Levico Terme

Levico Terme (''Levego'' in local dialect; ''Löweneck'' in German; ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) and a town in Trentino in the northern Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. As of 30 June 2012, it had a population of 7,668 and an area of .All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.

Geography

Levico Terme is located on the highest point of the Valsugana valley bottom, at above sea level, from Trento and about from Padua, on the banks of the Rio Maggiore brook, which is a tributary of Lake Levico, from which originates the Brenta River.

The town is dominated by the mountains of the Lagorai range on the north, with Monte Fronte, elevation , and Monte Panarotta (), and the zone of the Plateaus (Vezzena, Lavarone, Luserna, Folgaria) on the south, where Cima Vezzena, also locally called Pizzo di Levico , with its distinctive Austro-Hungarian fort on its top, and Cima Pegolara are located. To the west the Vigolana range can be seen past the lakes of Levico and Caldonazzo, and on the east the valley opens considerably, and the view extends beyond Borgo Valsugana.

The urbanised area is predominantly on the valley floor, with the main urban centre lying on the left side of the river Brenta along with the ''frazioni'' of Selva and Campiello, while on the right of the river lie the 'frazioni' of Barco, Santa Giuliana and Quaere. Other hamlets do not lie on the valley floor, though their population is low and often tied to seasonal activities such as tourism (Vetriolo Terme, ) or mountain activities such as logging, grazing and recreation (Passo Vezzena, ).

The municipality is traditionally divided into six ''rioni'' (quarters): Chiesa (north-west), Furo (north-east), Grande (south-west) and Cortina (southeast) in the main urban centre, Oltrebrenta comprising all the ''frazioni'' on the right bank of the Brenta (Barco, Santa Giuliana, Quaere), and Selva comprising the village of the same name and Campiello.

West of the city, above Lake Levico, lies Forte Col De Le Bene, an Austro-Hungarian fort, also known as Forte San Biagio, from the name of the hill it is built on.

History

Ancient history

Traces of the first inhabitants in the area can be dated back to the Iron Age, though the first organised settlement springs up during the Roman era.
The etymology of the name "Levico" is debated. The major theories make Levico derive from Celtic terms such as , or , signifying "border post/boundary marker", or from the barbaric gentilic ''Letta'', from which came ''Levi vicus'' then contracted into ''Levicus'', or from the Latin ''(praedium) Livicune'' ("Livius' farm", then vulgarised into ''Lievigo'' and ''Levigo'') or ''Laevus vicus'', "village left f the river. The Latin interpretations are the ones most agreed with, given the abundance of Latin terms in the topography of the municipality (such as Furo, from ''forum'').
Successive Lombard presence is also cited in various documents and found in some toponyms, such as ''Guizza'' (from , communal grazeland).

Bishopric of Trent

In 1027, the territory of Levico passed under the Bishopric of Trent, established with Conrad II's donation to Bishop Ulrich II. However, Levico remained under the Diocese of Feltre regarding spiritual authority, and would remain that way until 1785.
The name Levico (as ''Levigo'') appears for the first time in a document dated 29 October 1184, in a papal bull in which Pope Lucius III reaffirms the rights of the Diocese of Feltre in Valsugana.

Levico followed the history of the Bishopric, and, as ''communitas Levigi'', proclaimed its statute in 1431 and 1479. During the German Peasants' War, in August 1525, peasants from the Valsugana marched towards Trento against the then-Bishop's Captain; the rebellion, however, was rapidly crushed. In 1575 and 1636 Levico was ravaged by plague epidemics; the latter cut the population in half.

In the 18th century, scientific journals spread news about the health effects of the local waters, rich in arsenic and iron, which were mentioned in Michelangelo Mariani's ''History of the Council of Trent'' in 1673. The first spa building taking advantage of these springs was opened in 1860.

The Austrian period to the present day

In 1779, through a treaty between Austria and the Bishopric of Trent, the jurisdiction of Levico passed to the House of Habsburg.

Napoleon I, on his way to the battle of Bassano in September 1796, after reaching Trento passed through the Valsugana, encountering a light Austrian resistance in Levico, which was then defined by Napoleon ''loco ameno et hospitale'' (quaint and hospitable town). Afterwards, Levico would follow the rest of Trentino in its annexation to Austria, after the abolition of the Bishopric as a political entity in 1803.
The Third Italian War of Independence saw a battle between Austrian and Italian troops, during the latter's advance towards Trento, fought in town through the night of 23-24 July 1866. In 1894 Levico was elevated to the rank of city (''Stadtgemeinde''), by Imperial-Royal Decree, under Franz Joseph I of Austria, and in 1896 it was reached by the Valsugana railway.

