Robert W. Lichtwardt (November 27, 1924 – February 9, 2018) was a Brazilian-born American

mycologist Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their taxonomy, genetics, biochemical properties, and use by humans. Fungi can be a source of tinder, food, traditional medicine, as well as entheogens, poison, and ...

specializing in the study of arthropod-associated, gut-dwelling fungi (

trichomycetes Trichomycetes refers to a group of fungi in the division Zygomycota that grow in the guts of arthropods living in aquatic habitats. The name is obsolete, having not been validly published. Species formerly placed in the Trichomycetes are now place ...

). He is known for his online monograph and interactive keys to trichomycete taxa.

Family life

Lichtwardt was born in

Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the Rio de Janeiro (state), state of Rio de Janeiro. It is the List of cities in Brazil by population, second-most-populous city in Brazil (after São Paulo) and the Largest cities in the America ...

, Brazil to American parents, and consequently had dual citizenship to both countries. As a child he made only a few trips to the U.S. with his parents, graduating from the American School of Rio de Janeiro high school in 1941 but permanently relocating to the US to attend college in 1945. When World War II began, he served for several years at the Embassy in a disbursing position at the Naval Operating Base for the South Atlantic in Rio.Pickett, Calder M. 1995. An interview with Robert Lichtwardt. KU Retirees’ Club Oral History Project, University of Kansas, http://www.kuonlinedirectory.org/endacott/data/OralHistoryTranscripts/LichtwardtRobert.pdf

Education

After moving to Ohio in 1945, Lichtwardt began his undergraduate studies at

Oberlin College Oberlin College is a Private university, private Liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts college and conservatory of music in Oberlin, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1833, it is the oldest Mixed-sex education, coeducational lib ...

and graduated in 1949 with a Bachelor of Arts degree.Lichtwardt, R.W. (2009, October 22). Robert W. Lichtwardt Curriculum Vitae. Retrieved from www.nhm.ku.edu/~fungi/CV%20Lichtwardt%2010-22-09.doc. After taking a field biology course taught by George T. Jones, Lichtwardt decided to pursue a master's degree in botany, with an emphasis in Mycology, at the

University of Illinois The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC, U of I, Illinois, or University of Illinois) is a public university, public land-grant university, land-grant research university in the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area, Illinois, United ...

. He received his M.S. in 1951, and then his Ph.D. in 1954 both in Botany with a Mycology emphasis. His Ph.D. advisor was

Leland Shanor Leland Shanor (July 21, 1914 – March 31, 1993) was an American mycologist and botanist. He married mycologist Mary Williams Ward Shanor on June 20, 1940, in Burgaw, North Carolina. They had two sons. Charles was born in 1946 and Paul in 1949. Ou ...

, who suggested trichomycetes as a study subject.Lichtwardt, R. W. 1954. Three species of Eccrinales inhabiting the hindguts of millipedes, with comments on the Eccrinids as a group. Mycologia, 46: 564–585. Specifically, Lichtwardt focused his research on species of ''Enterobryus''. ''Enterobryus'' species are millipede gut-associated microorganisms that were confirmed as non-fungal protists in 2005, but share morphological traits with the fungal trichomycetes. Collections of millipede hosts used in Lichtwardt's thesis research were made at the University of Michigan Biological Station, Douglas Lake, Michigan, the Highlands Biological Station, Highlands, North Carolina, and from Champaign County, Illinois While taking an undergraduate course in field biology at Oberlin, Lichtwardt met his future wife Betty Thomas. They were married in 1951 and have two children

Career

Lichtwardt was among the first to receive the newly offered post-doctoral fellowships from the

National Science Foundation The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) is an Independent agencies of the United States government#Examples of independent agencies, independent agency of the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government that su ...

in 1954. He used the funds to pursue field work in Panama and the Amazon region of Brazil. Up to that point, trichomycete collections had been made almost entirely from Europe and North America and Lichtwardt was motivated to discover more about the diversity and biogeography of trichomycetes in the tropics. In 1955 he obtained a post-doctoral position at the

