Lepraria

''Lepraria'' is a genus of leprose (powdery) crustose lichens that grows on its substrate like patches of granular, caked up, mealy dust grains.A taxonomic revision of the North American species of Lepraria s.l. that produce divaricatic acid, with notes on the type species of the genus L. incana, James C. Lendemer
, Mycologia 103(6): 1216-1229

/ref> Members of the genus are List of lichen common names and their genera, commonly called dust lichens.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, Dust Lichen (Lepraria), Encyclopedia of Life
/ref>USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Name Search
/ref> The main vegetative body (thallus) is made of patches of soredia (little balls of algae wrapped in fungus). There are no known mechanisms for sexual reproduction, yet members of the genus continue to speciate. Some species can form marginal lobes and appear squamulose. Because of the morphological simplicity of the thallus and the absence of sexual structures, the composition of lichen products (i.e., secondary metabolites made by lichens) are important characters to distinguish between similar species in ''Lepraria''.

Taxonomy

''Lepraria'' was circumscribed in 1803 by Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius. Jack Laundon assigned '' Lepraria incana'' as the type species of the genus in 1992. It is in the family Stereocaulaceae.

The taxonomy of ''Lepraria'' has undergone significant changes as new research methods have become available. Historically, some species now classified as ''Lepraria'' were placed in a separate genus called '' Leproloma'', which was thought to be distinct based on features such as whitish colouring with yellow tints, a powdery surface composed of small lobes, and specific chemical compounds called dibenzofurans. However, molecular studies in 2002 showed that most species from both genera are actually part of the same evolutionary group.

Scientists use multiple characteristics to identify and classify ''Lepraria'' species, including their physical appearance (morphology), their chemical composition, and their genetic sequences. Different populations of the same species can have varying chemical compositions, known as . This variation has led to debate among researchers about how to properly define species boundaries within the genus. While some researchers have proposed splitting the genus into many narrowly defined species based on small genetic or chemical differences, others advocate for a more conservative approach that considers multiple lines of evidence.

Description

Species of ''Lepraria'' are characterised by their powdery, crustose thalli, which are composed almost entirely of soredia—small, granular clusters of fungal and algal cells that allow for asexual reproduction. The thallus may appear loosely attached or more firmly integrated with the substrate, forming irregular, diffuse patches or well-defined, margins. Most species exhibit shades of grey, greenish-grey, or cream, lacking the bright pigmentation seen in some other lichens.

Unlike many lichen-forming fungi, ''Lepraria'' species do not produce fruiting bodies (apothecia) or sexual spores (ascospores). Instead, their reproduction relies entirely on soredia dispersal. In some species, the soredia aggregate into larger clusters known as , which may give the thallus a rough or granular texture. Some species, particularly those in wetter or more sheltered environments, may develop a cottony or membranous appearance. The thallus can also have a —a weft of fungal hyphae at the base—ranging in colour from white to dark brown or black.

The genus ''Lepraria'' is chemically diverse, with species producing a wide range of secondary metabolites, including depsides, depsidones, aliphatic acids, and terpenoids. These substances, detectable through thin-layer chromatography, are often the primary basis for distinguishing species. Many species grow in humid, shaded environments such as tree bark, moss-covered rocks, and soil, although some are found in more exposed, dry habitats.

Molecular phylogenetics studies have refined the circumscription of ''Lepraria''. Several species formerly included in the genus, particularly those producing usnic acid, have been reassigned to other genera within the Lecanoromycetes, including ''Lecanora'' and '' Leprocaulon''. This reclassification has clarified ''Lepraria'' as a lineage most closely related to the family Stereocaulaceae.

Habitat, distribution, and ecology

''Lepraria'' species occupy a wide range of habitats but are most commonly found in shaded, humid environments where direct rainfall is limited. Many species grow on tree bark, moss-covered rocks, or decaying wood, particularly in forests with stable humidity levels. Some taxa prefer rocky substrates, particularly siliceous or calcareous surfaces, and can colonise cracks or overhangs where they are partially sheltered. Other species thrive on soil, mosses, or plant debris, often in montane or subalpine environments.

While ''Lepraria'' is often associated with moist microhabitats, certain species tolerate or even prefer more exposed conditions, such as sunlit rock faces or dry forest floors. Some species are pioneers in disturbed habitats, rapidly colonising exposed surfaces where competition from other lichens or plants is low. In contrast, others show a preference for mature forests with stable microclimates, particularly in temperate regions.

