in China. Boxun is partly backed by the China Free Press project, which is partially funded by the National Endowment for Democracy, a US-funded organizat ...
, access-date=13 July 2017, archive-date=13 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713022930/http://blog.boxun.com/hero/liuxb/152_1.shtml, url-status=live
Geremie R. Barmé, "Confession, Redemption and Death: Liu Xiaobo and the Protest Movement of 1989", in George Hicks (ed.), ''The Broken Mirror: China After Tiananmen'', London: Longmans, 1990, pp. 52–99 K. Mok, ''Intellectuals and the State in Post-Mao China'', p. 167, 1998 Jean-Philippe Béja, Fu Hualing, Eva Pils, ''Liu Xiaobo, Charter 08 and the Challenges of Political Reform in China'', p. 25 (2012) {{cite web, url=http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20170713/1160597/, script-title=zh:《零八憲章》惹怒中共 劉曉波遭重判11年, date=13 July 2017, work=
Apple Daily (Taiwan) ''Apple Daily'' ( zh, t=蘋果日報, p=Píngguǒ Rìbào, poj=Pîn-kó Ji̍t-pò) was a Chinese-language tabloid published in Taiwan, known for its sensational headlines, paparazzi photographs, and animated news videos. The paper was owned b ...
, language=zh, access-date=17 July 2017, archive-date=12 October 2022, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012000911/https://www.appledaily.com.tw/international/20170713/35E2BANE5K5OI6CD5K43DMJWXY/, url-status=live
Wang Ming,
A Citizen's Declaration on Freedom of Speech
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012000921/https://archive.today/20120904001627/http://www.hrichina.org/public/contents/1881 , date=12 October 2022," ''China Rights Forum'' (spring 1997).
{{cite web, url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/28/liu-xia-china-dissident-xiaobo, title=My dear husband Liu Xiaobo, the writer China has put behind bars, first=Tania, last=Branigan, date=27 February 2010, work=The Guardian, access-date=12 December 2016, archive-date=7 November 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031205/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/28/liu-xia-china-dissident-xiaobo, url-status=live {{cite web, url=http://www.dw.de/wife-of-nobel-peace-prize-winner-talks-about-daily-struggle/a-6093674-1, title=Wife of Nobel Peace Prize winner talks about daily struggle, date=8 October 2010, publisher=
Deutsche Welle (; "German Wave"), commonly shortened to DW (), is a German state-funded television network, state-owned international broadcaster funded by the Federal Government of Germany. The service is available in 32 languages. DW's satellite tele ...
, access-date=19 November 2013, archive-date=8 January 2014, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108140813/http://www.dw.de/wife-of-nobel-peace-prize-winner-talks-about-daily-struggle/a-6093674-1, url-status=live
{{cite news , language=zh-hk , script-title=zh:警車守門外多年被軟禁 , date=9 October 2010 , work=
Apple Daily ''Apple Daily'' ( zh, t=蘋果日報, j=ping4 gwo2 jat6 bou3) was a Chinese-language newspaper published in Hong Kong from 1995 to 2021. Founded by Jimmy Lai and part of Next Media, ''Apple Daily'' was known for its sensational headlines, ...
, location=Hong Kong
{{cite web, url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/25/china-jails-liu-xiaobo, title=Chinese human rights activist Liu Xiaobo sentenced to 11 years in jail, first=Jonathan, last=Watts, date=25 December 2009, work=The Guardian, access-date=15 December 2017, archive-date=12 October 2022, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012000859/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/25/china-jails-liu-xiaobo, url-status=live {{cite web , url=http://www.chinesepen.org/Article/hyxz/200801/Article_20080118070643.shtml , language=zh-cn , script-title=zh:赵紫阳亡灵:不准悼念和禁忌松动 , trans-title=Revenant of Zhao Ziyang , author=Liu Xiaobo , publisher=Independent Chinese Pen Center , access-date=10 October 2010 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013024616/http://www.chinesepen.org/Article/hyxz/200801/Article_20080118070643.shtml , archive-date=13 October 2010 , url-status=dead Baculinao, Eric and Gu, Bo (8 October 201
In China, citizens find ways to learn of Nobel prize
{dead link, date=August 2024, bot=medic{{cbignore, bot=medic , NBC News.
{{cite news , url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22210 , title=Charter 08 Translated from the Chinese by Perry Link The following text of ''Charter 08'', signed by hundreds of Chinese intellectuals and translated and introduced by Perry Link, Professor of Chinese Literature at the University of California, Riverside , last=Link , first=Perry , work=The New York Review of Books , access-date=10 December 2008 , archive-date=11 December 2008 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211155554/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22210 , url-status=live
Reporters Without Borders Reporters Without Borders (RWB; ; RSF) is an international non-profit and non-governmental organisation, non-governmental organization headquartered in Paris, which focuses on safeguarding the right to freedom of information. It describes its a ...
,
Fondation de France Prize: Liu Xiaobo Receives Prize for Defence of Press Freedom
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319004654/http://en.rsf.org/china-reporters-without-borders-21-12-2004,12138.html , date=19 March 2012," 21 December 2004.
{{cite news , url=http://inews.mingpao.com/htm/INews/20101008/ca51802a.htm , language=zh-hk , script-title=zh:和平獎得主劉曉波小傳 , work=
Ming Pao ''Ming Pao'' () is a Chinese-language newspaper published by Media Chinese International in Hong Kong. In the 1990s, ''Ming Pao'' established four overseas branches in North America; each provides independent reporting on local news and coll ...
, date=8 October 2010 , location=Hong Kong , access-date=8 October 2010 , archive-date=11 October 2010 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011095545/http://inews.mingpao.com/htm/INews/20101008/ca51802a.htm , url-status=dead
{{cite news, last=Ramzy, first=Austin , title=Chinese Dissident Liu Xiaobo Wins Nobel Peace Prize , url = http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2024405,00.html , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101009195837/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2024405,00.html , url-status = dead , archive-date = 9 October 2010 , access-date=9 October 2010, newspaper=Time , date = 8 October 2010 {{cite web , url=http://www.peacehall.com/news/gb/china/2009/05/200905042259.shtml , language=zh-Hans , script-title=zh:零八宪章签署者已过8600名,第十四批签名人正式名单 , trans-title=Signatures to Charter 08 exceeds 8600, 14th list of signers attached , publisher=
Boxun Boxun () is an aggregation website and blog, which focuses on alleged political scandals in China. Boxun is partly backed by the China Free Press project, which is partially funded by the National Endowment for Democracy, a US-funded organizat ...
, date=4 May 2009 , access-date=27 June 2009 , archive-date=19 May 2009 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519052751/http://www.peacehall.com/news/gb/china/2009/05/200905042259.shtml , url-status=live
{{cite news , url=http://news.boxun.com/news/gb/china/2008/12/200812090855.shtml , language=zh-cn , script-title=zh:著名学者张祖桦、刘晓波'失踪' , work=
Boxun Boxun () is an aggregation website and blog, which focuses on alleged political scandals in China. Boxun is partly backed by the China Free Press project, which is partially funded by the National Endowment for Democracy, a US-funded organizat ...
, date=9 December 2008 , access-date=9 December 2008 , archive-date=15 December 2008 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215155010/http://news.boxun.com/news/gb/china/2008/12/200812090855.shtml , url-status=live
{{cite news, url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6948012.ece, title=Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo begins second year of detention without charge, last=Macartney, first=Jane, date=8 December 2009, work=
The Times ''The Times'' is a British Newspaper#Daily, daily Newspaper#National, national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its modern name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its si ...
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{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012000859/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE50K0XG20090121 , date=12 October 2022 {{cite web , title=Writers Call for China Dissident's Release , url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE50K0XG20090121 , website=www.reuters.com , access-date= , date=9 December 2008 {{cite web , url=http://vip.chinalawinfo.com/NewLaw2002/SLC/SLC.asp?Db=chl&Gid=17010 , archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715174510/http://vip.chinalawinfo.com/NewLaw2002/SLC/SLC.asp?Db=chl&Gid=17010 , url-status=dead , archive-date=15 July 2012 , language=zh-cn , script-title=zh:中华人民共和国刑法 , trans-title=Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China , access-date=24 June 2009 Human Rights Watch,
China: Liu Xiaobo's Trial a Travesty of Justice
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Chinese angered by 'interference' in dissident trial
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002014020/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8429625.stm , date=2 October 2010
BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current sta ...
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Cara Anna,
Diplomats Kept Away from China Dissident's Trial
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{{webarchive , url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212205544/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2010/xiaobo-lecture_en.html , date=12 December 2010
Pomfret, John (8 October 2010)

''The Washington Post''; pub:AARP. {{webarchive , url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110211204520/http://www.aarp.org/politics-society/newsmakers/news-10-2010/china_s_liu_xiaobo_wins_nobel_peace_prize.html , date=11 February 2011
Liu Xiaobo (9 February 2010) Guilty of 'crime of speaking', ''South China Morning Post''. {{cite web, url=http://www.chinese-embassy.no/chn/zjsg/sgxw/t764232.htm, script-title=zh:所谓"因言获罪"是对刘晓波案判决的误读——刑法学专家谈刘晓波案与言论自由, date=26 October 2010, publisher=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Kingdom of Norway, language=zh, access-date=15 July 2017, archive-date=24 February 2021, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224123435/http://www.chinese-embassy.no/chn/zjsg/sgxw/t764232.htm, url-status=live {{cite web, url=http://www.gov.cn/xwfb/2010-12/02/content_1758486.htm, language=zh-cn, script-title=zh:外交部就美日军演、六方会谈团长紧急磋商等答问, publisher=Government of the People's Republic of China, access-date=15 July 2017, archive-date=25 February 2021, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225054913/http://www.gov.cn/xwfb/2010-12/02/content_1758486.htm, url-status=live {{cite news , url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2008/dec/113124.htm , title=Harassment of Chinese Signatories to Charter 08 Press Statement Sean McCormack (spokesman) , last=Sean McCormack , first=Sean McCormack , date=11 December 2008 , publisher=U.S. Department of State , access-date=10 December 2008 , archive-date=5 February 2009 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205040912/http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2008/dec/113124.htm , url-status=live {{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405003444/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/12/22/letter-consortium-release-liu-xiaobo-chinas-president-hu-jintao , date=5 April 2015 {{cite web , title=Letter from the Consortium for the Release of Liu Xiaobo to China's President Hu Jintao {{! Human Rights Watch , url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/12/22/letter-consortium-release-liu-xiaobo-chinas-president-hu-jintao , website=www.hrw.org , access-date=29 September 2024 , language=en , date=22 December 2008 {{cite news, url=http://aktualne.centrum.cz/czechnews/clanek.phtml?id=631742, title=One World Homo Homini award goes to Chinese dissident, date=12 March 2009, publisher=Aktualne.cz, access-date=3 December 2009, archive-date=15 March 2009, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315045003/http://aktualne.centrum.cz/czechnews/clanek.phtml?id=631742, url-status=live {{Citation , url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BD4T220091214 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920212826/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BD4T220091214 , url-status=dead , archive-date=20 September 2020 , title=U.S., EU urge China to release prominent dissident , work=
Reuters Reuters ( ) is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide writing in 16 languages. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world. The agency ...
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{{cite news , url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8430409.stm , title=Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo jailed for subversion , date=25 December 2009 , publisher=
BBC World News BBC News is an international English-language pay television channel owned by BBC Global News Ltd. – a subsidiary of BBC Studios – and operated by the BBC News division of the BBC. The network carries news bulletins, documentaries, an ...
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{{cite news, url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t648102.htm, title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang Yu's Regular Press Conference on 24 December 2009, date=25 December 2009, publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China, access-date=26 December 2009, archive-date=5 March 2010, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305011805/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t648102.htm, url-status=live {{cite news, url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33348&Cr=China&Cr1=, title=Imprisonment of Chinese dissident deeply concerns UN human rights chief, date=25 December 2009, publisher=United Nations News Service {{Citation , url=http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,5055977,00.html , title=Rights groups, West blast China over sentence for leading dissident , date=25 December 2009 , publisher=
Deutsche Welle (; "German Wave"), commonly shortened to DW (), is a German state-funded television network, state-owned international broadcaster funded by the Federal Government of Germany. The service is available in 32 languages. DW's satellite tele ...
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{{cite news, url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iCqREmgQ_6P4REsdQY-srHP_PrJA, title=Canada 'deplores' sentencing of Chinese dissident, date=26 December 2009, agency=
Agence France-Presse Agence France-Presse (; AFP) is a French international news agency headquartered in Paris, France. Founded in 1835 as Havas, it is the world's oldest news agency. With 2,400 employees of 100 nationalities, AFP has an editorial presence in 260 c ...
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{{cite web, url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/index/Switzerland_joins_protests_against_China.html?cid=7973728, title=Switzerland joins protests against China, date=26 December 2009, website=
Swissinfo SWI swissinfo.ch is a Swiss Multilingualism, multilingual international news and information company based in Bern. It is a part of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SRG SSR). Its content is Swiss-centred, with top priority given to in-depth ...
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{{cite news, url=http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1141993&lang=eng_news&cate_img=logo_taiwan&cate_rss=TAIWAN_eng, title=Ma asks Beijing to tolerate dissidents, agency= Central News Agency, date=27 December 2009, work= Taiwan News, access-date=26 December 2009, archive-date=3 March 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174504/http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1141993&lang=eng_news&cate_img=logo_taiwan&cate_rss=TAIWAN_eng, url-status=dead {{cite news , url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c590cdd0-016a-11df-8c54-00144feabdc0.html , title=The Chinese dissident's 'unknown visitors' , author=Anderlini, Jamil , work=
Financial Times The ''Financial Times'' (''FT'') is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and also published digitally that focuses on business and economic Current affairs (news format), current affairs. Based in London, the paper is owned by a Jap ...
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{{cite news, url=http://www.eu-china.net/web/cms/upload/pdf/nachrichten/2010_01_22_OpenLetter_eng.pdf, title=OPEN LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, date=22 January 2010, publisher= European Association for Chinese Studies, access-date=8 February 2010, archive-date=21 July 2011, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721171927/http://www.eu-china.net/web/cms/upload/pdf/nachrichten/2010_01_22_OpenLetter_eng.pdf, url-status=live {{cite news, url=http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/havel38/English, title=A Chinese Champion of Peace and Freedom, date=18 January 2010, publisher=
Project Syndicate ''Project Syndicate'' is an international nonprofit media organization that publishes and syndicates commentary and analysis on a variety of global topics. All opinion pieces are published on the ''Project Syndicate'' website, and also distribu ...
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{{cite news, url=http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=26569&article=China+opposes+Nobel+for+jailed+dissident%2C+lawmakers+back+Liu+Xiabo, title=China opposes Nobel for jailed dissident, lawmakers back Liu Xiabo, date=6 February 2010, publisher= Phayul.com, access-date=8 February 2010, archive-date=5 August 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805015008/http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=26569&article=China+opposes+Nobel+for+jailed+dissident%2C+lawmakers+back+Liu+Xiabo, url-status=dead "Petition Urges Nobel for Jailed Chinese Writer"
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The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
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Freedom Now Freedom Now is a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit, non-partisan organization that opposes government repression and defends human rights through direct legal support, advocacy, and capacity-building analysis and assistance. Its approach is to ...
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{{Cite web, url=http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2010/10-15/2591103.shtml, language=zh-cn, script-title=zh:网友曝料:刘晓波在中国坐牢,领美国的工资(图), publisher=chinanews.com, access-date=14 July 2017, archive-date=12 October 2022, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012000911/https://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/2010/10-15/2591103.shtml, url-status=live {{cite web, url=http://www.literaturfestival.com/news/aufruf-zu-einer-weltweiten-lesung-fuer-die-freilassung-von-liu-xiaobo-am-20.-maerz-2012-en, title=The ilb appealed for a worldwide reading on March 20th 2012 for Liu Xiaobo, publisher=
Berlin International Literature Festival The Berlin International Literature Festival () or ''ilb'' is an annual event based in Berlin. Every September, the festival presents contemporary poetry, prose, nonfiction, graphic novels and international children's and young adult literature. ...
