''Littoraria'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

of sea snails,

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

gastropod

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is es ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Littorinidae The Littorinidae are a taxonomic family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha, commonly known as periwinkles and found worldwide. Names In English-speaking countries, gastropod molluscs f ...

, the winkles or periwinkles.Reid, David G. (2011). ''Littoraria'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=206218 on 2011-04-15 There are more than fifty species in this genus of which more than 20 species are believed to be synonyms of ''

Littoraria scabra ''Littoraria scabra'', common name : the mangrove periwinkle, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Distribution and habitat This species is distributed in the Red Sea, the ...

'', a very variable species.Reid, D.G. (1986). ''The littorinid molluscs of mangrove forests in the Indo-Pacific region''. British Museum (Natural History), London Many of the species in this genus occur in the Indo-West Pacific region and in the Tropical Eastern Pacific, where they are found in large numbers on the trunks, trees and prop roots of tropical

mangrove A mangrove is a shrub or tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water. The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species. Mangroves are taxonomically diverse, as a result of convergent evolution in several ...

forests a few metres above high tide level. These snails feed on the thin film of

algae Algae ( , ; : alga ) are any of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms. The name is an informal term for a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from ...

, epiphytes,

fungi A fungus (plural, : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of Eukaryote, eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and Mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified ...

, diatoms and leaf

epidermis The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that comprise the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and Subcutaneous tissue, hypodermis. The epidermis layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens and regulates the ...

of these mangroves. The species living on higher levels of the trees have thinner shells, and are more variable in shell colour. Within this genus, ''

Littoraria aberrans ''Littoraria aberrans'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Littorinidae The Littorinidae are a taxonomic family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha, common ...

'' is the only

ovoviviparous Ovoviviparity, ovovivipary, ovivipary, or aplacental viviparity is a term used as a "bridging" form of reproduction between egg-laying oviparous and live-bearing viviparous reproduction. Ovoviviparous animals possess embryos that develop insi ...

species with an intracapsular metamorphosis.

Species

Species in the genus ''Littoraria'' include: *''

Philippi Philippi (; grc-gre, Φίλιπποι, ''Philippoi'') was a major Greek city northwest of the nearby island, Thasos. Its original name was Crenides ( grc-gre, Κρηνῖδες, ''Krenides'' "Fountains") after its establishment by Thasian col ...

, 1846 *'' Littoraria ahenea'' Reid, 1986 *''

Littoraria albicans ''Littoraria albicans'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae The Littorinidae are a taxonomic family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha, commo ...

'' Metcalfe, 1852 *''

Littoraria angulifera ''Littoraria angulifera'' or the mangrove periwinkle is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Littorinidae, the winkles. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Littoraria angulifera (Lamarck, 1822). Accessed through: W ...

Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biolog ...

, 1822 - mangrove periwinkle **''

Littoraria angulifera hessei ''Littoraria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Reid, David G. (2011). ''Littoraria'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http:/ ...

'' Boettger 1912 *''

Littoraria ardouiniana ''Littoraria ardouiniana'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Distribution Vietnam. Description Ecology ''Littoraria ardouiniana'' is a predominantly mangrove-associa ...

'' (

Heude Pierre Marie Heude (25 June 1836 – 3 January 1902) was a French Jesuit missionary and zoologist. Life Born at Fougères in the Department of Ille-et-Vilaine, Heude became a Jesuit in 1856 and was ordained to the priesthood in 1867. He went to ...

, 1885) *''

Littoraria articulata ''Littoraria articulata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by ...

, 1846 *''

Littoraria bengalensis ''Littoraria bengalensis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae The Littorinidae are a taxonomic family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimor ...

'' Reid, 2001 *'' Littoraria carinifera''

Menke Menke is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Bill Menke, American basketball player * Denis Menke (1940–2020), American baseball player * Frank G. Menke (1885–1954), American newspaper reporter * Frl. Menke aka Franzi ...

, 1830 *''

Littoraria cingulata ''Littoraria cingulata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class c ...

, 1846 *''

Littoraria cingulifera ''Littoraria cingulifera'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class ...

Dunker A Dunker, also known as the Norwegian Hound, is a medium-sized breed of dog from Norway. It was bred by Wilhelm Dunker to be a scenthound by crossing a Russian Harlequin Hound with dependable Norwegian scent hounds. It is a very rare dog b ...

, 1845 *'' Littoraria coccinea'' ( Gmelin, 1791) *'' Littoraria conica''

, 1846 *'' Littoraria delicatula'' Nevill, 1885 *''

Littoraria filosa ''Littoraria filosa'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comp ...

'' ( G.B. Sowerby I, 1832) *''

Littoraria fasciata ''Littoraria fasciata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class co ...

'' Sowerby, 1832 *† ''

Littoraria flammea ''Littoraria flammea'' was a species of sea snail in the family Littorinidae, the periwinkles or winkles. This species was endemic to coastal China. It is now extinct Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of ...

