''Linothele'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of curtain web spiders that was first described by

Ferdinand Karsch Ferdinand Anton Franz Karsch (2 September 1853, in Münster – 20 December 1936, in Berlin) was a German arachnologist, entomologist and anthropologist. He also wrote on human and animal sexual diversity with his mother's maiden name included a ...

in 1879. All but one of the described species are from South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) and adjacent Panama. The exception is ''L. septentrionalis'' from the far-away

Bahamas The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an archipelagic and island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the Atlantic Ocean. It contains 97 per cent of the archipelago's land area and 88 per cent of its population. ...

, although it has certain features that suggest it may belong in another genus. ''Linothele'' females are stouter and tend to be more conspicuously colored than males. They make relatively complex webs that in most species are on or near the ground, mudbanks or rock walls (a few are

arboreal Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally (scansorial), but others are exclusively arboreal. The hab ...

), with females spending most of their life in a tunnel-like retreat. The male may wander and often inhabits a smaller web near a female's. The webs of ''Linothele'' species are commonly co-inhabited by tiny

kleptoparasitic Kleptoparasitism (originally spelt clepto-parasitism, meaning "parasitism by theft") is a form of feeding in which one animal deliberately takes food from another. The strategy is evolutionarily stable when stealing is less costly than direct fe ...

spiders of the genus ''

Mysmenopsis ''Mysmenopsis'' is a kleptoparasite, kleptoparasitic genus of tiny tropical and subtropical American spiders in the family Mysmenidae. Most live in the funnelwebs of spiders in the family Dipluridae. ''M. archeri'' lives on webs of a species in t ...

''.

Venom

In humans, bites from ''Linothele'' typically cause mild pain and a numbness/tingling feeling that can last for a few days. They are generally reluctant to bite and will attempt to flee, but some species, especially those from dry regions, tend to be more defensive. The venom of ''Linothele'' sp has a

LD-50 In toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for "lethal dose, 50%"), LC50 (lethal concentration, 50%) or LCt50 is a toxic unit that measures the lethal dose of a given substance. The value of LD50 for a substance is the dose requ ...

dose of 0.6 mg/kg in

laboratory mice The laboratory mouse or lab mouse is a small mammal of the order Rodentia which is bred and used for scientific research or feeders for certain pets. Laboratory animal sources for these mice are usually of the species ''Mus musculus''. They a ...

. Two toxins, both of low

molecular weight A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are held together by Force, attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions that satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemi ...

, were isolated in the venom, Ls1 and Ls2. These two toxins have been shown to be quite lethal to laboratory mice by injection into the cerebroventricular region. The lethal dose of Ls1 and Ls2 is 24 and 19 μg/kg respectively, both toxins represent 0.21% and 0.43% of the weight of the whole venom.

Species

it contains 67 species: *'' Linothele abispa'' Sherwood, Drolshagen, Osorio, Benavides & Seiter, 2023 – Peru *'' Linothele agelenoides'' Bäckstam, Drolshagen & Seiter, 2023 – Colombia *''

Linothele alausi ''Linothele'' is a genus of curtain web spiders that was first described by Ferdinand Karsch in 1879. All but one of the described species are from South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) and adjacent Panama. The e ...

'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele amazonica'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele anabellecitae'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele angamarca'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele archidona'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele banos'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele canirasi'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele carchi'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele cavicola'' Goloboff, 1994 – Ecuador *'' Linothele cayambe'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *''

Linothele condor ''Linothele'' is a genus of Dipluridae, curtain web spiders that was first described by Ferdinand Karsch in 1879. All but one of the described species are from South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) and adjacent Pa ...

'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *''

Linothele cornigera ''Linothele'' is a genus of curtain web spiders that was first described by Ferdinand Karsch in 1879. All but one of the described species are from South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) and adjacent Panama. The e ...

