Littoraria Zebra

''Littoraria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Reid, David G. (2011). ''Littoraria'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=206218 on 2011-04-15

There are more than fifty species in this genus of which more than 20 species are believed to be synonyms of '' Littoraria scabra'', a very variable species.Reid, D.G. (1986). ''The littorinid molluscs of mangrove forests in the Indo-Pacific region''. British Museum (Natural History), London

Many of the species in this genus occur in the Indo-West Pacific region and in the Tropical Eastern Pacific, where they are found in large numbers on the trunks, trees and prop roots of tropical mangrove forests a few metres above high tide level. These snails feed on the thin film of algae, epiphytes, fungi, diatoms and leaf epidermis of these mangroves. The species living on higher levels of the trees have thinner shells, and are more variable in shell colour.

Within this genus, '' Littoraria aberrans'' is the only ovoviviparous species with an intracapsular metamorphosis.

Species

Species in the genus ''Littoraria'' include:

*'' Littoraria aberrans'' Philippi, 1846
*'' Littoraria ahenea'' Reid, 1986
*'' Littoraria albicans'' Metcalfe, 1852
*'' Littoraria angulifera'' Lamarck, 1822 - mangrove periwinkle
**'' Littoraria angulifera hessei'' Boettger 1912
*'' Littoraria ardouiniana'' ( Heude, 1885)
*'' Littoraria articulata'' Philippi, 1846
*'' Littoraria bengalensis'' Reid, 2001
*'' Littoraria carinifera'' Menke, 1830
*'' Littoraria cingulata'' Philippi, 1846
*'' Littoraria cingulifera'' Dunker, 1845
*'' Littoraria coccinea'' (Gmelin, 1791)
*'' Littoraria conica'' Philippi, 1846
*'' Littoraria delicatula'' Nevill, 1885
*'' Littoraria filosa'' ( G.B. Sowerby I, 1832)
*'' Littoraria fasciata'' Sowerby, 1832
*† '' Littoraria flammea'' Philippi, 1847
*'' Littoraria flava'' King & Broderip, 1832
*'' Littoraria flavaosa'' King & Broderip, 1832
*'' Littoraria ianthostoma'' Stuckey & D.G. Reid, 2002
*'' Littoraria intermedia'' Philippi, 1846
*''Littoraria irrorata'' Say, 1822 - marsh periwinkle
*'' Littoraria lutea'' Philippi, 1847
*'' Littoraria luteola'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1833
* † '' Littoraria massicardi'' Pacaud, 2019
*'' Littoraria mauritiana'' Lamarck, 1822
*'' Littoraria melanostoma'' Gray, 1839
*'' Littoraria miodelicatula'' Oyama, 1950
*'' Littoraria nebulosa'' Lamarck, 1822 - cloudy periwinkle
*'' Littoraria obesa'' Gmelin, 1791
*'' Littoraria pallescens'' Philippi, 1846
*'' Littoraria philippiana'' Reeve, 1857
*'' Littoraria pintado'' Wood, 1820
**'' Littoraria pintado pullata'' Carpenter, 1864
*'' Littoraria planaxis'' Philippi, 1846
* † '' Littoraria prevostina'' (Basterot, 1825)
*'' Littoraria punctata'' Philippi, 184
*'' Littoraria rosewateri'' Reid, 1999
*'' Littoraria scabra'' Philippi, 1847
*'' Littoraria sinensis'' Philippi, 1847
*'' Littoraria strigata'' Philippi, 1846
* † '' Littoraria subangulata'' (Deshayes, 1861)
*'' Littoraria subvittata'' Reid, 1986
*'' Littoraria sulculosa'' Philippi, 1846
*'' Littoraria tessellata'' Philippi, 1847
*'' Littoraria undulata'' Gray, 1839
*'' Littoraria varia'' Sowerby, 1832
*'' Littoraria variegata'' Souleyet, in Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852
*'' Littoraria vespacea'' Reid, 1986
*'' Littoraria zebra'' Donovan, 1825 - zebra periwinkle

;Species brought into synonymy:
* ''Littoraria dantaae'' Y.-F. Fang, Y.-J. Peng, G.-J. Zhang & J. He, 2012: synonym of '' Mainwaringia dantaae'' Y.-F. Fang, Y.-J. Peng, G.-J. Zhang & J. He, 2012
*''Littoraria glabrata'' Philippi, 1846 : synonym of '' Littoraria coccinea glabrata'' (Philippi, 1846)
* ''Littoraria kraussi'' (Rosewater, 1970): synonym of ''Littoraria coccinea glabrata'' (Philippi, 1846)
* ''Littoraria pulchra'' Gray, 1833: synonym of ''Littoraria zebra'' (Donovan, 1825) (junior synonym)

References

Further reading

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*REID, D G 1986. The Littorinid Molluscs of Mangrove Forests in the Indo-Pacific Region: the genus ''Littoraria''. British Museum (Natural History), London. 228 pp.
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Reid, D. G., P. Dyal, and S. T. Williams. "Global diversification of mangrove fauna: a molecular phylogeny of ''Littoraria'' (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)." Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 55.1 (2010): 185-201.

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3172214

Littorinidae
Gastropod genera
Taxa named by Edward Griffith (zoologist)
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot