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Leopoldo Maggi (Rancio Valcuvia, near
Varese Varese ( , ; or ; ; ; archaic ) is a city and ''comune'' in north-western Lombardy, northern Italy, north-west of Milan. The population of Varese in 2018 was 80,559. It is the capital of the Province of Varese. The hinterland or exurban part ...
, May 15, 1840 –
Pavia Pavia ( , ; ; ; ; ) is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, in Northern Italy, south of Milan on the lower Ticino (river), Ticino near its confluence with the Po (river), Po. It has a population of c. 73,086. The city was a major polit ...
, March 7, 1905) was an Italian physician, craniologist and
naturalist Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants, in their natural environment, leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study. A person who studies natural history is cal ...
.C. Rovati, C. Violani – Leopoldo Maggi (1849-1905), una lezione per immagine – Università degli Studi di Pavia He completed his studies in the
University of Pavia The University of Pavia (, UNIPV or ''Università di Pavia''; ) is a university located in Pavia, Lombardy, Italy. There was evidence of teaching as early as 1361, making it one of the List of oldest universities in continuous operation, oldest un ...
. In 1863 he obtained two degrees: in Natural sciences and in Medicine and surgery and became assistant first to
Paolo Panceri Paolo Panceri (1833, in Milan – 1877, in Naples) was an Italian naturalist. Panceri graduated in medicine at the University of Pavia where he began his research. In 1861 he took the Chair of Comparative anatomy at the University of Naples, where ...
(1833-1877) the teacher of several other outstanding Italian zoologists of the end of the 19th century and then to Giuseppe Balsamo Crivelli. In 1864 he was appointed lecturer in Mineralogy and Geology at Pavia, where from 1874 he held the professorship of Zoology and Comparative anatomy. When zoology became a separate subject in 1875 he held the chair of Comparatve anatomy and Physiology occupying this until his death.Nature
145, 736-736 (11 May 1940) , doi:10.1038/145736b0
For years he devoted himself to biology and especially to comparative anatomy, but also to
Mineralogy Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical mineralogy, optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifact (archaeology), artifacts. Specific s ...
,
Osteology Osteology () is the scientific study of bones, practiced by osteologists . A subdiscipline of anatomy, anthropology, archaeology and paleontology, osteology is the detailed study of the structure of bones, skeletal elements, teeth, microbone mo ...
,
Prehistoric archaeology Prehistoric archaeology is a subfield of archaeology, which deals specifically with artefacts, civilisations and other materials from societies that existed before any form of writing system or historical record. Often the field focuses on ages ...
,
craniology Phrenology is a pseudoscience that involves the measurement of bumps on the skull to predict mental traits. It is based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or ...
and
Protistology Protistology is a scientific discipline devoted to the study of protists, a highly diverse group of eukaryotic organisms. All eukaryotes apart from animals, plants and fungi are considered protists. Its field of study therefore overlaps with the ...
. He was the first Italian to pay attention to
Protozoa Protozoa (: protozoan or protozoon; alternative plural: protozoans) are a polyphyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic debris. Historically ...
and his studies on Protozoa and
Protistology Protistology is a scientific discipline devoted to the study of protists, a highly diverse group of eukaryotic organisms. All eukaryotes apart from animals, plants and fungi are considered protists. Its field of study therefore overlaps with the ...
are of considerable importance, although conditioned by the belief in
spontaneous generation Spontaneous generation is a superseded scientific theory that held that living creatures could arise from non-living matter and that such processes were commonplace and regular. It was hypothesized that certain forms, such as fleas, could ...
and
Monera Monera () (Greek: (), "single", "solitary") is historically a biological kingdom that is made up of unicellular prokaryotes. As such, it is composed of single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus. The taxon Monera was first proposed as a ...
and by the adhesion to the doctrines of
Ernst Haeckel Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (; ; 16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919) was a German zoologist, natural history, naturalist, eugenics, eugenicist, Philosophy, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biology, marine biologist and artist ...
. The Haeckel and Maggi theories declined at the beginning of 1900.Rainer Bromer – Plastidules to Humans – Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology – Vol. 14 (2009) The studies of Leopoldo Maggi, at first eminently descriptive with the discovery of numerous taxa, had a rapid evolution in the medical field and converged in bacteriology. Enciclopedia Treccani
/ref> Also noteworthy are his research on the skull, conducted with comparative and evolutionary address. Many of his interpretations are nowadays outdated, but the descriptive part remains valid.