, 1847 *'' Littoraria flava'' King & Broderip, 1832 *''

Littoraria flavaosa ''Littoraria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Reid, David G. (2011). ''Littoraria'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ht ...

'' King & Broderip, 1832 *''

Littoraria ianthostoma ''Littoraria ianthostoma'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class ...

'' Stuckey & D.G. Reid, 2002 *''

Littoraria intermedia ''Littoraria intermedia'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class ...

, 1846 *''

Littoraria irrorata ''Littoraria irrorata'', also known by the common name the marsh periwinkle, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae. The specific epithet ' means 'moistened' or 'dewy.' This species occurs in salt mars ...

'' Say, 1822 - marsh periwinkle *'' Littoraria lutea''

, 1847 *'' Littoraria luteola'' Quoy &

Gaimard Joseph Paul Gaimard (31 January 1793 – 10 December 1858) was a French naval surgeon A naval surgeon, or less commonly ship's doctor, is the person responsible for the health of the ship's company aboard a warship. The term appears often ...

, 1833 * † ''

Littoraria massicardi ''Littoraria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Reid, David G. (2011). ''Littoraria'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ht ...

'' Pacaud, 2019 *''

Littoraria mauritiana ''Littoraria mauritiana'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Description The length of the shell attains 7 mm. Distribution This species occurs off Réunion ...

, 1822 *''

Littoraria melanostoma ''Littoraria melanostoma'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class ...

'' Gray, 1839 *'' Littoraria miodelicatula'' Oyama, 1950 *''

Littoraria nebulosa ''Littoraria nebulosa'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Distribution Description The maximum recorded gastropod shell, shell length is 28 ...

, 1822 - cloudy periwinkle *'' Littoraria obesa'' Gmelin, 1791 *'' Littoraria pallescens''

, 1846 *''

Littoraria philippiana ''Littoraria philippiana'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class ...

Reeve Reeve may refer to: Titles *Reeve (Canada), an elected chief executive of some counties, townships, and equivalents *Reeve (England), an official elected annually by the serfs to supervise lands for a lord *High-reeve, a title taken by some Englis ...

, 1857 *''

Littoraria pintado ''Littoraria pintado'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod in the family Littorinidae The Littorinidae are a taxonomic family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha, commonl ...

'' Wood, 1820 **'' Littoraria pintado pullata''

Carpenter Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc. Carpenters tra ...

, 1864 *''

Littoraria planaxis ''Littoraria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Reid, David G. (2011). ''Littoraria'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ht ...

, 1846 * † ''

Littoraria prevostina ''Littoraria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Reid, David G. (2011). ''Littoraria'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ht ...

'' (Basterot, 1825) *''

Littoraria punctata ''Littoraria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Reid, David G. (2011). ''Littoraria'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ht ...

, 184 *''

Littoraria rosewateri ''Littoraria rosewateri'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class ...

'' Reid, 1999 *''

, 1847 *'' Littoraria sinensis''

, 1847 *''

Littoraria strigata ''Littoraria strigata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class co ...

, 1846 * † '' Littoraria subangulata'' (Deshayes, 1861) *''

Littoraria subvittata ''Littoraria subvittata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class ...

'' Reid, 1986 *''

Littoraria sulculosa ''Littoraria sulculosa'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class c ...

, 1846 *''

Littoraria tessellata ''Littoraria tessellata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (b ...

, 1847 *''

Littoraria undulata ''Littoraria undulata'', common name the robust shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Description Up to 2 cm, with dull brown coloration, occasionally darker o ...

'' Gray, 1839 *''

Littoraria varia ''Littoraria varia'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Description Distribution Panama to Peru http://www.gastropods.com/1/Shell_5611.shtml access d ...

'' Sowerby, 1832 *'' Littoraria variegata'' Souleyet, in Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852 *'' Littoraria vespacea'' Reid, 1986 *''

Littoraria zebra ''Littoraria zebra'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class compr ...

Donovan Donovan Phillips Leitch (born 10 May 1946), known mononymously as Donovan, is a Scottish musician, songwriter, and record producer. He developed an eclectic and distinctive style that blended folk, jazz, pop, psychedelic rock and world musi ...

, 1825 - zebra periwinkle ;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Littoraria dantaae'' Y.-F. Fang, Y.-J. Peng, G.-J. Zhang & J. He, 2012: synonym of '' Mainwaringia dantaae'' Y.-F. Fang, Y.-J. Peng, G.-J. Zhang & J. He, 2012 *''Littoraria glabrata''

, 1846 : synonym of ''

Littoraria coccinea glabrata ''Littoraria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Reid, David G. (2011). ''Littoraria'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ht ...

'' (Philippi, 1846) * ''Littoraria kraussi'' (Rosewater, 1970): synonym of ''Littoraria coccinea glabrata'' (Philippi, 1846) * ''Littoraria pulchra'' Gray, 1833: synonym of ''Littoraria zebra'' (Donovan, 1825) (junior synonym)

Species

References

Further reading