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Linda Carter Sobell, Ph.D., ABPP, is the ''President's Distinguished Professor'' at
Nova Southeastern University Nova Southeastern University (NSU) is a Private university, private research university in Florida with its main campus in Fort Lauderdale-Davie, Florida, Davie, Florida, United States. The university consists of 14 colleges, offering over ...
(NSU) in
Fort Lauderdale, Florida Fort Lauderdale ( ) is a coastal city located in the U.S. state of Florida, north of Miami along the Atlantic Ocean. It is the county seat of and most populous city in Broward County, Florida, Broward County with a population of 182,760 at the ...
. She is a professor of clinical psychology, addiction specialist, co-director of NSU's Guided Self-Change clinic, a Motivational Interviewing Trainer, and is board-certified in cognitive and behavioral psychology. Sobell has been recognized for her research in the addictions field including brief motivational interventions, self-change, and the Timeline Followback. She is a Fellow in the
American Psychological Association The American Psychological Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychologists in the United States, and the largest psychological association in the world. It has over 170,000 members, including scientists, educators, clin ...
,
Canadian Psychological Association The Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) is the primary organization representing psychologists throughout Canada. It was organized in 1939 and incorporated under the Canada Corporations Act, Part II, in May 1950. Its objectives are to imp ...
, American Association of Applied and Preventive Psychology, and the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy. Sobell is the former president of the Society of Clinical Psychology of the APA and
Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies The Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT) was founded in 1966. Its headquarters are in New York City and its membership includes researchers, psychologists, psychiatrists, physicians, social workers, marriage and family thera ...
.


Education

Sobell earned her Ph.D. in psychology from the
University of California at Irvine The University of California, Irvine (UCI or UC Irvine) is a public land-grant research university in Irvine, California, United States. One of the ten campuses of the University of California system, UCI offers 87 undergraduate degrees and 129 ...
in 1976 with a dissertation entitled "The validity of self-reports: Towards a predictive model". Before that, she had earned a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology and Linguistics as a double major in 1970, followed by a Master of Arts in Social Sciences in 1974, all from the
University of California at Irvine The University of California, Irvine (UCI or UC Irvine) is a public land-grant research university in Irvine, California, United States. One of the ten campuses of the University of California system, UCI offers 87 undergraduate degrees and 129 ...
.


Certifications, Credentials and Licensures

1976–1979 Certified Professional Counselor, Professional Alcohol & Drug Counselors of Tennessee, Certificate No. 119 1977–1980 Certified Substance Abuse Counselor, Tennessee Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation, Certificate No. 0 026 1978–1981 Licensed Psychologist, Tennessee. Certificate No. P.645 1981–1997 Registered Psychologist, Ontario (Canada). Certificate No.1478 1996–2014 Fellow, American Academy of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology. 1996–present Board Certified in Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology, American Board of Professional Psychology. Diploma Number 4789, awarded 12/04/96. 1997–present Licensed Psychologist, Florida. License No. PY 0005690. 1999–present MINT (Motivational Interviewing Network of Trainers) Trainer.


Awards

* President's Distinguished Professor at
Nova Southeastern University Nova Southeastern University (NSU) is a Private university, private research university in Florida with its main campus in Fort Lauderdale-Davie, Florida, Davie, Florida, United States. The university consists of 14 colleges, offering over ...
* 2006
Betty Ford Elizabeth Anne Ford (; formerly Warren; April 8, 1918 – July 8, 2011) was First Lady of the United States from 1974 to 1977, as the wife of President Gerald Ford. As first lady, she was active in social policy, and set a precedent as a politi ...
Award from the Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse (AMERSA) * Norman E. Zinberg Memorial Lecture Award * 2014 Jellinek Memorial Award from the Jellinek Memorial Fund :: ''for outstanding contributions to knowledge in the field of alcohol studies'' * 2008 Charles C. Shepard Science Award from the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the National public health institutes, national public health agency of the United States. It is a Federal agencies of the United States, United States federal agency under the United S ...
and the
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is a federal public health agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The agency focuses on minimizing human health risks associated with exposure to hazar ...
:: ''for the most outstanding peer-reviewed research paper prevention and control by CDC scientists'' * 2010 Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Clinical Psychology Award, Society of Clinical Psychology of
American Psychological Association The American Psychological Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychologists in the United States, and the largest psychological association in the world. It has over 170,000 members, including scientists, educators, clin ...
* 2018 Lifetime Achievement Award,
Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies The Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT) was founded in 1966. Its headquarters are in New York City and its membership includes researchers, psychologists, psychiatrists, physicians, social workers, marriage and family thera ...
, Addictive Behaviors Special Interest Group


