Limnonectes

''Limnonectes'' is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of about 75 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally. They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or absent in other frogs.

Habitat

These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of ''Limnonectes'' may occupy the same area in harmony. Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described.

Lifecycle

Tadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions. Most species (e.g. Blyth's river frog ''L. blythii'' or the fanged river frog ''L. macrodon'') develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food.
The tadpoles of the corrugated frog (''L. laticeps'') are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs. Before, '' L. limborgi'' was assumed to have direct development (eggs hatching as tiny, full-formed frogs), but more careful observations have showed it has free-swimming but endotrophic larvae; this probably applies to the closely related '' L. hascheanus'', too. '' L. larvaepartus'' is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles. Parental care is performed by males.

Species

* '' Limnonectes acanthi'' (Taylor, 1923) – Busuanga wart frog
* '' Limnonectes arathooni'' (Smith, 1927) – Djikoro wart frog; (Endangered)
* '' Limnonectes asperatus''
* '' Limnonectes bannaensis'' Ye, Fei, Xie & Jiang, 2007
* '' Limnonectes beloncioi'' Herr, Vallejos, Meneses, Abraham, Otterholt, Siler, Rico & Brown, 2021 – Mindoro fanged frog
* '' Limnonectes blythii'' – Blyth's river frog, giant Asian river frog
* '' Limnonectes cintalubang'' (Matsui, Nishikawa & Eto, 2014)
* '' Limnonectes coffeatus'' Phimmachak, Sivongxay, Seateun, Yodthong, Rujirawan, Neang, Aowphol, and Stuart, 2018
* '' Limnonectes conspicillatus'' (Günther, 1872)
* '' Limnonectes dabanus''
* ''Limnonectes dammermani'' – Dammerman's wart frog
* '' Limnonectes deinodon'' Dehling, 2014
* '' Limnonectes diuatus'' – eastern Mindanao frog, Tagibo wart frog
* ''Limnonectes doriae'' – Burmese wart frog, Doria's frog, or red stream frog
* '' Limnonectes fastigatus'' Stuart, Schoen, Nelson, Maher, Neang, Rowley & McLeod, 2020
* '' Limnonectes ferneri''
* '' Limnonectes finchi'' – Finch's wart frog
* '' Limnonectes fragilis''
* '' Limnonectes fujianensis''
* '' Limnonectes grunniens''
* '' Limnonectes gyldenstolpei''
* '' Limnonectes hascheanus'' (sometimes separated in ''Taylorana'')
* '' Limnonectes heinrichi''
* '' Limnonectes hikidai'' Matsui & Nishikawa, 2014
* ''Limnonectes ibanorum''
* ''Limnonectes ingeri''
* ''Limnonectes isanensis'' McLeod, Kelly, and Barley, 2012
* ''Limnonectes jarujini'' Matsui ''et al.'', 2010
* '' Limnonectes kadarsani''
* '' Limnonectes kenepaiensis''
* '' Limnonectes khammonensis''
* '' Limnonectes khasianus''
* '' Limnonectes kiziriani'' Pham, Le, Ngo, Ziegler, and Nguyen, 2018
* '' Limnonectes kohchangae''
* '' Limnonectes kong'' Dehling and Dehling, 2017
* ''Limnonectes kuhlii'' – Kuhl's Creek frog, large-headed frog
* '' Limnonectes larvaepartus''
* '' Limnonectes lauhachindai'' (Aowphol, Rujirawan, Taksintum, Chuaynkern & Stuart. 2015)
* '' Limnonectes leporinus'' – giant river frog
* '' Limnonectes leytensis'' – small disked frog, swamp frog
* '' Limnonectes limborgi''
* '' Limnonectes liui'' (Yang, 1983)
* '' Limnonectes longchuanensis'' (Suwannapoom, Yuan, Sullivan & McLeod, 2016)
* '' Limnonectes macrocephalus'' – Luzon fanged frog
* '' Limnonectes macrodon'' (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) – fanged river frog, Javan giant frog, Malaya wart frog, stone creek frog
* '' Limnonectes macrognathus''
* ''Limnonectes magnus'' (Stejneger, 1910) – giant Philippine frog, large swamp frog, Mindanao fanged frog
* '' Limnonectes malesianus'' – Malesian frog, peat swamp frog
* ''Limnonectes mawlyndipi''
* ''Limnonectes megastomias'' McLeod, 2008
* '' Limnonectes micrixalus''
* '' Limnonectes microdiscus''
* ''Limnonectes microtympanum''
* '' Limnonectes mocquardi'' (Mocquard, 1890)
* '' Limnonectes modestus''
* ''Limnonectes namiyei'' – Namiye's frog
* '' Limnonectes nguyenorum''
* '' Limnonectes nitidus''
* '' Limnonectes palavanensis''
* ''Limnonectes paramacrodon''
* '' Limnonectes parvus'' – Philippine small-disked frog
* '' Limnonectes plicatellus''
* '' Limnonectes poilani''
* ''Limnonectes quangninhensis'' Pham, Le, Nguyen, Ziegler, Wu, and Nguyen, 2017
* '' Limnonectes rhacoda''
* ''Limnonectes savan'' Phimmachak, Richards, Sivongxay, Seateun, Chuaynkern, Makchai, Som & Stuart, 2019
* '' Limnonectes selatan'' Matsui, Belabut, and Ahmad, 2014
* ''Limnonectes shompenorum''
* '' Limnonectes sinuatodorsalis'' Matsui, 2015
* ''Limnonectes sisikdagu'' McLeod, Horner, Husted, Barley, and Iskandar, 2011
* '' Limnonectes taylori'' Matsui ''et al.'', 2010
* ''Limnonectes timorensis'' (Smith, 1927)
* ''Limnonectes tweediei''
* '' Limnonectes utara'' Matsui, Belabut, and Ahmad, 2014
* '' Limnonectes visayanus'' – giant Visayan frog
* '' Limnonectes woodworthi'' – Woodworth's frog

Phylogeny

Pyron & Wiens (2011)

The following phylogeny of ''Limnonectes'' is from Pyron & Wiens (2011). 35 species are included. ''Limnonectes'' is a sister group of ''Nanorana''.

Aowphol, et al. (2015)

The following ''Limnonectes'' phylogeny is from Aowphol, et al. (2015). 20 species are included.

McLeod, et al. (2015)

Below is a phylogeny of species within the '' L. kuhlii'' species complex (McLeod, et al. 2015). '' Limnonectes longchuanensis'', '' Limnonectes hikidai'', and '' Limnonectes cintalubang''Matsui, Nishikawa, and Eto, 2014, Raffles Bull. Zool., Singapore, 62: 681. Holotype: KUHE 47859, by original designation. Type locality: "Ranchan, Serian, Samarahan Division, Sarawak, East Malaysia (01° 08′ 30″ N, 110° 34′ 57″ E, 64 m asl)". http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9C21B7C4-27AD-4103-89C0-513D2E80106C are also part of the ''L. kuhlii'' species complex.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2288011

Dicroglossidae
Amphibians of Asia
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger