''Listrura'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

pencil catfish Trichomycteridae is a family of catfishes commonly known as pencil catfishes or parasitic catfishes. This family includes the candiru fish (''Vandellia cirrhosa''), feared by some people for its alleged habit of entering into the urethra of hum ...

es native to

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...

Taxonomy

''Listrura'' was first described in 1988 for two species from southeastern

Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...

, the first record of the subfamily

Glanapteryginae The Glanapteryginae are a subfamily of catfishes (order Siluriformes) of the family Trichomycteridae. It includes four genera, '' Glanapteryx'', '' Listrura'', '' Pygidianops'', and '' Typhlobelus''. Phylogeny Monophyly of the subfamily is suppo ...

outside of the Amazon River basin. It was described for the species ''L. nematopteryx'' and ''L. camposi''; ''L. camposi'' had been assigned to the genus '' Eremophilus'', while ''L. nematopteryx'' had been misidentified as another species of ''Eremophilus''. ''L. tetraradiata'' was described in 2002 from the

Rio de Janeiro State Rio de Janeiro () is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil. It has the second largest economy of Brazil, with the largest being that of the state of São Paulo. The state, which has 8.2% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for 9.2% of ...

in Brazil. ''L. boticario'' was described later in 2002 from southern Brazil. ''L. picinguabae'' was described in 2006. This genus is currently

monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent co ...

. With the description of ''L. tetraradiata'' in 2003, it was hypothesized that ''L. tetraradiata'' possibly constitutes the

sister group In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and ...

to a

clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...

comprising the only other two previously described species of ''Listrura'', ''L. camposi'' and ''L. nematopteryx''. As of 2006, two species of ''Listrura'', ''L. camposi'' and ''L. boticario'', were known only from their holotypes. The lack of osteological information for these species impedes a complete analysis of

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical dat ...

relationships within the genus. It was hypothesized that ''L. nematopteryx'' and ''L. picinguabae'' comprise a monophyletic assemblage, given the fact that the pectoral fin of these species consists of a single ray and the ray is in the form of a long filament, a condition not present in any other trichomycterids thus far described. ''Listura'' is the most basal member of the subfamily Glanapteryginae; it is sister to a clade formed by the other three genera, '' Glanapteryx'', '' Pygidianops'', and '' Typhlobelus''.

Species

There are currently nine recognized species in this genus: * '' Listrura boticario''

de Pinna De Pinna was a high-end clothier for men and women founded in New York City in 1885, by Alfred De Pinna (1831–1915), a Sephardic Jew born in England. They also sold menswear-inspired clothing for women that was finely tailored. The flagship sto ...

& Wosiacki, 2002 * '' Listrura bernunssa'' * '' Listrura camposi'' Miranda-Ribeiro, 1957 * '' Listrura costai'' Villa-Verde, Lazzarotto &

Lima Lima ( ; ), founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (, Spanish for "City of Biblical Magi, Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón River, Chillón, Rímac River, Rímac and Lurín Rive ...

, 2012Villa-Verde, L., Lazzarotto, H. & Lima, S.M.Q. (2012)
A new glanapterygine catfish of the genus ''Listrura'' (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from southeastern Brazil, corroborated by morphological and molecular data.
''Neotropical Ichthyology, 10 (3): 527-538.'' * '' Listrura depinnai'' Villa-Verde, Ferrer & L. R. Malabarba, 2014Villa-Verde, L., Ferrer, J. & Malabarba, L.R. (2014): A New Species of ''Listrura'' from Laguna dos Patos System, Brazil: The Southernmost Record of the Glanapteryginae (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). ''Copeia, 2013 (4)

014 014 may refer to: * Argus As 014 The Argus As 014 (designated 109-014 by the Ministry of Aviation (Germany), RLM) was a pulsejet engine used on the German V-1 flying bomb of World War II, and the first model of pulsejet engine placed in mass pr ...

641-646.'' * '' Listrura macacuensis''

Costa Costa may refer to: Biology * Rib (Latin: ''costa''), in vertebrate anatomy * Costa (botany), the central strand of a plant leaf or thallus * Costa (coral), a stony rib, part of the skeleton of a coral * Costa (entomology), the leading edge of th ...

& Katz, 2021Costa, W.J.E.M., & Katz, A. M. (2021): Comparative morphology, phylogeny, classification and evolution of interstitial habits in microcambevine catfishes (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). ''Taxonomy, 1(4)

021 069 is: * in Brazil, the telephone area code for the city of Rio de Janeiro and surrounding cities (Greater Rio de Janeiro) * in China, the telephone area code for the city of Shanghai. * in Indonesia, the area code for the city of Jakarta and su ...