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Reuters Reuters ( ) is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide writing in 16 languages. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world. The agency ...
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{{cite web , url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2010/ , title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 , publisher=Nobelprize.org , access-date=8 October 2010 , archive-date=8 October 2010 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008043234/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2010/ , url-status=live {{cite news, url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11499098, title=Nobel Peace Prize awarded to China dissident Liu Xiaobo, date=8 October 2010, work=
BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current sta ...
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Huang, Cary (9 October 2010). "Liu Xiaobo wins Nobel Peace Prize". ''South China Morning Post''. Schiller, Bill (8 October 2010)
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BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current sta ...
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BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current sta ...
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Staff reporters (11 October 2010). "Tearful Liu dedicates prize to martyrs". ''South China Morning Post''. Chong, Dennis (13 October 2010). "Let me pick up Nobel Peace Prize, pleads Liu's wife". ''The Standard''. Criscione, Valeria (27 October 2010)
"Was China behind cyber attack on Nobel Peace Prize website?"
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907014337/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/1027/Was-China-behind-cyber-attack-on-Nobel-Peace-Prize-website , date=7 September 2017. ''The Christian Science Monitor''. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
{{cite news, title=China censors Nobel award, url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/200417/china-censors-nobel-award, newspaper=
Bangkok Post The ''Bangkok Post'' is an English-language daily newspaper published in Bangkok, Thailand. It is published in broadsheet and digital formats. The first issue was sold on 1 August 1946. It had four pages and cost one baht, a considerable amount ...
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Eric Baculinao and Bo Gu
"In China, citizens find ways to learn of Nobel prize"
NBC News, 8 October 2010.
Victor Mair
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{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016155348/http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=2699 , date=16 October 2010, Language Log, 10 October 2010.
{{cite news, url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/china-angry-nobel-peace-prize-dissident/story?id=11830948, title=China Angered By Selection of Dissident Liu Xiaobo for Nobel Peace Prize, publisher=
ABC News ABC News most commonly refers to: * ABC News (Australia), a national news service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation * ABC News (United States), a news-gathering and broadcasting division of the American Broadcasting Company ABC News may a ...
, date=8 October 2010, access-date=8 October 2010, archive-date=10 October 2010, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010050231/http://abcnews.go.com/International/china-angry-nobel-peace-prize-dissident/story?id=11830948, url-status=live
{{cite news, last=Vehaskari, first=Aira Katariina, title=Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo wins Nobel Peace Prize, url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h-cczpx_Ln7Qt5OTGwpm8kMlyKOg?docId=CNG.e4bfcb376f8ac09d47b6d71b8feac4c4.5e1, access-date=8 October 2010, date=8 October 2010, agency=Agence France-Presse, archive-date=25 May 2012, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525032916/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h-cczpx_Ln7Qt5OTGwpm8kMlyKOg?docId=CNG.e4bfcb376f8ac09d47b6d71b8feac4c4.5e1, url-status=dead {{cite web , url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/gxh/tyb/fyrbt/t759532.htm , language=zh-cn , script-title=zh:外交部发言人马朝旭答记者问 , date=8 October 2010 , publisher=
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is the first-ranked Ministries of the People's Republic of China, executive department of the State Council of China, responsible for the country's Foreign relations of China, f ...
, access-date=8 October 2010 , archive-date=11 October 2010 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011080646/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/gxh/tyb/fyrbt/t759532.htm , url-status=live
{{cite news, title=Awarding Liu Xiaobo Nobel peace prize may harm China-Norway relations, says FM spokesman, url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-10/08/c_13547668.htm, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010075729/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-10/08/c_13547668.htm, url-status=dead, archive-date=10 October 2010, date=8 October 2010, agency=
Xinhua News Agency Xinhua News Agency (English pronunciation: ),J. C. Wells: Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 3rd ed., for both British and American English or New China News Agency, is the official state news agency of the People's Republic of China. It is a ...
{{cite web, url=http://inews.mingpao.com/htm/INews/20101008/ca52210a.htm, script-title=zh:中國召喚挪威大使抗議諾獎, agency=Reuters, work=Ming Pao, language=zh, access-date=8 October 2010, location=Hong Kong, archive-date=22 July 2012, archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722064427/http://inews.mingpao.com/htm/INews/20101008/ca52210a.htm, url-status=live {{cite news, url=http://www.chinaaffairs.org/gb/detail.asp?id=109630, title=What Today's Nobel Peace Prize Offers?, author=Wei Jingsheng, date=15 October 2010, publisher=chinaaffairs.org, access-date=21 December 2010, archive-date=20 January 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120231429/http://www.chinaaffairs.org/gb/detail.asp?id=109630, url-status=live {{cite web, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mandela-china-idUSBRE9BA02X20131211, title=Chinese paper rejects comparison between Mandela and Nobel laureate Liu, date=11 December 2013, work=Reuters, access-date=4 September 2017, archive-date=5 August 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805140509/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mandela-china-idUSBRE9BA02X20131211, url-status=live {{cite news, url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/world/asia/10china.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss, title=China, Angered by Peace Prize, Blocks Celebration, first=Andrew, last=Jacobs, date=9 October 2010, work=The New York Times, access-date=9 October 2010, archive-date=12 May 2013, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512122326/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/world/asia/10china.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss, url-status=live Bei Feng (11 October 2010)
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{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727200850/http://cmp.hku.hk/2010/10/11/7990/ , date=27 July 2011, China Media Project of the University of Hong Kong.
{{cite news , title = Chinese Nobel prize winner's wife detained , date = 11 October 2010 , url = http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/10/china.nobel.wife/index.html , publisher =
CNN Cable News Network (CNN) is a multinational news organization operating, most notably, a website and a TV channel headquartered in Atlanta. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable ne ...
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{{cite news , title = Chinese Nobel Winner's Wife Detained , date = 10 October 2010 , url = http://yro.slashdot.org/story/10/10/10/1648237/Chinese-Nobel-Winners-Wife-Detained , work =
Slashdot ''Slashdot'' (sometimes abbreviated as ''/.'') is a social news website that originally billed itself as "News for Nerds. Stuff that Matters". It features news stories on science, technology, and politics that are submitted and evaluated by site ...
, access-date = 11 October 2010 , archive-date = 30 March 2012 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120330163146/http://yro.slashdot.org/story/10/10/10/1648237/Chinese-Nobel-Winners-Wife-Detained , url-status = live
{{cite news, url=http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/embassies-2010/, title=Embassies represented at the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony on December 10, date=7 December 2010, publisher=The Norwegian Nobel Institute, access-date=14 December 2010, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212230038/http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/embassies-2010/, archive-date=12 December 2010 {{cite news, url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/12/201012717240690770.html , title=Chinese Nobel boycott gains support , date=7 December 2010 , publisher=
Al Jazeera Al Jazeera Media Network (AJMN; , ) is a private-media conglomerate headquartered in Wadi Al Sail, Doha, funded in part by the government of Qatar. The network's flagship channels include Al Jazeera Arabic and Al Jazeera English, which pro ...
, access-date=11 December 2010 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210163202/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/12/201012717240690770.html , archive-date=10 December 2010
{{cite news, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B712620101208, title=China to award own peace prize ahead of Nobel award, date=8 December 2010, work=Reuters, access-date=11 December 2010, first=Ben, last=Blanchard, archive-date=11 December 2010, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211140745/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B712620101208, url-status=live {{cite news, url=http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?Type=aALL&ID=201012080013, title=China to award own peace prize ahead of Nobel award, date=8 December 2010, work=Focus Taiwan, access-date=11 December 2010, archive-date=2 March 2021, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302125052/https://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?Type=aALL&ID=201012080013, url-status=live {{Cite web, url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/26/world/asia/liu-xiaobo-china-nobel-prize-cancer.html, title=Liu Xiaobo, Chinese Nobel Laureate, Leaves Prison for Cancer Care, last1=Buckley, first1=Chris, last2=Ramzy, first2=Austin, date=26 June 2017, website=
The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
, access-date=12 July 2017, archive-date=13 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713012856/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/26/world/asia/liu-xiaobo-china-nobel-prize-cancer.html, url-status=live
{{cite news, last1=Ramzy, first1=Austin, title=Chinese Hospital Invites Cancer Experts to Help Treat Nobel Laureate, url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/04/world/asia/liu-xiaobo-cancer-treatment-nobel-china-prison.html, website=
The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
, date=5 July 2017, access-date=5 July 2017, archive-date=5 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705060422/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/04/world/asia/liu-xiaobo-cancer-treatment-nobel-china-prison.html, url-status=live
{{Cite web, url=http://www.cmu1h.com/default/content/index/i/2020, title=Liu Xiaobo Status Update, date=6 July 2017, website=First Hospital of China Medical University, access-date=12 July 2017, archive-date=9 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709081600/http://www.cmu1h.com/default/content/index/i/2020, url-status=dead {{Cite web, url=https://mdanderson.influuent.utsystem.edu/en/persons/joseph-m-herman, title=Professor of Radiation Oncology, website=
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (colloquially MD Anderson Cancer Center) is a comprehensive cancer center and autonomous university of the University of Texas System in Houston, Texas. It is the largest cancer center in the w ...
, access-date=12 July 2017, archive-date=3 August 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803173840/https://mdanderson.influuent.utsystem.edu/en/persons/joseph-m-herman, url-status=dead
{{Cite web, url=https://www.klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de/Chairman.140648.0.html, title=Professor of Surgery and Chairman, Department of Surgery, publisher=
University of Heidelberg Heidelberg University, officially the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg (; ), is a public university, public research university in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Founded in 1386 on instruction of Pope Urban VI, Heidelberg is List ...
, access-date=12 July 2017, archive-date=10 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710191950/https://www.klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de/Chairman.140648.0.html, url-status=dead
{{Cite web, url=http://www.cmu1h.com/default/content/index/i/2027, title=American & Germany Experts RSVP'd Invitation to Join National Experts Group to Consult on Liu Xiaobo's Illness, date=8 July 2017, website=First Hospital of China Medical University, access-date=12 July 2017, archive-date=12 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712000459/http://www.cmu1h.com/default/content/index/i/2027, url-status=dead {{Cite web, url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/09/world/asia/liu-xiaobo-china-cancer.html, title=Doctors Say Chinese Dissident Is Fit to Travel for Cancer Treatment, last1=Hernandez, first1=Javier C., last2=Buckley, first2=Chris, date=9 July 2017, website=The New York Times, access-date=12 July 2017, archive-date=11 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711031729/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/09/world/asia/liu-xiaobo-china-cancer.html, url-status=live {{Cite web, url=http://www.cmu1h.com/default/content/index/i/2031, title=American & German Experts Said that Liu Xiaobo Would Not Receive Better Treatment Abroad, date=8 July 2017, website=First Hospital of China Medical University, access-date=12 July 2017, archive-date=10 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710184301/http://www.cmu1h.com/default/content/index/i/2031, url-status=dead {{Cite web, url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/10/world/asia/liu-xiaobo-china-cancer-abroad.html, title=Chinese Doctors Say Nobel Laureate Is in Critical Condition, last=Buckley, first=Chris, date=10 July 2017, website=The New York Times, access-date=12 July 2017, archive-date=11 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711224723/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/10/world/asia/liu-xiaobo-china-cancer-abroad.html, url-status=live {{Cite web, url=http://www.cmu1h.com/default/content/index/i/2049, title=Liu Xiaobo Illness Status Update, date=10 July 2017, website=First Hospital of China Medical University, access-date=12 July 2017, archive-date=11 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711042603/http://www.cmu1h.com/default/content/index/i/2049, url-status=dead {{Cite web, url=http://www.cmu1h.com/default/content/index/i/2075, title=Liu Xiaobo Illness Status Update, date=12 July 2017, website=First Hospital of China Medical University, access-date=12 July 2017, archive-date=13 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713063954/http://www.cmu1h.com/default/content/index/i/2075, url-status=dead {{Cite web, url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/world/asia/china-liu-xiaobo-health-condition.html, title=Liu Xiaobo, Nobel Laureate, Is Said to Be Suffering from Organ Failure, last=Ramzy, first=Austin, date=12 July 2017, website=
The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
, access-date=12 July 2017, archive-date=12 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712125206/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/world/asia/china-liu-xiaobo-health-condition.html, url-status=live
{{cite web, title=Liu Xiaobo Died After Ineffective Rescue Measures, url=http://www.cmu1h.com/default/content/index/i/2083, website=The First Hospital of China Medical University, access-date=13 July 2017, archive-date=16 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716003152/http://www.cmu1h.com/default/content/index/i/2083, url-status=dead {{cite web , url = http://cneffpaysages.blog.lemonde.fr/2017/07/17/liu-xiaobo-carl-von-ossietzky/ , title = Liu Xiaobo – Carl von Ossietzky , author = Christophe Neff , date = 17 July 2017 , work =
Le Monde (; ) is a mass media in France, French daily afternoon list of newspapers in France, newspaper. It is the main publication of Le Monde Group and reported an average print circulation, circulation of 480,000 copies per issue in 2022, including ...
, language = fr , access-date = 17 July 2017 , archive-date = 29 July 2017 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729203621/http://cneffpaysages.blog.lemonde.fr/2017/07/17/liu-xiaobo-carl-von-ossietzky/ , url-status = dead
{{cite web, url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2102682/how-world-leaders-reacted-liu-xiaobos-death, title=World leaders call for release of Liu Xiaobo's widow, author=Nectar Gan, work=
South China Morning Post The ''South China Morning Post'' (''SCMP''), with its Sunday edition, the ''Sunday Morning Post'', is a Hong Kong-based English-language newspaper owned by Alibaba Group. Founded in 1903 by Tse Tsan-tai and Alfred Cunningham, it has remaine ...
, date=14 July 2017, access-date=17 July 2017, archive-date=17 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717042802/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2102682/how-world-leaders-reacted-liu-xiaobos-death, url-status=live
{{cite web, url=https://newbloommag.net/2017/07/17/liu-xiabo-funeral-handling/, title=Handling of Liu Xiaobo's Funeral Shows That Not Even The Dead Are Safe in China, first=Brian, last=Hioe, date=17 July 2017, access-date=19 July 2017, archive-date=26 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726025808/http://newbloommag.net/2017/07/17/liu-xiabo-funeral-handling/, url-status=live {{cite web, url=http://www.macleans.ca/news/world/ottawas-despicable-display-in-china/, title=Ottawa's despicable display in China, date=14 July 2017, work=Maclean's, location=Canada, access-date=17 July 2017, archive-date=17 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717192236/http://www.macleans.ca/news/world/ottawas-despicable-display-in-china/, url-status=live {{Cite web, url=https://citizenlab.ca/2017/07/analyzing-censorship-of-the-death-of-liu-xiaobo-on-wechat-and-weibo/, title=Remembering Liu Xiaobo: Analyzing censorship of the death of Liu Xiaobo on WeChat and Weibo, publisher= The Citizen Lab, date=17 July 2017, url-status=bot: unknown, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717140506/https://citizenlab.ca/2017/07/analyzing-censorship-of-the-death-of-liu-xiaobo-on-wechat-and-weibo/, archive-date=17 July 2017 , last1=Crete-Nishihata , first1=Masashi , last2=Knockel , first2=Jeffrey , last3=Miller , first3=Blake , last4=Ng , first4=Jason Q. , last5=Ruan , first5=Lotus , last6=Tsui , first6=Lokman , last7=Xiong , first7=Ruohan {{cite web, url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/15/liu-xiaobo-cremated-in-shenyang-amid-growing-fears-for-safety-of-his-wife, title=Liu Xiaobo cremated in 'private ceremony', amid fears for wife's safety, work=The Guardian, date=15 July 2017, access-date=15 July 2017, archive-date=29 July 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729013125/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/15/liu-xiaobo-cremated-in-shenyang-amid-growing-fears-for-safety-of-his-wife, url-status=live {{cite web, url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2102644/chinese-beat-censors-mourn-death-liu-xiaobo, title=Chinese censors scrub Liu Xiaobo tributes online, work=
South China Morning Post The ''South China Morning Post'' (''SCMP''), with its Sunday edition, the ''Sunday Morning Post'', is a Hong Kong-based English-language newspaper owned by Alibaba Group. Founded in 1903 by Tse Tsan-tai and Alfred Cunningham, it has remaine ...
, date=14 July 2017, access-date=17 July 2017, archive-date=17 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717042153/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2102644/chinese-beat-censors-mourn-death-liu-xiaobo, url-status=live
{{cite web, url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2102761/liu-xiaobo-cremated-funeral-ailing-widow-makes-first, title=Liu Xiaobo's ashes scattered at sea after 'hasty' cremation, work=
South China Morning Post The ''South China Morning Post'' (''SCMP''), with its Sunday edition, the ''Sunday Morning Post'', is a Hong Kong-based English-language newspaper owned by Alibaba Group. Founded in 1903 by Tse Tsan-tai and Alfred Cunningham, it has remaine ...
, date=15 July 2017 , access-date=15 July 2017, archive-date=16 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716081238/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2102761/liu-xiaobo-cremated-funeral-ailing-widow-makes-first, url-status=live
{{cite web, url=https://qz.com/1030454/only-one-city-in-china-is-getting-to-mourn-liu-xiaobo, title=Only one city in China is getting to mourn Liu Xiaobo, first=Tripti, last=Lahiri, date=16 July 2017 , access-date=17 July 2017, archive-date=16 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716154831/https://qz.com/1030454/only-one-city-in-china-is-getting-to-mourn-liu-xiaobo/, url-status=live {{cite web, url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-40597514, title=Liu Xiaobo: China's most prominent dissident dies, date=13 July 2017, publisher=
BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current sta ...
, access-date=20 June 2018, archive-date=10 April 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410231138/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-40597514, url-status=live
{{cite web, url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/world/asia/liu-xiaobo-chinese-dissident-nobel-dies-at-61.html, title=Liu Xiaobo, Chinese Dissident Who Won Nobel While Jailed, Dies at 61, first=Chris, last=Buckley, date=13 July 2017, work=
The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
, access-date=13 July 2017, archive-date=13 July 2017, archive-url=https://archive.today/20170713144407/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/world/asia/liu-xiaobo-dead.html, url-status=live
{{cite web, url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-40603059, title=Liu Xiaobo: China rejects foreign criticism over dissident's death, date=14 July 2017, publisher=
BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current sta ...
, access-date=20 June 2018, archive-date=13 August 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813040918/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-40603059, url-status=live
{{cite web, url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/15/world/asia/liu-xiaobo-cremation-china.html, title=Liu Xiaobo, Chinese Dissident and Nobel Laureate, Is Cremated, first=Chris, last=Buckley, date=15 July 2017, work=The New York Times, access-date=19 July 2017, archive-date=18 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718101510/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/15/world/asia/liu-xiaobo-cremation-china.html, url-status=live {{cite web, url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/china-cremates-body-jailed-nobel-laureate-liu-xiaobo-48654246, title=China cremates body of jailed Nobel laureate Liu Xiaobo, publisher=ABC News, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722212635/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/china-cremates-body-jailed-nobel-laureate-liu-xiaobo-48654246, archive-date=22 July 2017 {{Cite web , url=http://news.creaders.net/china/2017/07/15/big5/1847311.html , language=zh-Hant , script-title=zh:劉曉波哥哥被批企圖分諾貝爾獎金 – 萬維讀者網 , access-date=17 July 2017 , work=news.creaders.net , archive-date=30 December 2017 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172120/http://news.creaders.net/china/2017/07/15/big5/1847311.html , url-status=live {{cite news , url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-china-liu-burial-20170715-story.html , title=Family scatters ashes of Chinese Nobel laureate Liu Xiaobo into the sea , date=15 July 2017 , agency=Associated Press , newspaper=Los Angeles Times , access-date=25 November 2019 , archive-date=4 August 2020 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804091119/https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-china-liu-burial-20170715-story.html , url-status=live {{cite web, url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/anger-as-ashes-of-chinese-dissident-liu-xiaobo-are-buried-at-sea-in-disgusting-funeral-1.609150, title=Anger as ashes of Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo are buried at sea in 'disgusting' funeral, website=The National, publisher=Agence France Presse, date=15 July 2017, access-date=15 July 2017, archive-date=15 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715231214/https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/anger-as-ashes-of-chinese-dissident-liu-xiaobo-are-buried-at-sea-in-disgusting-funeral-1.609150, url-status=live {{cite web, url=http://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1342352-20170715.htm, title=Marchers pay respect to Liu Xiaobo, publisher=RTHK, access-date=16 July 2017, archive-date=12 October 2022, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012000916/https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/error, url-status=live {{cite web, url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/07/thousands-march-hong-kong-remember-liu-xiaobo-170716022817652.html, title=Thousands march in Hong Kong to remember Liu Xiaobo, publisher=Al Jazeera, access-date=16 July 2017, archive-date=16 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716091328/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/07/thousands-march-hong-kong-remember-liu-xiaobo-170716022817652.html, url-status=live {{cite web, url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/16/hong-kong-vigil-for-liu-xiaobo-sends-powerful-message-to-beijing, title=Hong Kong vigil for Liu Xiaobo sends powerful message to Beijing, first=Benjamin, last=Haas, date=15 July 2017, work=The Guardian, access-date=16 July 2017, archive-date=16 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716121027/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/16/hong-kong-vigil-for-liu-xiaobo-sends-powerful-message-to-beijing, url-status=live {{cite web, url=http://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1341748-20170712.htm, title=Legco chief rebuffs attempts to discuss Liu Xiaobo – RTHK, access-date=16 July 2017, archive-date=12 October 2022, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001940/https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/error, url-status=live {{cite web, url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2017/07/13/president-hong-kong-legislature-refuses-let-lawmakers-discuss-chinese-dissident-liu-xiaobo/, title=President of Hong Kong legislature refuses to let lawmakers discuss Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo, first=Catherine, last=Lai, date=13 July 2017, publisher=
Hong Kong Free Press Hong Kong Free Press (HKFP) is a free, non-profit news website based in Hong Kong. It was co-founded in 2015 by Tom Grundy, who believed that the territory's Freedom of the press, press freedom was in decline, to provide an independent alternativ ...
{{Cite web, url=https://www.voanews.com/a/china-says-liu-nobel-prize-was-blasphemy/3944012.html, title=China: Liu's Nobel Peace Prize was 'Blasphemy', date=14 July 2017, publisher=
Voice of America Voice of America (VOA or VoA) is an international broadcasting network funded by the federal government of the United States that by law has editorial independence from the government. It is the largest and oldest of the American internation ...
, access-date=14 July 2017, archive-date=14 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714131435/https://www.voanews.com/a/china-says-liu-nobel-prize-was-blasphemy/3944012.html, url-status=live
{{Cite web, url=https://www.voachinese.com/a/voanews-20170714-liu-xiaobo-china/3944082.html, language=zh-Hans, script-title=zh:中国外交部:诺贝尔和平奖授予刘晓波是"亵渎", date=14 July 2017, website=Voice of America Chinese, access-date=14 July 2017, archive-date=14 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714151206/https://www.voachinese.com/a/voanews-20170714-liu-xiaobo-china/3944082.html, url-status=live {{cite web, last1=Ko, first1=Yu-how, last2=Shen, first2=Pei-yao, last3=Chung, first3=Jake, title=Taiwanese mourn Nobel laureate's passing, url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2017/07/15/2003674588, website=
Taipei Times The ''Taipei Times'' is an English-language print newspaper in Taiwan published by the Liberty Times Group. Founded as the third English-language newspaper on 15 June 1999, it is currently the last surviving English-language print newspaper i ...
, access-date=14 July 2017, archive-date=14 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714162509/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2017/07/15/2003674588, url-status=live
