''Lingulodinium polyedra'' is a species of motile photosynthetic dinoflagellates. ''L. polyedra'' are often the cause of red tides in southern California, leading to bioluminescent displays on beaches at night.

Life cycle

As part of its life cycle, this species produces a resting stage, a

dinoflagellate cyst Dinocysts or dinoflagellate cysts are typically 15 to 100 μm in diameter and produced by dinoflagellates as a dormant, zygotic stage of their lifecycle, which can accumulate in the sediments as microfossils. Organic-walled dinocysts are often ...

called ''

Lingulodinium machaerophorum ''Lingulodinium polyedra'' is a species of motile photosynthetic dinoflagellates. ''L. polyedra'' are often the cause of red tides in southern California, leading to bioluminescent displays on beaches at night. Life cycle As part of its life cyc ...

'' (synonym '' Hystrichosphaeridium machaerophorum''). This cyst was first described by Deflandre and Cookson in 1955 from the Miocene of Balcombe Bay, Victoria, Australia as: "Shell globular, subsphaerical or ellipsoidal with a rigid membrane, more brittle than deformable, covered with numerous long, stiff, conical, pointed processes resembling the blade of a dagger. Surface of shell granular or punctate." Its stratigraphic range is the Upper Paleocene of eastern USA and Denmark till Recent. Organic-walled

dinocyst Dinocysts or dinoflagellate cysts are typically 15 to 100 μm in diameter and produced by dinoflagellates as a dormant, zygotic stage of their lifecycle, which can accumulate in the sediments as microfossils. Organic-walled dinocysts are often ...

morphology is shown to be controlled by changes in salinity and temperature in some species, more particularly process length variation (processes are sometimes called spines, but that is incorrect because they are not necessarily pointy). This morphological variation is known for ''

'' from culture experiments, and study of surface sediments. The morphological variation of process lengths can be applied for the reconstruction of

salinity Salinity () is the saltiness or amount of salt (chemistry), salt dissolved in a body of water, called saline water (see also soil salinity). It is usually measured in g/L or g/kg (grams of salt per liter/kilogram of water; the latter is dimensio ...

. Process length variation of ''Lingulodinium machaerophorum'' has been used to reconstruct Black Sea salinity variation.

Toxicity

''Lingulodinium polyedra'' has been related to production of

yessotoxin Yessotoxins are a group of lipophilic, sulfur bearing polyether toxins that are related to ciguatoxins. They are produced by a variety of dinoflagellates, most notably '' Lingulodinium polyedrum'' and '' Gonyaulax spinifera''. When the environm ...

s (YTXs), a group of structurally related polyether toxins, which can accumulate in shellfish.

Luminescence

''Lingulodinium polyedra'' are easily visible under 100x magnification (use the 10x or "scanning" objective on most compound microscopes) and their scintillons luminescence in response to surface tension and acidity. Luminescence is under circadian regulation, peaking at night. Because of this obvious rhythms (and also due to the fact that most its activities, physiological and molecular, are rhythmic) ''L. polyedra'' has been a model organism for studying clocks in single cells.Hastings JW. 2008. The Gonyaulax clock at 50: translational control of circadian expression. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2007;72:141-4. doi: 10.1101/sqb.2007.72.026

Gallery

File:Lingulodinium scanning electron micrograph.tif, Ventral view of ''Lingulodinium polyedra'' as observed by a scanning electron microscope. Cell diameter is roughly 40 micrometers. File:L Polyedrum Bioluminescing at La Jolla beach.JPG, ''L. polyedra'' Bioluminescing at Scripps Institution of Oceanography on September 29, 2011 (exposure: 1 sec / F2.8 / ISO 6400) File:Lingulodinium polyedrum bioluminescing in surf.jpg, ''L. polyedra'' in the surf off Solana Beach, California on 25 September 2011. (Exposure: 3 sec / f4 / ISO 3200 / f 210 mm)

References

External links

North County Times interview of Dr Franks regarding L polyedrumbiochemistry of scintillons
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1664715 Gonyaulacales Species described in 1989