At the outbreak of World War I, Levico was still part of Austria-Hungary, and as such it supplied a contingent of soldiers (The 1st Kaiserjäger Regiment had a battalion stationed in the city). The civilian population, though, was mostly deported to internment camps (''Internierungslager'') in the heartland of the Empire when Italy joined the Entente on 24 May 1915. The city lay indeed right next to the frontline of the plateaus to the south, and most of the population ended up in camps in Moravia, in the so-called ''wooden cities''. Those that, mostly for being suspected of holding pro-Italian positions, were deemed to pose a security risk were instead interned in Katzenau, in harsh conditions.

The peace treaty assigned Levico, along with the rest of Trentino and South Tyrol, to Italy. The city had been devastated by abandonment and the long absence of workers, and reconstruction was slow. In order to hasten the rebuilding, the massive Austro-Hungarian forts that had been employed during the war were scavenged for scrap iron and building material, making most of these forts little more than ruins.

World War II touched Levico, along with the rest of the province, only to a limited extent until the Badoglio Proclamation on 8 September 1943, when it was invaded by the Wehrmacht and incorporated to the Alpenvorland under direct German administration.
The city was chosen as the site of the ''Deutsches Marinekommando Italien'' from October/November 1943 to February 1944, and from July 1944 to 27 April 1945 (as ''Marineoberkommando Süd''), despite lying more than inland from the Adriatic Sea. Levico was bombed many times throughout the second part of the war; the largest bombing, on 15 March 1945 destroyed the spa building and the Regina hotel, at the time one of the most luxurious hotels in the region.

After the war, Levico saw a large urbanistic expansion and the rebuilding of the spa complex (opened in 1965), developing the existing tourism-based economy even more. As tourist destination Levico Terme is mainly geared towards senior citizens and families with small children. Thermal treatments, biking and excursions in the area are possible. Around 50 restaurants and 30 accommodation facilities are available to guests.

Demographic evolution

Colors=
id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9)
id:darkgrey value:gray(0.8)
id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1)
id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.7,0.8)

ImageSize = width:455 height:303
PlotArea = left:50 bottom:50 top:30 right:30
DateFormat = x.y
Period = from:0 till:8000
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
AlignBars = justify
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:500 start:0
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:100 start:0
BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo

BarData=
bar:1861 text:1861
bar:1871 text:1871
bar:1881 text:1881
bar:1901 text:1901
bar:1911 text:1911
bar:1921 text:1921
bar:1931 text:1931
bar:1936 text:1936
bar:1951 text:1951
bar:1961 text:1961
bar:1971 text:1971
bar:1981 text:1981
bar:1991 text:1991
bar:2001 text:2001
bar:2011 text:2011

PlotData=
color:barra width:20 align:left

bar:1861 from: 0 till:0
bar:1871 from: 0 till:0
bar:1881 from: 0 till:0
bar:1901 from: 0 till:0
bar:1911 from: 0 till:0
bar:1921 from: 0 till:7044
bar:1931 from: 0 till:6318
bar:1936 from: 0 till:5431
bar:1951 from: 0 till:5587
bar:1961 from: 0 till:5684
bar:1971 from: 0 till:5527
bar:1981 from: 0 till:5569
bar:1991 from: 0 till:5683
bar:2001 from: 0 till:6325
bar:2011 from: 0 till:7515

PlotData=

bar:1861 at:0 fontsize:XS text: ? shift:(-8,5)
bar:1871 at:0 fontsize:XS text: ? shift:(-8,5)
bar:1881 at:0 fontsize:XS text: ? shift:(-8,5)
bar:1901 at:0 fontsize:XS text: ? shift:(-8,5)
bar:1911 at:0 fontsize:XS text: ? shift:(-8,5)
bar:1921 at:7044 fontsize:XS text: 7044 shift:(-8,5)
bar:1931 at:6318 fontsize:XS text: 6318 shift:(-8,5)
bar:1936 at:5431 fontsize:XS text: 5431 shift:(-8,5)
bar:1951 at:5587 fontsize:XS text: 5587 shift:(-8,5)
bar:1961 at:5684 fontsize:XS text: 5684 shift:(-8,5)
bar:1971 at:5527 fontsize:XS text: 5527 shift:(-8,5)
bar:1981 at:5569 fontsize:XS text: 5569 shift:(-8,5)
bar:1991 at:5683 fontsize:XS text: 5683 shift:(-8,5)
bar:2001 at:6325 fontsize:XS text: 6325 shift:(-8,5)
bar:2011 at:7515 fontsize:XS text: 7515 shift:(-8,5)

TextData=
fontsize:S pos:(20,20)
text:Data from ISTAT

Twin towns

Levico Terme is twinned with:

* Hausham, Germany, since 1959

References

External links

*

Comune di Levico Terme
Homepage of the city

{{authority control

Cities and towns in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol