''Leptogium'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...
of
lichen-forming
fungi
A fungus (plural, : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of Eukaryote, eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and Mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified ...
in the family
Collemataceae
The Collemataceae are a lichenized family of fungi in the order Peltigerales. The family contains ten genera and about 325 species. The family has a widespread distribution.
Taxonomy
The family was circumscribed by Jonathan Carl Zenker in 1827 ...
. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''
Leptogium acadiense
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' L ...
''
*''
Leptogium adnatum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' ...
''
– South America
*''
Leptogium andegavense''
*''
Leptogium antarcticum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' ...
''
*''
Leptogium asiaticum''
*''
Leptogium atlanticum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium auriculatum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' ...
''
– South America
*''
Leptogium austroamericanum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium azureum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium biloculare
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium brebissonii
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium britannicum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' L ...
''
– Europe
*''
Leptogium bullatulum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium burgessii
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' ...
''
*''
Leptogium chloromelum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium cochleatum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium compactum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium cookii
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium coralloideum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium corticola
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium crispatellum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium cyanescens
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium davidii
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium enkarodes
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
''
– Australia
*''
Leptogium epiphyllum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium exaratum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium faciifictum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
''
– Australia
*''
Leptogium fallax
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Leptog ...
''
*''
Leptogium granulans
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium hibernicum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium hildenbrandii
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' L ...
''
*''
Leptogium hondae
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Leptog ...
''
*''
Leptogium hypotrachynum''
*''
Leptogium javanicum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Le ...
''
*''
Leptogium joergensenii
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' L ...
''
*''
Leptogium juressianum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium kalbii
''Leptogium kalbii'' is a species of lichen in the family Collemataceae. It is found in Brazil, both in São Paulo State and in some Islands of Brazil.
Taxonomy
''Leptogium kalbii'' was formally described as a new species in 2007 by Brazilia ...
''
– Brazil
*''
Leptogium kiyosumiense
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium krogiae
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium limbatum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium longisporum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium loriforme
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Leptog ...
''
*''
Leptogium mantiqueirense''
*''
Leptogium marcellii
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium marginatum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium marginellum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' ...
''
*''
Leptogium mastocheilum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium menziesii
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium minutissimum''
*''
Leptogium moluccanum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium nylanderi
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' L ...
''
*''
Leptogium oceanianum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
– New Zealand
*''
Leptogium paramense
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium patwardhanii''
– India
*''
Leptogium pecten
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' L ...
''
*''
Leptogium pellobatum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' L ...
''
– Australia
*''
Leptogium philorheuma
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium phyllocarpum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium poliophaeum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' L ...
''
– Australia
*''
Leptogium propaguliferum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium quercicola
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium quilombense
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium rivulare
''Leptogium rivulare'', also called the flooded jellyskin lichen, is a species of lichen belonging to the family Collemataceae
The Collemataceae are a lichenized family of fungi in the order Peltigerales. The family contains ten genera and abo ...
''
*''
Leptogium saturninum
''Leptogium saturninum'' is a species of lichen belonging to the family Collemataceae.
It has cosmopolitan distribution
In biogeography, cosmopolitan distribution is the term for the range of a taxon that extends across all or most of the w ...
''
*''
Leptogium saxatile
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium sphaerosporum
''Leptogium sphaerosporum'' is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Collemataceae. Found in Nepal, it was formally described as a new species in 2010 by Per Magnus Jørgensen and Louise Olley. The type spec ...
''
– Nepal
*''
Leptogium streimannii
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' L ...
''
– Australia
*''
Leptogium subazureum
''Leptogium subazureum'' is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) and foliose lichen in the family Collemataceae. Found in India, it was formally described as a new species in 2010 by Archana Dube and Urmila Vasudev Makhija. The type specime ...
''
– India
*''
Leptogium subjuressianum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' L ...
''
– Brazil
*''
Leptogium sulcatum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium taibaiense
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Le ...
''
– China
*''
Leptogium tasmanicum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' ...
''
*''
Leptogium tectum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Le ...
''
*''
Leptogium teretiusculum
''Leptogium teretiusculum'' is a species of lichen belonging to the family Collemataceae.
It is native to Europe and Northern America.
References
Leptogium, teretiusculum
Lichen species
Lichens of Europe
Lichens of North America
Lichens ...
''
*''
Leptogium thailandicum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium transversum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' ...
''
*''
Leptogium tremelloides
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium verrucosum''
– India
*''
Leptogium victorianum
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*''Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*''Lep ...
''
*''
Leptogium wangii
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' ...
''
– China
*''
Leptogium weii
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' ...
''
– China
*''
Leptogium wilsonii
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*'' Leptogium acadiense''
*'' Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*'' Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' ...
''
Gallery
Image:Leptogium lichenoides 080408.jpg, ''Leptogium lichenoides
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
''
Image:Leptogium lichenoides 150108.jpg, ''Leptogium lichenoides
''Leptogium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Collemataceae. It has about 110 species.
Species
*''Leptogium acadiense''
*''Leptogium adnatum'' – South America
*'' Leptogium andegavense''
*''Leptogium antarcticum''
*'' Lep ...
'', Hohenlohe, Germany
References
Lichen genera
Taxa described in 1810
Taxa named by Erik Acharius
Peltigerales genera
{{Peltigerales-stub