Timeline Followback (TLFB)

Sobell began using the Timeline Followback (TLFB) method in her research in the 1970's, publishing evidence of the TLFB's validity and reliability for alcohol use through the 70's and 80's. In 1992, Linda published the user manual describing the approach and validation work for the TLFB as applied to alcohol use patterns Since then, the TLFB has been expanded as an assessment for cannabis, cocaine, smoking, and other substance use behaviors. The TLFB is one of the most highly regarded psychometric methods for obtaining retrospective reports of substance use behaviors. Both the FDA and European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction recommend the TLFB for measuring alcohol use. The TLFB is a semi-structured interview that uses a calendar prompt and other memory aids (e.g., holidays, payday, and other personally relevant dates) to facilitate accurate recall of the number of drinks (or substance use occasions) consumed each day during a given target period (e.g.,7– 28 days). In alcohol clinical trials, the TLFB is administered at baseline (e.g. with a 30- to 90-day recall period) and then multiple times during the treatment period (often weekly, biweekly, or monthly, depending on the length of the trial). A variety of drinking endpoints can be derived from the daily number of drinks captured by the TLFB; these include the FDA-recommended endpoints (percentage of subjects abstinent and the percentage of subjects with no heavy drinking days), as well as the new World Health Organization (WHO) risk drinking endpoints, among others (e.g. percent drinking days, percent heavy drinking days, drinks per day, and drinks per drinking day).


Guided Self-Change Treatment Model for Substance Use

Drs. Linda Sobell and Mark Sobell established the Guided Self-Change (GSC) model for treating substance use disorders while working as professors at the University of Toronto, Canada in 1984. The GSC is a brief, motivational cognitive-behavioral harm reduction treatment designed to offer an alternative to abstinent only treatment programs such as
Alcoholics Anonymous Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is a global, peer-led Mutual aid, mutual-aid fellowship focused on an abstinence-based recovery model from alcoholism through its spiritually inclined twelve-step program. AA's Twelve Traditions, besides emphasizing anon ...
or 12 steps. The GSC approach has been shown to improve recovery outcomes in several clinical trials and was recognized by the Surgeon General's report on ''Facing Addiction in America'' (November 2016) as an appropriate treatment for individuals who have mild alcohol or drug problems. By the 1970's a considerable amount of research began to appear demonstrating that alcohol problems occurred on a continuum ranging from mild to severe, mild cases of alcohol problems were more prevalent than severe cases, and alcohol problems were not necessarily progressive (i.e., problems did not always worsen without treatment or intervention). At the time, the traditional views held that 'low-severity' alcohol problems were simply in the 'early stages' of an irreversible course to severe 'alcoholism' which required anyone with any alcohol problems to be treated with intensive-inpatient facilities. However, research did not endorse that view or the efficacy of such expensive, disruptive, and intensive treatment programs for all alcohol users which inspired the Sobells to develop a cheaper, briefer, and less disruptive treatment program that more people could benefit from. Drawing from research in England on brief interventions for individuals with alcohol use disorder (Orford & Edwards, 1977; Orford, Oppenheimer, & Edwards, 1976), their own work on 'natural recovery' (i.e., recovery from alcohol use problems without formalized treatment; L. C. Sobell, Sobell, & Toneatto, 1992), and emerging work on motivational interviewing (MI) to change behavior (Miller, 1983), the Sobells started to form a new theoretical and treatment model for alcohol use. One of the most innovative aspects of the GSC model and treatment program is the incorporation of moderation and
harm reduction Harm reduction, or harm minimization, refers to a range of intentional practices and public health policies designed to lessen the negative social and/or physical consequences associated with various human behaviors, both legal and illegal. H ...
goals over abstinence only. The research at the time suggested that individuals with alcohol related problems preferred non-abstinence goals and that treatments allowing for moderation would increase their motivation to seek treatment than the abstinence only treatment as usual options of the time. By extension, another important difference of the GSC approach is the conceptualization of 'relapse prevention'. Where abstinent only models treat any post-quit drink as a treatment failure which occur due to a lack of skills, the GSC approach assumes that most people have the skills and resources to achieve a successful outcome (as defined by the client) and the goal of treatment is to mobilize those skills. According to the Sobells:
"Although GSC is similar to other cognitive-behavioral brief interventions for alcohol problems, it also is unique in several ways. First, GSC explicitly allows clients to choose their goal. Second, it routinely uses self-monitoring logs as a clinical procedure, for data collection, and to provide clients feedback in terms of changes in substance use. Third, it includes a cognitive relapse prevention component to provide a realistic perspective on recovery and management of goal violations. Fourth, it is flexible rather than being fixed in its structure (clients can request additional sessions after basic sessions have been completed). Fifth, it includes a planned after care telephone contact 1 month after the last treatment session. Finally, GSC uses brief readings for its decisional balance and problem-solving components. The GSC approach has been refined and extended to various populations and settings over the years. However, the following elements have been used in most GSC studies: (a) a motivational interviewing style, (b) provision of personalized feedback, (c) brief readings and homework assignments (e.g., decisional balance, problem solving), (d) self-monitoring of substance use, (e) clients select their own goals (with the exception of clients mandated to treatment), and (f) cognitive relapse prevention."