University of Iowa The University of Iowa (U of I, UIowa, or Iowa) is a public university, public research university in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. Founded in 1847, it is the oldest and largest university in the state. The University of Iowa is organized int ...

that was offered for three years, but after two years he left to accept a position as an assistant professor at the

University of Kansas The University of Kansas (KU) is a public research university with its main campus in Lawrence, Kansas, United States. Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area on the Kansas side: the university's medical school and hospital ...

where he spent the remainder of his career. He rose quickly to associate professor in 1960 and then professor in 1965. He twice served as chairman of the Department of Botany: 1971–74 and 1981–84. He officially retired at the end of 1995 and has served as professor emeritus since that time. At Kansas, he taught botany, mycology, plant pathology, and medical mycology. He mentored 16 Ph.D. students and 12 Master's students.White, M.M. 2015. Merlin White honors Robert Lichtwardt by establishing a research grant. Inoculum, Supplement to Mycologia, 66: 13. He has published over 150 papers, contributed to several book chapters, and written a monograph of the trichomycetesLichtwardt, R. W. 1986. ''The Trichomycetes: Fungal Associates of Arthropods''. Springer-Verlag, New York. 343 pp. that was published online in 2001; it includes an interactive key for identifying species that is now curated by D.B. Strongman at Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. His research is broadly involved with the evolution, ecology, biogeography, and diversity of trichomycetes. He pioneered studies in the tropics, expanded work on marine taxa, and collaborated internationally with various mycologists.

Research

Lichtwardt's (author abbreviation Lichtw.) work led to over 100 taxon descriptions, including validation (along with one of his French collaborators, Manier) of the order Harpellales that circumscribes nearly all species of trichomycetes. Some examples are: '' Arundinula abyssicola]'' Van Dover & Lichtwardt, 198

This protist species was collected from the guts of squat lobsters living around deep sea hydrothermal vents (~2,600 m depth) at the Galapagos Rift and East Pacific Rise. This is one of only two deep water collections of trichomycetes ''Austrosmittium ''Lichtwardt & Williams, 199

This fungal genus was originally described from South Island, New Zealand, and all other species have so far been collected only from the Southern Hemisphere. ''Trichozygospora chironomidarum'

Lichtwardt, 1972: This species has been collected from hosts in cold, mountainous streams in the

Grand Teton National Park Grand Teton National Park is a national park of the United States in northwestern Wyoming. At approximately , the park includes the major peaks of the Teton Range as well as most of the northern sections of the valley known as Jackson Hole. G ...

, Wyoming, the Abiskojåkka river some 125 miles north of the Arctic Circle in Sweden, and a stream draining from the Steingletscher glacier in Switzerland. From collections in various geographic locations, Lichtwardt proposed two main hypotheses regarding historical trichomycete distributions: First, that “ancestral trichomycetes began to adapt to arthropod gut habitation shortly after insects began to evolve in aquatic habitats some 250 to 190 million years BP.” Second, that trichomycetes were associated with their arthropod hosts prior to the breakup of

Pangea Pangaea or Pangea ( ) was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. It assembled from the earlier continental units of Gondwana, Euramerica and Siberia (continent), Siberia during the Carboniferous period ...

, thus accounting for the cosmopolitan distribution of some species and genera. In addition to taxonomy, he contributed to the methodologies important for the study of trichomycetes. He grew over 150 trichomycete isolates in axenic culture, a critical step for experimental studies on nutritional modes and mating types as well as molecular and ultrastructural analyses.

Professional societies

Source: *

Mycological Society of America Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their taxonomy, genetics, biochemical properties, and use by humans. Fungi can be a source of tinder, food, traditional medicine, as well as entheogens, poison, ...