{{cite web, url=https://www.voachinese.com/a/voanews-20170714-tw-ma-liu-xiaobo/3944051.html, language=zh-Hans, script-title=zh:台湾现任及前任总统透过脸书哀悼刘晓波病逝, last=张永泰, date=14 July 2017 , access-date=16 July 2017, archive-date=14 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714151516/https://www.voachinese.com/a/voanews-20170714-tw-ma-liu-xiaobo/3944051.html, url-status=live {{Cite news, url=http://tibet.net/2017/07/speaker-of-tibetan-parliament-offers-condolences-on-the-demise-of-nobel-laureate-liu-xiaobo/, title=Speaker of Tibetan Parliament Offers Condolences on the demise of Nobel Laureate Liu Xiaobo, date=13 July 2017, work=
Central Tibetan Administration The Central Tibetan Administration (, , ) is the government-in-exile of Tibet, based in Dharamshala, India. It comprises a judiciary branch, a legislative branch, and an executive branch, and offers support and services to the Tibetan exile c ...
, access-date=19 July 2017, archive-date=18 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718060859/http://tibet.net/2017/07/speaker-of-tibetan-parliament-offers-condolences-on-the-demise-of-nobel-laureate-liu-xiaobo/, url-status=dead
{{Cite web, url=http://tibet.net/2017/07/cta-president-offers-condolence-over-liu-xiaobos-death-says-he-is-heartbroken/, title=CTA President Offers Condolence over Liu Xiaobo's Death, says He is Heartbroken, publisher=
Central Tibetan Administration The Central Tibetan Administration (, , ) is the government-in-exile of Tibet, based in Dharamshala, India. It comprises a judiciary branch, a legislative branch, and an executive branch, and offers support and services to the Tibetan exile c ...
, date=13 July 2017, url-status=bot: unknown, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713220338/http://tibet.net/2017/07/cta-president-offers-condolence-over-liu-xiaobos-death-says-he-is-heartbroken/, archive-date=13 July 2017
{{Cite web, url=http://www.thetibetpost.com/en/news/international/5625-leaders-of-tibet-join-global-community-to-mourn-liu-xiaobos-death, title=Leaders of Tibet join global community to mourn Liu Xiaobo's death, last=Choesang, first=Yeshe, date=14 July 2017, website=Tibet Post, access-date=14 July 2017, archive-date=1 August 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801183153/http://www.thetibetpost.com/en/news/international/5625-leaders-of-tibet-join-global-community-to-mourn-liu-xiaobos-death, url-status=live {{Cite web, url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2017/message-from-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama, title=His Holiness the Dalai Lama Deeply Saddened by Liu Xiaobo's Passing…, date=18 July 2017, publisher=
14th Dalai Lama The 14th Dalai Lama (born 6 July 1935; full spiritual name: Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, shortened as Tenzin Gyatso; ) is the incumbent Dalai Lama, the highest spiritual leader and head of Tibetan Buddhism. He served a ...
, access-date=19 July 2017, archive-date=26 October 2019, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026105315/https://www.dalailama.com/news/2017/message-from-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama, url-status=live
{{cite news, url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/world-reacts-with-praise-sadness-to-liu-xiaobos-death, title=World reacts with praise, sadness to Liu Xiaobo's death, newspaper=The Straits Times , agency=The Straits Times,
Agence France-Presse Agence France-Presse (; AFP) is a French international news agency headquartered in Paris, France. Founded in 1835 as Havas, it is the world's oldest news agency. With 2,400 employees of 100 nationalities, AFP has an editorial presence in 260 c ...
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{{cite press release, url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-17-2032_en.htm, title=Joint statement by the President of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, and the President of the European Council, Donald Tusk on the passing away of Liu Xiaobo, publisher=
Europa (web portal) Europa is the official web portal of the European Union (EU), providing information on how the EU works, related news, events, publications and links to websites of institutions, agencies and other bodies. ''.europa.eu'' is also used as a com ...
, access-date=14 July 2017, archive-date=13 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713202507/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-17-2032_en.htm, url-status=live
{{cite web, title=Trump, Macron avoid criticism of China's Xi, url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/trump--macron-avoid-criticism-of-china-s-xi-9030154, agency=Agence France-Presse, access-date=16 July 2017, archive-date=17 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717035916/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/trump--macron-avoid-criticism-of-china-s-xi-9030154, url-status=dead {{cite web, url=http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-40600292, language=zh-Hans, script-title=zh:中国异议人士刘晓波病逝 国际社会强烈反应, date=13 July 2017, publisher=
BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current sta ...
, access-date=16 July 2017, archive-date=16 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716115850/http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-40600292, url-status=live
{{cite web, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-rights-merkel-idUSKBN19Y1Z1, title=Merkel hails China's Liu as a courageous civil rights fighter, date=13 July 2017, work=Reuters, access-date=4 September 2017, archive-date=14 August 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814141421/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-rights-merkel-idUSKBN19Y1Z1, url-status=live {{cite web, url=https://www.voachinese.com/a/japan-react-xiaobo-liu/3943927.html, language=zh-Hans, script-title=zh:日本政府与传媒舆论对刘晓波逝世反应显温差, last=歌篮, date=14 July 2017 , publisher=
Voice of America Voice of America (VOA or VoA) is an international broadcasting network funded by the federal government of the United States that by law has editorial independence from the government. It is the largest and oldest of the American internation ...
, access-date=16 July 2017, archive-date=14 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714073044/https://www.voachinese.com/a/japan-react-xiaobo-liu/3943927.html, url-status=live
{{cite web, title=Press Conference by Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida: The Passing of Mr. Liu Xiaobo, url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/press/kaiken/kaiken4e_000397.html#topic2, website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, access-date=18 July 2017, archive-date=28 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728161451/http://www.mofa.go.jp/press/kaiken/kaiken4e_000397.html#topic2, url-status=live {{cite web, last1=Suga, first1=Yoshihide, title=Press Conference by the Chief Cabinet Secretary, url=http://japan.kantei.go.jp/tyoukanpress/201707/14_a.html, website=Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet, access-date=18 July 2017 {{cite web, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-rights-reaction-idUSKBN19Y2DC, title=West mourns Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo, criticizes Beijing, date=13 July 2017, work=Reuters, access-date=4 September 2017, archive-date=14 July 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714023331/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-rights-reaction-idUSKBN19Y2DC, url-status=live {{cite web, url=http://www.aftenposten.no/verden/i/yqX02/Kinesiske-myndigheter-Nobelprisvinner-Liu-Xiaobo-er-dod, title=Nobelprisvinner Liu Xiaobo er død, date=13 July 2017 , language=no, access-date=13 July 2017, archive-date=15 December 2021, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215104402/https://www.aftenposten.no/verden/i/yqX02/nobelprisvinner-liu-xiaobo-er-doed, url-status=live {{Cite press release , title=Foreign Secretary statement on Liu Xiaobo , url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-statement-on-liu-xiaobo , date=13 July 2017 , access-date=14 July 2017 , archive-date=13 July 2017 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713202600/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-statement-on-liu-xiaobo , url-status=live {{cite press release, title=Statement from the Press Secretary on the Death of Liu Xiaobo, url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-death-liu-xiaobo/, via=
National Archives National archives are the archives of a country. The concept evolved in various nations at the dawn of modernity based on the impact of nationalism upon bureaucratic processes of paperwork retention. Conceptual development From the Middle Ages i ...
, work=
whitehouse.gov whitehouse.gov or wh.gov is the official website of the White House and is managed by the Office of Digital Strategy of the White House Office under the Executive Office of the President of the United States. It was launched in 1994 by the ...
, date=13 July 2017, access-date=27 February 2021, archive-date=20 January 2021, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120195735/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-death-liu-xiaobo/, url-status=live