The genus has a broad geographical distribution, occurring on every continent, including Antarctica. The highest species diversity is found in temperate zones, but representatives of ''Lepraria'' are also common in tropical and boreal forests, alpine regions, and oceanic islands. Some species exhibit narrow ecological preferences and are restricted to specific regions or substrate types, while others are cosmopolitan in their distribution. In 2011, 27 species were reported to occur in South America.

Species

, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 85 species of ''Lepraria''.

*'' Lepraria achariana'' – South America
*'' Lepraria alba''
*'' Lepraria albicans''
*'' Lepraria alpina''
*'' Lepraria alternata'' – Australia
*'' Lepraria arbuscula''
*'' Lepraria atlantica''
*'' Lepraria aurescens'' – Thailand
*'' Lepraria barbatica''
*'' Lepraria bergensis''
*'' Lepraria borealis''
*'' Lepraria brasiliensis''
*'' Lepraria brodoi'' – North America
*'' Lepraria cacuminum''
*'' Lepraria caesiella''
*'' Lepraria caesioalba''
*'' Lepraria celata''
*'' Lepraria chileana'' – Chile
*'' Lepraria congesta''
*'' Lepraria crassissima''
*'' Lepraria cryophila''
*'' Lepraria cryptovouauxii''
*'' Lepraria cupressicola''
*'' Lepraria dibenzofuranica'' – Australia
*'' Lepraria diffusa''
*'' Lepraria disjuncta''
*'' Lepraria ecorticata''
*'' Lepraria elobata''
*'' Lepraria finkii''
*'' Lepraria friabilis''
*'' Lepraria gelida''
*'' Lepraria glaucosorediata''
*'' Lepraria goughensis''
*'' Lepraria gracilescens''
*'' Lepraria granulata'' – Eastern and Central Europe
*'' Lepraria granulosa''
*'' Lepraria harrisiana''
*'' Lepraria hodkinsoniana''
*'' Lepraria humida''
*'' Lepraria impossibilis''
*'' Lepraria incana''
*'' Lepraria indica'' – India
*'' Lepraria isidiata''
*'' Lepraria jackii''
*'' Lepraria juanfernandezii''
*'' Lepraria lanata''
*'' Lepraria larrainiana'' – Chile
*'' Lepraria lecanorica''
*'' Lepraria lendemeri''
*'' Lepraria leprolomopsis''
*'' Lepraria leuckertiana''
*'' Lepraria lobata'' – Australia
*'' Lepraria lobificans''
*'' Lepraria maderensis''
*'' Lepraria malouina'' – Falkland Islands
*'' Lepraria membranacea''
*'' Lepraria methylbarbatica''
*'' Lepraria multiacida'' – Brazil
*'' Lepraria neojackii'' – South America
*'' Lepraria neozelandica'' – New Zealand
*'' Lepraria nigrocincta''
*'' Lepraria nivalis''
*'' Lepraria normandinoides''
*'' Lepraria nothofagi''
*'' Lepraria nylanderiana''
*'' Lepraria ohmiensis'' – Japan
*'' Lepraria oxybapha''
*'' Lepraria pacifica''
*'' Lepraria pallida''
*'' Lepraria pseudoarbuscula''
*'' Lepraria pulchra'' – Thailand
*'' Lepraria rigidula''
*'' Lepraria salazinica''
*'' Lepraria santosii''
*'' Lepraria sekikaica'' – Australia
*'' Lepraria sipmaniana''
*'' Lepraria squamatica'' – Australia
*'' Lepraria subalbicans''
*'' Lepraria sulphurella''
*'' Lepraria svalbardensis''
*'' Lepraria sylvicola''
*'' Lepraria tenella''
*'' Lepraria toilenae''
*'' Lepraria torii''
*'' Lepraria umbricola''
*'' Lepraria ulrikii'' – Australasia
*'' Lepraria vouauxii''
*'' Lepraria xanthonica''
*'' Lepraria xerophila''
*'' Lepraria zeorinica''

References

{{Taxonbar , from1=Q6527811 , from2=Q61989003 , from3=Q10557818

Lichen genera
Lecanorales genera
Taxa named by Erik Acharius
Taxa described in 1803