Leopold Berchtold
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Leopold Anton Johann Sigismund Josef Korsinus Ferdinand Graf Berchtold von und zu Ungarschitz, Frättling und Püllütz (, ) (18 April 1863 – 21 November 1942) was an
Austro-Hungarian Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military and diplomatic alliance, it consist ...
politician,
diplomat A diplomat (from ; romanization, romanized ''diploma'') is a person appointed by a state (polity), state, International organization, intergovernmental, or Non-governmental organization, nongovernmental institution to conduct diplomacy with one ...
and statesman who served as Imperial Foreign Minister at the outbreak of
World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
.


Life


Early life

Born in
Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...
on 18 April 1863 as the son of Count Sigismund Berchtold von und zu Ungarschitz, Frättling und Püllütz (1834–1900) and his wife, Countess Josephine von Trauttmansdorff-Weinsberg (1835–1894). He belonged to a wealthy Austrian noble family that owned lands in
Moravia Moravia ( ; ) is a historical region in the eastern Czech Republic, roughly encompassing its territory within the Danube River's drainage basin. It is one of three historical Czech lands, with Bohemia and Czech Silesia. The medieval and early ...
and
Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and ...
. He was reputed to be one of
Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe#Before World War I, Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military ...
's richest men. His paternal grandparents were Count Siegmund Andreas Corsinus Berchtold von und zu Ungarschitz and Countess Ludmilla Maria Theresia Wratislavová z Mitrowicz. His maternal grandparents were Franz Joseph Ferdinand von Trauttmansdorff-Weinsberg (grandson of Prince
Ferdinand von Trauttmansdorff Prince Ferdinand von Trauttmansdorff-Weinsberg (1749–1827) was an Austrian diplomat and statesman. From 1787 to 1789 he was Minister plenipotentiary of the Austrian Netherlands, ruling on behalf of Emperor Joseph II. Early life Ferdinand was ...
) and Countess Josephine Károlyi de Nagykárolyi. Tutored at home, he later studied law and joined the
Austro-Hungarian foreign service The Austro-Hungarian Foreign Service () was the diplomatic service carrying out the foreign policy of the Emperor of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from the formation of the Dual Monarchy in 1867 until it was dissolved in 1918. Diplomatic missions ...
in 1893.


Career

After his 1893 marriage, he served at the embassies in
Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
(1894),
London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...
(1899) and
St. Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. The city had a population of 5,601, ...
(1903). In December 1906, Count Berchtold was appointed as the successor of Count Alois von Aehrenthal as Ambassador to
Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
upon the latter's appointment as imperial foreign minister. He served with distinction for five years in St. Petersburg and experienced Russia's distrust and fear of Vienna. In September 1908, he hosted a secret meeting between Aehrenthal and the Russian Foreign Minister
Alexander Izvolsky Count Alexander Petrovich Izvolsky or Iswolsky (, in Moscow – 16 August 1919 in Paris) was a Russian diplomat remembered as a major architect of Russia's alliance with Great Britain during the years leading to the outbreak of the First Worl ...
at his estate at Buchlau in Moravia. This meeting produced the so-called Buchlau bargain and led to the Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the death of Aehrenthal in February 1912, Count Berchtold was appointed as his successor and thus became, at the age of 49, the youngest foreign minister in Europe. His appointment reportedly came against his own will and despite lack of experience in domestic affairs, as well as in military matters.


Balkan Wars

As imperial foreign minister, Count Berchtold focused almost exclusively on the Balkans where his foreign policy aims were to maintain peace, stick to the principle of non-intervention and preserve the territorial status quo. The
Balkan Wars The Balkan Wars were two conflicts that took place in the Balkans, Balkan states in 1912 and 1913. In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan states of Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg), Greece, Kingdom of Serbia, Serbia, Kingdom of Montenegro, M ...
in 1912/1913, however, quickly made such a policy illusory. At the outset of the Balkan Wars, Count Berchtold pursued a hard-line policy and flirted with the idea of war against
Serbia , image_flag = Flag of Serbia.svg , national_motto = , image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia.svg , national_anthem = () , image_map = , map_caption = Location of Serbia (gree ...
, but vacillated and pulled back from intervention at the last moment. Although he managed to prevent Serbia from securing an outlet to the Adriatic Sea by support given to the creation of
Albania Albania ( ; or ), officially the Republic of Albania (), is a country in Southeast Europe. It is located in the Balkans, on the Adriatic Sea, Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea, and shares land borders with Montenegro to ...
, the Balkan Wars resulted in a failure to contain the rising Russian influence in the Balkans and thwart Serbian ambitions for a united Yugoslav state. It meant diplomatic defeat for Austria-Hungary and also a reputation of being weak and indecisive for Count Berchtold. Count Berchtold's focus on Serbia was grown out of a fear of Serbian territorial expansion in the Balkans and also a complication of frictional matters within the multinational Dual Monarchy, and would eventually result in the dissolution of the empire itself.


July Crisis

Following the Balkan Wars, the
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was one of the key events that led to World War I. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg ...
at
Sarajevo Sarajevo ( ), ; ''see Names of European cities in different languages (Q–T)#S, names in other languages'' is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 2 ...
on 28 June 1914 was therefore a culmination of the heightened tension between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. If Count Berchtold had been accused of indecisiveness and diffidence during the Balkan Wars, he gave proof of more resolve during the July Crisis. Pushed by the so-called Young Rebels at the
Ballhausplatz Ballhausplatz is a town square, square in central Vienna containing the building (with the address Ballhausplatz 2) that for over two hundred years has been the official residence of the most senior Austrian Cabinet Minister, the State Chancellor ...
led by Count Hoyos, his
chef de cabinet In some Francophone countries and international organisations, a ( French; literally 'head of office') is a senior official working for a high-ranking political or administrative figure such as a government minister. They are typically responsib ...
, Count Berchtold seized the opportunity to launch punitive action against Serbia and deal the country a mortal blow. After having dispatched Count Hoyos on a mission to Berlin on 5 July to secure
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany, the country of the Germans and German things **Germania (Roman era) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizenship in Germany, see also Ge ...
support for Austria-Hungary's future actions, which resulted in the famous "blank cheque", he became the leading spokesman, together with the Chief of the
Austro-Hungarian General Staff The Imperial and Royal General Staff (; ) of Austria-Hungary was part of the Ministry of War. It was headed by the Chief of the General Staff for the Whole Armed Forces (''Chef des Generalstabes für die gesamte bewaffnete Macht''; ''Az egész Fe ...
General
Conrad von Hötzendorf Conrad may refer to: People * Conrad (name) * Saint Conrad (disambiguation) Places United States * Conrad, Illinois, an unincorporated community * Conrad, Iowa, a city * Conrad, Montana, a city * Conrad Glacier, Washington Elsewher ...
, for war against Serbia during the meeting of the Imperial Crown Council on 7 July. Through the moderating influence of the Hungarian Minister-President Count
István Tisza Count István Imre Lajos Pál Tisza de Borosjenő et Szeged (, English: Stephen Emery Louis Paul Tisza, short name: Stephen Tisza); (22 April 1861 – 31 October 1918) was a politician who served as Prime Minister of Hungary, prime minister ...
, who had reservations on the use of force against Serbia, it was decided to present Serbia with an ultimatum. The ten-point ultimatum was presented to Emperor Franz Joseph on 21 July and transmitted to Belgrade on 23 July. The previous night, according to his wife Nadine's testimony, Count Berchtold spent a sleepless night, altering the ultimatum and adding clauses, as he was very worried the Serbs could accept it. The Serbian government accepted all points of the ultimatum but the one that permitted Austro-Hungarian authorities to participate in the investigation of the assassination on Serbian territory, which would have been a severe violation of Serbian sovereignty and the country's constitution. As the acceptance of all 10 demands listed in the ultimatum was required, the Austro-Hungarian government made a decision to enter a state of war with Serbia on 28 July, for which he was largely to blame.


World War I

Once war had started, Count Berchtold focused his efforts on the question of
Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...
's participation, the outcome of which would lead to his downfall. The main problem was Italy's demands for territorial compensation in exchange for remaining within the
Triple Alliance Triple Alliance may refer to: * Aztec Triple Alliance (1428–1521), Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan and in central Mexico * Triple Alliance (1596), England, France, and the Dutch Republic to counter Spain * Triple Alliance (1668), England, the ...
. When Rome presented the Ballhausplatz with demands for control over territories in southern Austria-Hungary, Berchtold demurred and refused to offer any Habsburg concessions, especially not in the
Trentino Trentino (), officially the Autonomous Province of Trento (; ; ), is an Autonomous province#Italy, autonomous province of Italy in the Northern Italy, country's far north. Trentino and South Tyrol constitute the Regions of Italy, region of Tren ...
. However, Italian Foreign Minister Baron
Sidney Sonnino Sidney Costantino, Baron Sonnino (; 11 March 1847 – 24 November 1922) was an Italian statesman, 19th prime minister of Italy and twice served briefly as one, in 1906 and again from 1909 to 1910. In 1901, he founded a new major newspaper, '' Il ...
succeeded in obtaining vague promises of compensations in South Tyrol from Germany and by the end of 1914, Count Berchtold informed the Crown Council that the choice was either acceptance of the Italian demands or a declaration of war. Both Count Tisza and General Conrad von Hötzendorf expressed a preference for the latter. Under mounting German pressure, Count Berchtold, however, indicated that he was ready to cede the Trentino and parts of the Albanian coastline. When he informed Tisza and Conrad of the concessions he was ready to give, they forced him to resign on 13 January 1915. At Count Tisza's insistence he was replaced by the more pugnacious Count Burián. Berchtold played no further public role during the war, although he was appointed Lord High Steward to Archduke
Charles Charles is a masculine given name predominantly found in English language, English and French language, French speaking countries. It is from the French form ''Charles'' of the Proto-Germanic, Proto-Germanic name (in runic alphabet) or ''* ...
, the heir apparent, in March 1916, and became Lord Chamberlain following the latter's accession to the throne in November. Count Berchtold had been invested as a
Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece The Distinguished Order of the Golden Fleece (, ) is a Catholic order of chivalry founded in 1430 in Brugge by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, to celebrate his marriage to Isabella of Portugal. Today, two branches of the order exist, name ...
in 1912 and bestowed with the Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen in 1914. After the war, he retired as a grand seigneur on his estate at
Peresznye Peresznye (; ) is a village in Vas County, Hungary, close to the border towards Austria which was drawn in 1921 according to the Treaty of Trianon. It is situated between Lutzmannsburg, Burgenland, Austria, and Csepreg, Hungary, appr. 10 k ...
near
Csepreg Csepreg (German: ''Schapring; Croatian: Čepreg'') is a town in Vas County, Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukrain ...
in Hungary.


Personal life

On 25 January 1893 in
Budapest Budapest is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns of Hungary, most populous city of Hungary. It is the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, tenth-largest city in the European Union by popul ...
, he married Countess Ferdinanda Károlyi de Nagykároly (1868–1955), the daughter of Countess Franciska "Fanni" Erdödy and Count
Alajos Károlyi Count Alajos Károlyi de Nagykároly (8 August 18252 December 1889) was an Austro-Hungarian diplomat. Early life He was born in Vienna on 8 August 1825. He was the son of son of Count Ludwig Károlyi de Nagykároly (1799–1863) and Countess Fer ...
, one of the richest aristocrats in Hungary who served as the Austrian ambassador to the German Empire and the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
. Her maternal aunt, Countess Hanna Erdödy, was the wife of Count Béla Széchenyi von Sárvár-Felsövidék, a "personal friend" of King
Edward VII Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 22 January 1901 until Death and state funeral of Edward VII, his death in 1910. The second child ...
. Together, they were the parents of two sons: * Count Aloys "Louis" Berchtold von und zu Ungarschitz (1894–1977), who never married. * Count Adalbert "Bela" Berchtold von und zu Ungarschitz (1895–1906), who died young. * Count Sigismund "Sziga" Berchtold von und zu Ungarschitz (1900–1979), who married Countess Maria Anna "Etti" Esterházy ( von
Wurmbrand-Stuppach The House of Wurmbrand-Stuppach is an old noble family of Austria. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Counts of Wurmbrand-Stuppach gained notability in wars against the Ottoman Empire, Turks in the Balkans. They were highly decorated advisors ...
), the former wife of Clendenin J. Ryan, Count
Paul Pálffy ab Erdöd Count Franz Paul Rudolf Maria Josef Pálffy ab Erdöd (12 February 1890 – 11 October 1968) was a Hungarian aristocrat, landowner, and author best known for his eight marriages. Early life Franz Paul Rudolf Maria Josef was born on 12 February ...
, and Count Tamás
Esterházy The House of Esterházy, also spelled Eszterházy (), is a Hungarian nobility, Hungarian noble family with origins in the Middle Ages. From the 17th century, the Esterházys were the greatest landowner magnates of the Kingdom of Hungary, durin ...
, in 1944. They divorced in 1949 and she married William Deering Davis and then
Árpád Plesch Árpád Plesch (25 March 1889 – 16 December 1975) was a Hungarian financier, banker, and lawyer. He was primarily known as key advisor to Fiat and Gianni Agnelli of the Agnelli family. Plesch made his great fortune during World War II through le ...
. Sziga then married Emilia de Gosztonyi (former wife of Michael Bankier and Robin Alexander Lyle) in 1953. After their divorce in 1956, she married
Prince Vsevolod Ivanovich of Russia Prince Vsevolod Ivanovich of Russia (; – 18 June 1973) was a male line great-great-grandson of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia and a nephew of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia. He was the last male member of the Romanov family born in Imperial Russia.K ...
. Sziga then married Eva Machan, the former wife of Count Leopold zu Hardegg auf Glatz und im Machlande, in 1967. Berchtold died at
Peresznye Peresznye (; ) is a village in Vas County, Hungary, close to the border towards Austria which was drawn in 1921 according to the Treaty of Trianon. It is situated between Lutzmannsburg, Burgenland, Austria, and Csepreg, Hungary, appr. 10 k ...
on 21 November 1942 and was buried in the family tomb at Buchlau.