313-344.'' * '' Listrura macaensis''

313-344.'' * '' Listrura nematopteryx''

, 1988 * '' Listrura picinguabae'' Villa-Verde & W. J. E. M. Costa, 2006 * '' Listrura tetraradiata'' Landim & W. J. E. M. Costa, 2002

Distribution

''Listrura'' is

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...

to small coastal river basins of southeastern

. ''L. boticario'' originates from Da Figueira and Guaraqueçaba River basins,

Paraná State Paraná, Paranã or Parana may refer to: Geology *Paraná Basin, a sedimentary basin in South America Places In Argentina *Paraná, Entre Ríos, a city * Paraná Department, a part of Entre Ríos Province In Brazil *Paraná (state), a state ...

. ''L. camposi'' inhabits the Poço Grande River, a tributary of the

Juquiá River The Juquiá River is a river of São Paulo state in southeastern Brazil. See also *List of rivers of São Paulo List of rivers in São Paulo ( Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin from north to south, with respective tributa ...

in the

São Paulo State SAO or Sao may refer to: Places * Sao civilisation, in Middle Africa from 6th century BC to 16th century AD * Sao, a town in Boussé Department, Burkina Faso * Serb Autonomous Regions (''Srpska autonomna oblast'', SAO), during the breakup of ...

, and Ribeirão da Ilha of

Florianópolis Florianópolis () is the capital and second largest city of the state of Santa Catarina (state), Santa Catarina, in the South Region, Brazil, South region of Brazil. The city encompasses Santa Catarina Island and surrounding small islands, as we ...

Santa Catarina State Santa Catarina () is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil. It is located in the centre of the country's Southern region. It is bordered to the north by the state of Paraná, to the south by the state of Rio Grande do Sul, to the east by t ...

. ''L. nematopteryx'' is distributed in the Imbariê Creek and basin of the

Estrela River The Estrela River is a river of Rio de Janeiro state in southeastern Brazil. It flows in Guanabara Bay. See also *List of rivers of Rio de Janeiro List of rivers in Rio de Janeiro (state), Rio de Janeiro (States of Brazil, Brazilian State). We' ...

system of Piabetá in the

, and Picinguaba in the São Paulo State. ''L. picinguabae'' is only known from small tributaries to the da Fazenda River in the São Paulo State. ''L. tetraradiata'' is from the Ibicuíba River of the Araruama Lagoon system.

Description

The body is elongate and may be cylindrical. These fish have three pairs of

barbels In fish anatomy and turtle anatomy, a barbel is a slender, whisker like sensory organ near the mouth (sometimes called whiskers or tendrils). Fish that have barbels include the catfish, the carp, the goatfish, the hagfish, the sturgeon, the z ...

. The mouth is subterminal. These fish are lacking in

pelvic fin Pelvic fins or ventral fins are paired fins located on the ventral (belly) surface of fish, and are the lower of the only two sets of paired fins (the other being the laterally positioned pectoral fins). The pelvic fins are homologous to the hi ...

s. The

caudal fin Fins are moving appendages protruding from the body of fish that interact with water to generate thrust and help the fish swim. Apart from the tail or caudal fin, fish fins have no direct connection with the back bone and are supported only ...

is rounded. The caudal skeleton is compact and fused. ''Listura'' species grow to about 3.7–4.9

centimetre upright=1.35, Different lengths as in respect to the electromagnetic spectrum, measured by the metre and its derived scales. The microwave is in-between 1 meter to 1 millimeter. A centimetre (International spelling) or centimeter (American ...

s (1.5–1.9 in) SL.

Ecology

''Listrura'' occur in shallow-water leaf-litter deposits underlain by mud or deeper layers of leaf litter. ''Listrura'' inhabits extremely small, shallow, and temporary water bodies, marginal to main water courses covered with vegetation; no species of ''Listrura'' is known to occur in creeks or rivers, except apparently as stray or colonizing specimens. ''L. picinguabae'' inhabits narrow and shallow (about 20 cm or 12 in deep) streams in dense tropical forest; it is encountered buried in the litter bottom. ''L. tetraradiata'' has been found in small, clear water forest streams; these habitats are shallow (about 40 cm or 16 in deep), with large rocks on the banks and gravel and sand on the bottom. ''L. tetraradiata'' has been found to have

copepod Copepods (; meaning 'oar-feet') are a group of small crustaceans found in nearly every freshwater and saltwater habitat (ecology), habitat. Some species are planktonic (living in the water column), some are benthos, benthic (living on the sedimen ...

insect Insects (from Latin ') are Hexapoda, hexapod invertebrates of the class (biology), class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (Insect morphology#Head, head, ...

larva A larva (; : larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage. Animals with indirect development such as insects, some arachnids, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase ...

e, and

mite Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods) of two large orders, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari. However, most recent genetic analyses do not recover the two as eac ...

s in their stomach contents.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q6646584 Trichomycteridae Pencil catfish of Brazil Endemic fish of Brazil Freshwater fish genera Catfish genera