Guided Self-Change Healthy Lifestyles Program

From the Guided Self-Change Healthy Lifestyles Program Website:
"The Guided Self-Change (GSC) Healthy Lifestyles outpatient program at Nova Southeastern University's (NSU) College of Psychology offers a unique short-term, evidence-based, non-12 step alternative treatment not available elsewhere in Florida. The GSCC program has been recognized in the Surgeon General's report Facing Addiction in America (November 2016) as an appropriate treatment for individuals who have mild alcohol or drug problems. It also is included  the American Psychological Association's (APA) Division 12 (Society of Clinical Psychology) website listing of Empirically Supported Treatments." "Services are offered for individuals concerned about their use of alcohol, other drugs (prescribed and non-prescribed), and tobacco products. The program also offers services for individuals who want to develop a healthier lifestyle, lose weight, exercise more, quit smoking cigarettes, quit gambling, deal with sleep difficulties, and reduce internet or video game use. This evidence-based, motivational harm reduction program empowers people to take responsibility for their own change and utilize personal strengths for setting and achieving goals." Though developed in English, services have since been translated to be administered in Spanish. The number of sessions is variable and is determined by individual needs.


Books

All by Linda Carter Sobell and Mark B. Sobell unless stated: *
Group Therapy for Substance Use Disorders: A Motivational Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
' (2011),
Guilford Press Guilford Press or Guilford Publications, Inc. is a New York City-based independent publisher founded in 1973 that specializes in publishing books and journals in psychology, psychiatry, the behavioral sciences, education, geography, and research ...
, *
Assessing Alcohol Problems Using Motivational Interviewing
' (2008 DVD), APA Psychotherapy Training Videos, *
Problem Drinkers: Guided Self-Change Treatment
' (1993) The Guilford Press / Free Psychotherapy eBooks (International Psychotherapy Institute), *
Emerging Concepts of Alcohol Dependence
' with Pattison, E. Mansell (2nd, 1977), New York: Springer Pub. Co., *
Behavioral Treatment of Alcohol Problems: Individualized Therapy and Controlled Drinking
' (1977), New York:
Springer Science+Business Media Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing. Originally founded in 1842 in ...
, *
Evaluating Alcohol and Drug Abuse Treatment Effectiveness: Recent for Alcohol Problems: A Dialogue
' with Elliott Ward (1980)
Elsevier Inc. Elsevier ( ) is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. Its products include journals such as ''The Lancet'', ''Cell'', the ScienceDirect collection of electronic journals, ''Trends'', the ...
,


See also

*
Harm reduction Harm reduction, or harm minimization, refers to a range of intentional practices and public health policies designed to lessen the negative social and/or physical consequences associated with various human behaviors, both legal and illegal. H ...
* Guided self-change * Timeline Followback


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sobell, Linda C. American women psychologists Nova Southeastern University faculty University of California, Irvine alumni Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American women academics 21st-century American women American clinical psychologists 21st-century American psychologists