{{cite web, url=https://www.voachinese.com/a/white-house-on-liu-xiaobo-death-20170713/3943390.html, script-title=zh:川普: 获悉刘晓波去世深感悲伤, publisher=Voice of America Chinese, language=zh-cn, access-date=14 July 2017, archive-date=29 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729182125/https://www.voachinese.com/a/white-house-on-liu-xiaobo-death-20170713/3943390.html, url-status=live , date=14 July 2017 {{Cite web, url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2017/07/272579.htm, title=On the Passing of Liu Xiaobo, last=Tillerson, first=Rex W., date=13 July 2017, publisher=U.S. Department of State, access-date=14 July 2017, archive-date=13 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713230039/https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2017/07/272579.htm, url-status=live {{Cite web, url=https://china.usembassy-china.org.cn/ambassador-nikki-haleys-statement-passing-liu-xiaobo/, title=Ambassador Nikki Haley's Statement on the Passing of Liu Xiaobo, last=Haley, first=Nikki, date=13 July 2017, publisher=US Embassy & Consulates in China, access-date=16 July 2017, archive-date=29 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729180246/https://china.usembassy-china.org.cn/ambassador-nikki-haleys-statement-passing-liu-xiaobo/, url-status=dead {{cite web, url=https://www.voachinese.com/a/us-ambassador-on-liu-xiao-bo-death-20170713/3943378.html, language=zh-Hans, script-title=zh:美国驻联合国大使黑利就刘晓波去世发表声明, last1=An, first1=Hua (安华), date=14 July 2017 , publisher=Voice of America, access-date=14 July 2017, archive-date=14 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714041311/https://www.voachinese.com/a/us-ambassador-on-liu-xiao-bo-death-20170713/3943378.html, url-status=live {{Cite web, url=https://china.usembassy-china.org.cn/statement-u-s-ambassador-branstad-passing-liu-xiaobo-july-13-2017/, title=Statement from U.S. Ambassador Branstad on the passing of Liu Xiaobo, last=Branstad, first=Terry, date=13 July 2017, access-date=16 July 2017, archive-date=29 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729183946/https://china.usembassy-china.org.cn/statement-u-s-ambassador-branstad-passing-liu-xiaobo-july-13-2017/, url-status=dead {{cite web, url=http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/ql1-07132017112006.html, language=zh-Hans, script-title=zh:刘晓波病逝引发国际社会强烈反响, publisher=
Radio Free Asia Radio Free Asia (RFA) is a news service that publishes online news, information, commentary and broadcasts radio programs for its audiences in Asia. The service, which provides editorially independent reporting, has the stated mission of pro ...
, access-date=14 July 2017, archive-date=29 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729174553/http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/ql1-07132017112006.html, url-status=live , date=13 July 2017
{{Cite web, url=https://www.cecc.gov/media-center/press-releases/cecc-commissioners-issue-statements-on-the-death-of-nobel-laureate-liu, title=CECC Commissioners Issue Statements on the Death of Nobel Laureate Liu Xiaobo, date=13 July 2017, website=The Congressional-Executive Commission on China, access-date=16 July 2017, archive-date=16 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716201656/https://www.cecc.gov/media-center/press-releases/cecc-commissioners-issue-statements-on-the-death-of-nobel-laureate-liu, url-status=live The Tragic Case of Liu Xiaobo
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002054617/https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/hearing/subcommittee-hearing-tragic-case-liu-xiaobo/ , date=2 October 2017, Hearing of the United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights and International Organizations (14 July 2017).
The Latest: US Congress holds hearing on Liu Xiaobo's life
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714074118/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/the-latest-japan-attentive-to-human-rights-in-china/2017/07/14/3f29aadc-6855-11e7-94ab-5b1f0ff459df_story.html , date=14 July 2017,
Associated Press The Associated Press (AP) is an American not-for-profit organization, not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1846, it operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association, and produces news reports that are dist ...
(14 July 2017).
{{Cite web, url=https://pelosi.house.gov/news/press-releases/transcript-of-pelosi-press-conference-today-129, title=Transcript of Pelosi Press Conference Today, date=13 July 2017, website=Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi Serving California's 12th District, access-date=19 July 2017, archive-date=28 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728171535/https://pelosi.house.gov/news/press-releases/transcript-of-pelosi-press-conference-today-129, url-status=live {{cite web, last1=Cruz, first1=Ted, title=S.1187 – A bill to designate the area between the intersections of International Drive, Northwest and Van Ness Street, Northwest and International Drive, Northwest and International Place, Northwest in Washington, District of Columbia, as "Liu Xiaobo Plaza", and for other purposes., date=18 May 2017, url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/1187, publisher=Congress.gov, access-date=16 July 2017, archive-date=28 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728165554/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/1187, url-status=live {{cite web, last1=Meadows, first1=Mark, title=H.R.2537 – To designate the area between the intersections of International Drive Northwest and Van Ness Street Northwest and International Drive Northwest and International Place Northwest in Washington, District of Columbia, as "Liu Xiaobo Plaza", and for other purposes., date=18 May 2017, url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2537/, publisher=Congress.gov, access-date=16 July 2017, archive-date=28 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728200934/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2537/, url-status=live {{Cite web, url=https://www.texastribune.org/2017/07/15/cruz-renews-push-rename-chinese-embassy-address-after-famous-dissident/, title=After dissident's death, Ted Cruz hopeful about changing Chinese Embassy address, last=Thomas, first=Neil, date=15 July 2017, website=
Texas Tribune ''The Texas Tribune'' is a nonprofit politics and public policy news website headquartered in Austin, Texas, United States. Its stated aim is to promote civic engagement through original, explanatory journalism and public events. ''The Texas Tr ...
, access-date=16 July 2017, archive-date=15 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715184727/https://www.texastribune.org/2017/07/15/cruz-renews-push-rename-chinese-embassy-address-after-famous-dissident/, url-status=live
{{cite web, title=Statement by President George W. Bush on the death of Liu Xiaobo, url=http://www.ntxe-news.com/artman/publish/article_106955.shtml, website=North Texas e-News, access-date=14 July 2017, archive-date=14 July 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714073237/http://www.ntxe-news.com/artman/publish/article_106955.shtml, url-status=live Original title: {{lang, zh-Hans, 《选择的批判——与李泽厚对话》, published by {{lang, zh, 上海人民出版社 Original title: {{lang, zh-Hans, 《选择的批判—与思想领袖李泽厚对话》, published by {{lang, zh-Hans, 台湾风云时代出版公司 Original title: {{lang, zh-Hans, 《审美与人的自由》, published by {{lang, zh-Hant, 北京師范大學出版社 Original title: {{lang, zh-Hans, 《赤身裸体,走向上帝》, published by {{lang, zh-Hans, 时代文艺出版社 Original title: {{lang, zh-Hans, 《形而上学的迷雾》, published by {{lang, zh, 上海人民出版社 Original title: {{lang, zh-Hans, 《思想之谜与人类之梦》(二卷), by {{lang, zh-Hans, 台湾风云时代出版公司 Original title: {{lang, zh-Hans, 《中国当代政治与中国知识份子》, published by {{lang, zh-Hans, 台北唐山出版社 Original title: {{lang, zh-Hant, 《現代中国知識人批判》, published by {{Nihongo2, 日本德间书店 Original title: {{lang, zh-Hans, 《末日幸存者的独白》, published by {{lang, zh-Hans, 台湾中国时报出版社 Original title: {{lang, zh-Hans, 《刘晓波刘霞诗选》, published by {{lang, zh-Hans, 香港夏菲尔国际出版公司 Original title: {{lang, zh-Hans, 《美人赠我蒙汗药》, published by {{lang, zh-Hans, 长江文艺出版社 Original title: {{lang, zh-Hans, 《向良心说谎的民族》, published by {{lang, zh-Hans, 台湾捷幼出版社 Original title: {{lang, zh-Hans, 《未来的自由中国在民间》, published by {{lang, zh-Hans, 劳改基金会 Original title: {{lang, zh-Hans, 《单刃毒剑——中国当代民族主义批判》, published by {{lang, zh-Hans, 美国博大出版社 Original title: {{lang, zh-Hans, 《大国沈沦—写给中国的备忘录》, published by {{lang, zh-Hans, 台北允晨文化出版社 Original title: {{Nihongo2, 《天安門事件から「08憲章」》, published by {{Nihongo2, 日本藤原书店 Original title: {{lang, zh-Hans, 《念念六四》, published by
Graywolf Press Graywolf Press is an independent, non-profit publisher located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Graywolf Press publishes fiction, non-fiction, and poetry. Graywolf Press collaborates with organizations such as the College of Saint Benedict, the Mel ...
{{cite web, url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/worldreport/Ps-01.htm, title=Ps, publisher=Human Rights Watch, access-date=4 September 2017, archive-date=7 March 2021, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307122550/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/worldreport/Ps-01.htm, url-status=live One World Homo Homini award goes to Chinese dissident
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315045003/http://aktualne.centrum.cz/czechnews/clanek.phtml?id=631742 , date=15 March 2009,12 March 2009 .
{{cite news, url=http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,4214763,00.html, title=Liu Xiaobo, publisher=Deutsche Welle, date=29 April 2009, access-date=29 April 2009, archive-date=11 October 2012, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011052302/http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,4214763,00.html, url-status=live
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001942/https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%88%98%E6%99%93%E6%B3%A2%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%AC%94%E4%BC%9A%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC-%E5%87%AF%E6%96%AF%E6%BB%95%E5%A5%96/a-6089512 , date=12 October 2022 DW, 7 October 2010.
{{cite web, url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/search/?contentType=2561, title=LIU XIAOBO'S NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WIN PUTS SPOTLIGHT ON CHINA RIGHTS VIOLATIONS, access-date=13 July 2017, archive-date=18 June 2014, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618190222/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/report/freedom-curtailed-russian-federation-20080226, url-status=live http://motta.gidd.eu.org {{webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040927/http://motta.gidd.eu.org/ , date=22 February 2014 Giuseppe Motta Medal Website


External links

{{Wikiquote {{Commons category, Liu Xiaobo {{Wikinews, Nobel Peace Prize winning Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo dies, aged 61 ; Liu's verdict and articles cited as evidence of Liu's guilt in the verdict
Liu Xiaobo's 2009 criminal verdict

"The Communist Party of China's Dictatorial Patriotism"

"Can It Be that the Chinese People Deserve Only Party-Led Democracy?"

"Changing the Regime by Changing Society"

"The Negative Effects of the Rise of Dictatorship on World Democratization"

"Further Questions about Child Slavery in China's Kilns"

''Charter 08''
; Other items written by Liu Xiaobo
Letter from Liu Xiaobo to Liao Yiwu
(2000)
"The Rise of Civil Society in China"
(2003)
"Atop a Volcano"
(2004)
"Remembering June 4th for China's Future"
(2005)
The Poet in an Unknown Prison
letter by Liu from ''
The New York Review of Books ''The New York Review of Books'' (or ''NYREV'' or ''NYRB'') is a semi-monthly magazine with articles on literature, culture, economics, science and current affairs. Published in New York City, it is inspired by the idea that the discussion of ...
'' (2009)
''No Enemies, No Hatred: Selected Essays and Poems''
(2011)
"Behind ''The Rise of the Great Powers''"
in ''Guernica Magazine'', January 2012 * Huang, Zheping; Huang, Echo (17 July 2017).
Dying in custody, a Nobel prize-winning Chinese dissident wrote this last love letter to his wife
. ''Quartz''.


Film Excerpts of Liu Xiaobo
from '' The Gate of Heavenly Peace'' * {{YouTube, 2QJGuPOMPvE, Interview with Liu Xiaobo (English and Chinese) by PEN American Center ; Other items related to Liu Xiaobo * {{YouTube, 2_pcpak05F8, 30 September 2009 floor debate in U.S. Congress on the Liu Xiaobo resolution
Jailed Chinese Dissident Liu Xiaobo Awarded Nobel Peace Prize
video report by
Democracy Now! ''Democracy Now!'' is an hour-long TV, radio, and Internet news program based in Manhattan and hosted by journalists Amy Goodman (who also acts as the show's executive producer), Juan González, and Nermeen Shaikh. The show, which airs live ...

"Liu Xiaobo's Plea for the Human Spirit"
essay by Jonathan Mirsky in the Sunday Book Review in ''
The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
'' 30 December 2011
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Liu Xiaobo and the Future of Political Reform in China: Hearing before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, 9 November 2010

Two Years Later: The Ongoing Detentions of Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Liu Xiaobo and his Wife Liu Xia: Hearing before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, 12 December 2012

A worldwide reading organized for Liu Xiaobo
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707081313/http://www.worldwide-reading.com/archiv-en/aufruf-zu-einer-weltweiten-lesung-fuer-die-freilassung-von-liu-xiaobo-am-20.-maerz-2012-en?set_language=en , date=7 July 2019 by the international literature festival berlin * {{Nobelprize {{s-start {{s-ach {{s-bef , before =
Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who was the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American president in American history. O ...
{{s-ttl , title =
Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish language, Swedish and ) is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the Will and testament, will of Sweden, Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Nobe ...
Laureate , years = 2010 {{s-aft , after =
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Ellen Eugenia Johnson Sirleaf (born 29 October 1938) is a Liberian politician who served as the 24th president of Liberia from 2006 to 2018. Sirleaf was the first elected female head of state in Africa. Sirleaf was born in Monrovia to a Gol ...

Leymah Gbowee Leymah Roberta Gbowee (born 1 February 1972) is a Liberian peace activist responsible for leading a women's non-violent peace movement, Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace that helped bring an end to the Second Liberian Civil War in 2003. Her ...

Tawakel Karman {{s-end {{2010 Nobel Prize winners {{Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 2001–2025 {{Nobel laureates of the People's Republic of China {{Ethnic Chinese Nobel laureates {{Footer Homo Homini Award laureates {{1989 Tiananmen protests {{Authority control {{Portal bar, China, Biography, Poetry {{DEFAULTSORT:Liu, Xiaobo 1955 births 2017 deaths Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by China Beijing Normal University alumni Charter 08 signatories Chinese anti-communists Chinese democracy activists Chinese dissidents Chinese human rights activists Political prisoners in China Deaths from liver cancer Deaths from cancer in the People's Republic of China Progressivism in China PEN International Jilin University alumni Nobel laureates from the People's Republic of China Nobel Peace Prize laureates Writers from Changchun 20th-century Chinese poets Columbia University people Poets from Jilin Sent-down youths Burials at sea Philosophers from Jilin Nonviolence advocates 1989 Tiananmen Square protesters