(Honorary Life Member) (President of the Society, 1971 72; Editor-in-Chief of ''

MYCOLOGIA ''Mycologia'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes papers on all aspects of the fungi, including lichens. It first appeared as a bimonthly journal in January 1909, published by the New York Botanical Garden under the editorship of W ...

'', 1965–70; Councilor, 1963–65) *

Botanical Society of America The Botanical Society of America (BSA) represents professional and amateur botanists, researchers, educators and students in over 80 countries of the world. It functions as a United States nonprofit 501(c)(3) membership society. History The soc ...

(chairman, Microbiological Section, 1975–76) *

British Mycological Society The British Mycological Society is a learned society established in 1896 to promote the study of fungi. Formation The British Mycological Society (BMS) was formed by the combined efforts of two local societies: the Woolhope Naturalists' Fiel ...

(Centennial Fellow) * Japan Mycological Society (Honorary Member) * American Institute of Biological Sciences * Federation of American Scientists * Union of Concerned Scientists * Society of Sigma Xi * American Association of University Professors * Kansas Academy of Science (Managing Editor, ''Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science'', 1958–65; Council Member, 1973–74) * North American Mycological Association

Awards and honors

Source: * National Science Foundation Senior Postdoctoral Fellowship, 1963 1964 (Research in Japan and Hawaii) * Honorary Life Membership, Mycological Society of America, beginning 1973 * William H. Weston Award for Teaching Excellence in Mycology, Mycological Society of America, 1982 * Distinguished Mycologist Award for 1991, Mycological Society of America * Honorary Member, Mycological Society of Japan, 1995 * Centennial Fellow, British Mycological Society, 1996 * Robert W. Lichtwardt Student Research Award, Mycological Society of America, established by Merlin and Paula White, 2015

Selected publications

Lichtwardt, R. W. 1954. Morphological, cytological, and taxonomic observations on species of ''Enterobryus'' from the hindgut of certain millipedes and beetles. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois 241 pp. Horn, B. W., and Lichtwardt, R. W. 1981. Studies on the nutritional relationship of larval ''Aedes aegypti'' (Diptera: Culicidae) with ''Smittium culisetae'' (Trichomycetes). Mycologia 73: 724–740. Lichtwardt, R. W. 1986. ''The Trichomycetes: Fungal Associates of Arthropods''. Springer-Verlag, New York. 343 pp. Lichtwardt, R. W., and Williams, M. C. 1988. Discovery of sexual reproduction in an unusual new species of ''Stachylina'' (Trichomycetes). Mycologia 80: 400–405. Lichtwardt, R. W., and Williams, M. C. 1990. Trichomycete gut fungi in Australian aquatic larvae. Canadian Journal of Botany 68: 1057–1074. Lichtwardt, R. W. 1996. Trichomycetes and the arthropod gut. In: ''The Mycota, Animal and Human Relations''. D. Howard, and D. Miller, eds. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 315–330. Lichtwardt, R. W. 2000. Gut fungi of invertebrates, p. 83–85. In: ''Monteverde: ecology and conservation of a tropical cloud forest''. Nadkarni, N.M., and Wheelwright, N.T., eds. Oxford University Press, New York. 573 p. Lichtwardt, R.W. 2002. Trichomycetes: fungi in relationship with insects and other arthropods, pp. 575–588. In: ''Symbiosis: mechanisms and model systems''. J. Seckbach, ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Lichtwardt, R.W. 2012. Evolution of Trichomycetes. Chapter 5, p. 107–114. In: ''Systematics and evolution of fungi''. J.K. Misra, J.P. Tewari, S.K. Deshmukh, eds. 412 p. Lichtwardt. R.W. 2012. Trichomycete gut fungi from tropical regions of the world. Biodiversity and Conservation 21: 2397–2402.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lichtwardt, Robert W. American mycologists 2018 deaths 1924 births People from Rio de Janeiro (city) Oberlin College alumni University of Illinois alumni University of Kansas faculty Brazilian emigrants to the United States