Legacy

Count Berchtold was described at the time as "intelligent and hard-working" and possessed of a "great personal charm" that made him well-liked at court. Indeed, he possessed all the social graces required at the
Hofburg The Hofburg () is the former principal imperial palace of the Habsburg dynasty in Austria. Located in the Innere Stadt, center of Vienna, it was built in the 13th century by Ottokar II of Bohemia and expanded several times afterwards. It also ser ...
and impressed with his aristocratic background. However he lacked the strength of character and broad experience that would have been desirable in an imperial foreign minister. This contributed to quick reversals of decisions, giving rise to a foreign policy often perceived as inconsistent and vacillating. Many historians have regarded him as indecisive and diffident. However, during the July Crisis this appears not to have been the case as he "commanded and managed the process" on this occasion. His responsibility for the outbreak of the First World War has been much debated by historians. Without a doubt, he played a leading role in the intransigent formulation in the ultimatum of 23 July, the declaration of war on 28 July, and the rebuttal of Grey's mediation proposal on 29 July. He believed that only the defeat of Serbia could preserve the Dual Monarchy. Despite that, he was not thought of as a warmonger by, for example, General Conrad von Hötzendorf. At the same time, his lack of self-confidence at the helm of Austro-Hungarian diplomacy made him susceptible to persuasion by his pro-war staff at the
Ballhausplatz Ballhausplatz is a town square, square in central Vienna containing the building (with the address Ballhausplatz 2) that for over two hundred years has been the official residence of the most senior Austrian Cabinet Minister, the State Chancellor ...
, on whose advice and opinions he was heavily dependent. Although Berchtold may have personally pushed for war, the main question is whether he appreciated that a war against Serbia carried the risk of a major European war. According to G. A. Tunstall Jr, "a Russian intervention doesn't seem to had been taken into much consideration by the Austro-Hungarian leaders during the decision-making process". In any case, "if he did not apprehend the consequences of his policies sufficiently, he was, however, not alone; as a matter of fact, there were few diplomats at the time who actually did". Alexander Watson, however, maintains that Berchtold was well aware of possible Russian complications, knowing that "Serbia's humiliation would matter deeply to the eastern colossus," possibly encouraged by
Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf Franz Xaver Josef Conrad von Hötzendorf (after 1919 Franz Conrad; 11 November 1852 – 25 August 1925), sometimes anglicised as Hoetzendorf, was an Austrian general who played a central role in World War I. He served as '' K.u.k. Feldmarschal ...
, who was confident "that with Germany's help he could beat Serbia and Russia."
Holger Herwig Dr. Holger H. Herwig (born 1941) is a German-born Canadian historian and professor. He is the author of more than a dozen books, including the award-winning, ''The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918'' and ''The Origins of World ...
similarly maintains that Berchtold acted in a calculated manner during the July Crisis; for example, on July 26 he informed Franz Joseph that Serbian troops were confirmed to have fired on Habsburg forces at Temes Kubin (present-day
Kovin Kovin (, ) is a town and municipality located in the South Banat District of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. The town has a population of 11,623, while the municipality has 28,141 inhabitants (2022 census). Other names In Rom ...
) from Danubian steamers, in an attempt to convince the Emperor that Vienna would be fighting a defensive war. The Temes Kubin incident, however, never happened— a fact of which Herwig believes Berchtold was fully aware.