'' Penaherrera-R., Guerrero-Campoverde, Leon-E., Pinos-Sanchez & Cisneros-Heredia, 2023 – Ecuador *''

Linothele costenita ''Linothele'' is a genus of curtain web spiders that was first described by Ferdinand Karsch in 1879. All but one of the described species are from South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) and adjacent Panama. The e ...

'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *''

Linothele cristata ''Linothele'' is a genus of curtain web spiders that was first described by Ferdinand Karsch in 1879. All but one of the described species are from South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) and adjacent Panama. The e ...

'' (Mello-Leitão, 1945) – Brazil *'' Linothele cuencana'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele curvitarsis'' Karsch, 1879 (

type Type may refer to: Science and technology Computing * Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc. * Data type, collection of values used for computations. * File type * TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file. * ...

) – Venezuela *'' Linothele darien'' Wermelinger-Moreira, Castanheira & Baptista, 2024 – Panama *''

Linothele fallax ''Linothele'' is a genus of curtain web spiders that was first described by Ferdinand Karsch in 1879. All but one of the described species are from South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) and adjacent Panama. The e ...

'' (Mello-Leitão, 1926) – Bolivia, Brazil *'' Linothele gaboi'' Osorio, Benavides, Sherwood, Drolshagen & Seiter, 2023 – Colombia *'' Linothele gaujoni'' (Simon, 1889) – Ecuador *'' Linothele guacamayos'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele gualaquiza'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele guallupe'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele ilinizas'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele ireneae'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele jarrini'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele jatunsacha'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele javieri'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele jelskii'' ( F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) – Peru *'' Linothele kaysi'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele lacocha'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele lloa'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele longicauda'' (Ausserer, 1871) – Ecuador *'' Linothele macrothelifera''

Strand Strand or The Strand may refer to: Topography *The flat area of land bordering a body of water, a: ** Beach ** Shoreline * Strand swamp, a type of swamp habitat in Florida Places Africa * Strand, Western Cape, a seaside town in South Africa * ...

, 1908 – Colombia *'' Linothele megatheloides'' Paz & Raven, 1990 – Colombia *'' Linothele milleri'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele molleturo'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele monticolens'' (Chamberlin, 1916) – Peru *'' Linothele mubii'' Nicoletta, Ochoa, Chaparro & Ferretti, 2022 – Peru *'' Linothele otokiki'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele otoyacu'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele paulistana'' (Mello-Leitão, 1924) – Brazil *'' Linothele peguche'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele podocarpus'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele pomona'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele pristirana'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele pseudoquori'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele pukachumpi'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2015 – Ecuador *'' Linothele quori'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2015 – Ecuador *'' Linothele rionegro'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele septentrionalis'' Drolshagen & Bäckstam, 2021 – Bahamas *'' Linothele sericata'' (Karsch, 1879) – Colombia *'' Linothele sexfasciata'' (Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945) – Venezuela *'' Linothele sigchila'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *''

Linothele spinosa ''Linothele'' is a genus of curtain web spiders that was first described by Ferdinand Karsch in 1879. All but one of the described species are from South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) and adjacent Panama. The e ...

'' Drolshagen & Bäckstam, 2021 – Peru *'' Linothele troncal'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *''

Linothele tsachilas ''Linothele'' is a genus of Dipluridae, curtain web spiders that was first described by Ferdinand Karsch in 1879. All but one of the described species are from South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) and adjacent Pa ...

'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2015 – Ecuador *'' Linothele uniformis'' Drolshagen & Bäckstam, 2021 – Peru *'' Linothele uvalino'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele victoria'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele wallacei'' Sherwood, Drolshagen, Osorio, Benavides & Seiter, 2023 – Peru *'' Linothele wiwa'' Osorio, Benavides, Sherwood, Drolshagen & Seiter, 2023 – Colombia *'' Linothele yanachanka'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2015 – Ecuador *'' Linothele yunguilla'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2023 – Ecuador *'' Linothele zaia'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2015 – Ecuador

References

Dipluridae Mygalomorphae genera Taxa named by Ferdinand Karsch {{Dipluridae-stub