Works

* ''A proposito dei protisti cholerigeni''(1885), ''I piccoli benefattori dell’umanita''(1886), * ''I microbi vantaggiosi per l'uomo'' (1888). * ''Intorno alla determinazione della specie batteriche secondo Pflugge'' * ''Nuovi orizzonti della protistologia medica'' (1884) * ''Catalogo delle rocce della Valcuvia'', in Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali, XXI (1879), pp. 858–876; * ''Cenni sulla costituzione geologica del territorio di Varese'', in G.C. Bizzozzero, Varese e il suo territorio, Varese 1874, pp. 9–46; * ''Di alcune soluzioni di coltura e loro sterilizzazione'', ibid., XIX (1886), pp. 850–855; * ''Gl'invisibili del Varesotto'', in Boll. scientifico, III (1881), 3, pp. 91–95; * ''Le idee dell'Haeckel intorno alla morfologia dell'anima'', in Riv. di filosofia scientifica, I (1882), 4, pp. 436–445; * ''L'Istituto di anatomia e fisiologia comparate e di protistologia della R. Università di Pavia'', in Boll. scientifico, XXI (1899), pp. 120–127. * ''Protistologia'' (1882) - U. Hoepli, Milano * ''Sulla distinzione morfologica degli organi negli animali'', in Rendiconti del R. Ist. lombardo di scienze e lettere, s. 2, XVIII (1885), pp. 481–491; * ''Sull'analisi protistologica delle acque potabili'', ibid., XIV (1881), pp. 621–626; * ''Sull'esistenza dell'uomo in epoca terziaria'', in Rendiconti del R. Ist. lombardo di scienze e lettere, s. 2, III (1870) pp. 223–230; * ''Sull'influenza delle alte temperature nello sviluppo dei microbi'', in Boll. scientifico, VI (1884), 3-4, pp. 77–115; * ''Tecnica Protistologica'' (1895) - U. Hoepli, Milano


Bibliography

* C. Jucci, ''Contributo dell'Università di Pavia al progresso della biologia naturalistica'', in Discipline e maestri dell'ateneo pavese. Università di Pavia, 1361-196, pp. 109–151; * C. Rovati, C. Violani – ''Leopoldo Maggi (1849-1905), una lezione per immagine'' – Università degli Studi di Pavia * E. Artini, ''Comm. di L. M., in Rendiconti dell'Ist. lombardo di scienze e lettere'', s. 2, XL (1907), pp. 88–97; * E. Bonardi, ''Intorno ad alcuni punti del pensiero e dell'opera scientifica di L. M. di fronte all'attuale momento scientifico'', ibid., XLVI (1913), pp. 591–600; * G. Armocida - S. Contini - E. Vaccari - ''L. M. (1840-1905): un naturalista eclettico nella Lombardia del secondo Ottocento''. Atti del Convegno, Cuveglio, 2002 * G. Cattaneo, L. M., in Monitore zoologico italiano, XVI (1905), pp. 78–84; * G. Landucci, M. L., in Dictionnaire du Darwinisme et de l'évolution, a cura di P. Tort, II, Paris 1996, pp. 2757–2759; * Rainer Brömer - ''Plastidules to humans : Leopoldo Maggi (1840-1905) and Ernst Haeckel's naturalist philosophy in the Kingdom of Italy : with an edition of Maggi's letters to Ernst Haeckel''


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maggi, Leopoldo 1840 births 1905 deaths Italian zoologists