In film and television

Count Berchtold was portrayed by actor
John Gielgud Sir Arthur John Gielgud ( ; 14 April 1904 – 21 May 2000) was an English actor and theatre director whose career spanned eight decades. With Ralph Richardson and Laurence Olivier, he was one of the trinity of actors who dominated the Britis ...
in the 1969 film ''
Oh! What A Lovely War ''Oh! What a Lovely War'' is a 1969 British epic comedy historical musical war film directed by Richard Attenborough (in his directorial debut), with an ensemble cast, including Maggie Smith, Dirk Bogarde, John Gielgud, John Mills, Kenneth Mo ...
''.


Awards

;National orders and decorations * Jubilee Court Medal (1898) * Bronze Jubilee Medal for the Armed Forces (1898) * Jubilee Cross for Civil Officials (1908) * Grand Cross of the
Imperial Order of Leopold Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor/empress, or imperialism. Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to: Places United States * Imperial, California * Imperial, Missouri * Imperial, Nebraska * Imperial, Pennsylvania * Impe ...
, ''1908''; in Diamonds, ''1911'' *
Knight of the Golden Fleece This article contains a list of knights of the Order of the Golden Fleece. Burgundian Golden Fleece 15th century !Year of induction!!Name!!Born!!Died!!Notes , - , rowspan=25, 1430, , Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, , 1396, , 1467, , Founde ...
, ''1912'' * Grand Cross of St. Stephen, ''1914''; in Diamonds, ''1915'' * Military Merit Cross, 3rd Class with War Decoration, ''1915'' ;Foreign orders and decorations


See also

*
Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I On 28 July 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia because of the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Within days, long-standing mobilization plans went into effect to initiate invasions or guard against them and Russia, France and B ...


Notes


References


Further reading

* Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. '' Austro-Hungarian red book.'' (1915) English translations of official documents to justify the war
online
* Godsey, William D., and William D. Godsey Jr. ''Aristocratic redoubt: The Austro-Hungarian foreign office on the eve of the First World War'' (Purdue University Press, 1999). * Gooch, G. P. ''Before The War Vol II '' (1939) pp 373–447 on Berchtol
online free
scholarly biography * Hantsch, Hugo. ''Leopold Graf Berchtold: Grandseigneur und Staatsmann'', Graz, Verlag Styria, 1963, in German. * Wank, Solomon. "The Appointment of Count Berchtold as Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister" ''Journal of Central European Affairs'' 23 (July 1963): 143–51. * Williamson Jr., Samuel. "Leopold Count Berchtold: The Man Who Could Have Prevented the Great War," in Günther Bischof, Fritz Plasser and Peter Berger, eds., ''From Empire to Republic: Post-World War I Austria, Contemporary Austrian Studies,'' Vol. 19 (2010), p. 24-51.


External links



* ttp://austria-forum.org/af/AEIOU/Berchtold%2C_Leopold_Graf 'Berchtold, Leopold Graf', AEIOU
'Graf Leopold Berchtold von und zu Ungarschütz, Frättling, und Püllütz', Solving Problems Through Force



Count Leopold von Berchtold in Ludwig Thallóczy's diary
*
Primary Sources on Berchtold during the July Crisis
* Samuel R. Williamson Jr.
Berchtold, Leopold Graf
in

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Berchtold, Leopold Von 1863 births 1942 deaths Diplomats of World War I from Austria-Hungary Foreign ministers of Austria-Hungary Austrian politicians Counts of Austria Hungarian nobility Moravian nobility
Leopold Leopold may refer to: People * Leopold (given name), including a list of people named Leopold or Léopold * Leopold (surname) Fictional characters * Leopold (''The Simpsons''), Superintendent Chalmers' assistant on ''The Simpsons'' * Leopold B ...
Czech people of Austrian descent Hungarian people of Austrian descent Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary Recipients of the Order of Bravery, 2nd class Recipients of the Military Merit Order (Bavaria) Knights of the Legion of Honour Bailiffs Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania) Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles Obersthofmeister People of the July Crisis