''Leymus arenarius'' is a psammophilic (

sand Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is usually defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural ...

-loving) species of grass in the family

Poaceae Poaceae ( ), also called Gramineae ( ), is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos, the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivate ...

, native to the coasts of Atlantic and Northern

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

. ''Leymus arenarius'' is commonly known as sand ryegrass, sea lyme grass, or simply lyme grass.Sankiliuaq.
''Canada's Arctic: Nunavut.'' (retrieved 16 March 2009)

Taxonomy

''Leymus arenarius'' originated from the hybridization of ''L. racemosus'' and another unknown species in central Eurasia or from a polyploidization event. DNA analysis shows that inland and coastal plants are statistically not different from each other. ''L. arenarius'' is a relatively recent cultivar and has had little time to accumulate genetic differences. ''Leymus arenarius'' is much younger than its North American relative '' L. mollis'', which has been around since the Ice Age. Icelandic ''L. arenarius'' is molecularly uniform, and Polish ''L. arenarius'' is also reported to be molecularly uniform.

Distribution

''Leymus arenarius'' is native to the coasts of northern and western Europe. A closely related species, '' Leymus mollis'' (previously ''Elymus arenarius'' ssp. ''mollis'') is native to the northern coasts of North America.

Growth and development

Nitrogen

''Leymus arenarius'' can grow exponentially in terms of height and root development in the presence of nitrogen. ''L. arenarius'' is known to take up nitrogen into its root system. Increasing nitrogen concentrations can promote growth, as over time, the plant mass above the surface may not change, but nitrogen will accumulate in the root system. The roots themselves also retain nitrogen as they come in contact with it and the surrounding un-vegetated areas. This process aids in primary succession with surrounding flora and fauna, and helps reduce soil erosion. After volcanic events, ''L. arenarius'' contributes to the growth of dunes and their soil depth over time. Nitrogen also increases seed production, raising the seed yield by as much as 70% in Icelandic ''L. arenarius''. Seed density also increases with the addition of nitrogen, in comparison to phosphorus and potassium, which only produce marginal increases in both seed yield and density. Leaf size and density are similarly influenced by nutrient additions. Removing nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium resulted in a reduction of leaf mass by up to 20%. Nitrogen usage is a cost-effective strategy to increase abundance and effectiveness of ''L.arenarius''.

Fungi

''Leymus arenarius'' benefits from the presence of

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi An arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) (plural ''mycorrhizae'') is a type of mycorrhiza in which the symbiosis, symbiont fungus (''Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi'', or AMF) penetrates the Cortex (botany), cortical cells of the roots of a vascular plant f ...

. The presence of the fungi increases the ability of ''L. arenarius'' to have an extensive root system and to bind soil particles. When adding fungi in its natural habitat, more seeds survived and grew than without the fungi present.

Adaptability

''Leymus arenarius'' can easily adapt to a highly salinized area. When comparing the salt tolerances of Icelandic populations to the inland populations, the Icelandic populations exhibit a higher tolerance to salt. The trait for salt tolerance is heritable. The seeds of Icelandic populations germinated more effectively in the presence of high salt concentration compared to seeds from inland population. In Finland the same salinity tolerance is observed near roadsides, where salt is distributed every season during snowfall. The pH near roadsides is similar to the pH found near saltwater beaches.

Pathogene resistance

''Leymus arenarius'' has strong immunity to pathogens. A total of 160 transcripts for antimicrobial peptides are present in seedlings, with 30 transcripts encoding unique antimicrobial peptides. These peptides are not found in other plant species, and contribute to the plant's immune system, enhancing its resistance to wider range of pathogens compared to its relatives.

Uses

In Europe, the plant's stems are used for roof thatching and can be woven into a coarse fabric. The seeds were historically used as food. As early as the 18th century, the plant's extensive network of roots was utilized to stabilizing sands on northern coastal beaches.Sea Lyme Grass.
''Plant Guide.'' (retrieved 11 April 2009) In

Iceland Iceland is a Nordic countries, Nordic island country between the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe. It is culturally and politically linked with Europe and is the regi ...

, the grass was harvested as a wild grain as early as the 12th century.

Law

During the 17th century, under the reign of William III, the Scottish Parliament passed a law protecting ''Leymus arenarius''. In the 18th century, during the reign of George I, the British Parliament expanded this law to protect the plant along English coasts. The law even declared the cutting or possession of the grass to be a penal offense.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1426766 arenarius Grasses of Europe Flora of France Plants described in 1753 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus