Leontine Sagan
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Leontine Sagan (born Leontine Schlesinger; 13 February 1889 – 20 May 1974) was a
theatre director A theatre director or stage director is a professional in the theatre field who oversees and orchestrates the mounting of a theatre production such as a play, opera, dance, drama, musical theatre performance, etc. by unifying various endeavors a ...
and actress of Jewish descent, whose life and career took her from the Austro-Hungarian Empire to South Africa, Britain and the United States. She is, however, best known for directing a film, ''
Mädchen in Uniform ' ("Girls in Uniform") is a 1931 German romantic drama film based on the play ' (''Yesterday and Today'') by Christa Winsloe and directed by Leontine Sagan with artistic direction from Carl Froelich, who also funded the film. Winsloe also wrote ...
'' (1931), which has been celebrated for its scathing indictment of Prussian military-style schooling, as well as its sensitive portrayal of same-sex intimacy between a teacher and a student at a girls' school, in the waning years of Germany's Weimar Republic. Sagan was born in Budapest but grew up in South Africa. After returning to Vienna to attend Max Reinhardt's Theatre School in Vienna, she acted on Austrian provincial stages, and moved on to major roles in Dresden, Frankfurt and Berlin, where she also directed theatre, first in Germany and, after she had to flee Hitler, in Britain, South Africa, and Australia. She co-founded th
National Theatre Organisation
of South Africa in 1947, and died in
Pretoria, South Africa Pretoria ( ; ) is the administrative capital of South Africa, serving as the seat of the executive branch of government, and as the host to all foreign embassies to the country. Pretoria straddles the Apies River and extends eastward into ...
in 1974, at the age of 85.


Personal life

Born in
Budapest Budapest is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns of Hungary, most populous city of Hungary. It is the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, tenth-largest city in the European Union by popul ...
in 1889, Sagan spent her early childhood in
Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...
at a time when these cities were the twin centers of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Her father Isidore Schlesinger was largely absent, as he travelled to seek fortune in the South African diamond fields. Leontine and her siblings were raised by a mother who worked, a rarity among educated Europeans at that time, and she credits her mother with inspiring her likewise to seek a career. In 1899, as a child, she and her family moved to South Africa to join her father, just before the
Second Boer War The Second Boer War (, , 11 October 189931 May 1902), also known as the Boer War, Transvaal War, Anglo–Boer War, or South African War, was a conflict fought between the British Empire and the two Boer republics (the South African Republic and ...
, when they settled in
Doornfontein Doornfontein ( ) is an inner-city suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa, located to the east of the city centre. It is in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. In the 1930s, it attracted many Jewish immigrants, becoming ...
, at the time a fashionable district in
Johannesburg Johannesburg ( , , ; Zulu language, Zulu and Xhosa language, Xhosa: eGoli ) (colloquially known as Jozi, Joburg, Jo'burg or "The City of Gold") is the most populous city in South Africa. With 5,538,596 people in the City of Johannesburg alon ...
. She was educated in th
German School
and later worked for the Austrian consulate in Johannesburg. After returning to Vienna to study with the famous director Max Reinhardt, Leontine adopted the stage name Sagan and acted on stage first in Austrian provincial theatres and then in the 1910s and 1920s in Vienna, Frankfurt and Berlin. In 1916, she married Austrian art publisher and writer Dr. Victor Fleischer. Fleeing Germany after Hitler came to power in 1933, the pair moved to Britain, and later, in 1939, to South Africa, where they spent the years of World War II (1939–1945). After the war, Sagan directed theatre abroad in Britain and Australia, but remained domiciled in South Africa, where she founded th
National Theatre Organisation
and also taught theatre practice to black as well as white students. Despite her long marriage to Fleischer, who died in South Africa in 1950, Sagan expressed interest in lesbian themes and characters throughout her career as an actor and director, before and after making ''Mädchen in Uniform.'' This film and Sagan's choice to play the role of the teacher in English versions of the original stage play, variously titled ''Girls in Uniform'' and ''Children in Uniform'', in Britain and South Africa in the 1930s, as well as her taste for masculine dress as seen in the photographs illustrating her autobiography ''Lights and Shadows'', suggests at least a commitment to representing lesbian lives and loves, if not also personal attachments to women.


Career

Supported by her mother and savings from working in the Austrian consulate in Johannesburg, Leontine moved to Vienna in 1911 to train with
Max Reinhardt Max Reinhardt (; born Maximilian Goldmann; 9 September 1873 – 30 October 1943) was an Austrian-born Theatre director, theatre and film director, theater manager, intendant, and theatrical producer. With his radically innovative and avant-gard ...
, who was already known for elaborate and imaginative sets and direction of intimate drama and mass spectacles, as well as his theatre school. After acting in small roles in provincial Austrian theatres, Sagan moved to Germany, where she played Abel in ''Comrades'' by
August Strindberg Johan August Strindberg (; ; 22 January 184914 May 1912) was a Swedish playwright, novelist, poet, essayist, and painter.Lane (1998), 1040. A prolific writer who often drew directly on his personal experience, Strindberg wrote more than 60 pla ...
in the Munich Kammerspiele. This role in a play by a controversial modern playwright led to an engagement at the Albert Theatre in Dresden, where Sagan played Nasya in Maxim Gorky's
The Lower Depths ''The Lower Depths'' (, literally: ''At the bottom'') is a play by Russian dramatist Maxim Gorky written in 1902 and produced by the Moscow Arts Theatre on December 18, 1902, under the direction of Konstantin Stanislavski. It became his first ma ...
in 1913, and at the avant-garde Neues Theater in Frankfurt am Main, during World War I, where Sagan originated roles in
expressionist Expressionism is a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Northern Europe around the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it rad ...
plays by Walter Hasenclever and Georg Kaiser. After the war, she played major parts at the Frankfurter Schauspielhaus, in classical German plays by Goethe and Schiller, as well as the lead in a historical drama on
Catherine the Great Catherine II. (born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 172917 November 1796), most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. She came to power after overthrowing her husband, Peter I ...
. She appeared in films such as '' The Holy Mountain'' (1926), '' The Great Leap'' (1927), and '' The White Ecstasy'' (1930). At the Schauspielhaus she also turned to directing, including Strindberg's Ghost Sonata, and G.B. Shaw's Caeser and Cleopatra. as well as plays on topical Jewish themes such as anti-Jewish pogroms in ''Die Jagd Gottes'' (Hunted by God), by th
Rabbi Emil Bernhardt Cohn
which proved controversial. Sagan's decision to play the lesbian Countess Geschwitz in
Frank Wedekind Benjamin Franklin Wedekind (July 24, 1864 – March 9, 1918) was a German playwright. His work, which often criticizes bourgeois attitudes (particularly towards sex), is considered to anticipate expressionism and was influential in the developme ...
's play ''
Pandora's Box Pandora's box is an artifact in Greek mythology connected with the myth of Pandora in Hesiod's c. 700 B.C. poem ''Works and Days''. Hesiod related that curiosity led her to open a container left in the care of her husband, thus releasing curses ...
'' in 1919 (but not in the later film version of ''
Pandora's Box Pandora's box is an artifact in Greek mythology connected with the myth of Pandora in Hesiod's c. 700 B.C. poem ''Works and Days''. Hesiod related that curiosity led her to open a container left in the care of her husband, thus releasing curses ...
''
929 Year 929 ( CMXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * January 16 – Emir Abd al-Rahman III of Córdoba, Spain, proclaims himself caliph and creates the Caliphate of Córdoba. H ...
, early in her career at the Schauspielhaus, reflected not only her interest in lesbian subjects, but also the relative tolerance in the
Weimar Republic The Weimar Republic, officially known as the German Reich, was the German Reich, German state from 1918 to 1933, during which it was a constitutional republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclai ...
of lives and institutions which today would be identified as
LGBTQ+ LGBTQ people are individuals who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning. Many variants of the initialism are used; LGBTQIA+ people incorporates intersex, asexual, aromantic, agender, and other individuals. The group i ...
, including the Institute for Sexology (1919–1933) as well as informal groups. Although best known for her film ''
Mädchen in Uniform ' ("Girls in Uniform") is a 1931 German romantic drama film based on the play ' (''Yesterday and Today'') by Christa Winsloe and directed by Leontine Sagan with artistic direction from Carl Froelich, who also funded the film. Winsloe also wrote ...
'', Sagan came to film directing indirectly. In 1931, she directed ''Gestern und Heute esterday and Today', a play about an intimate relationship between a teacher and a student at a girls school, by the avowed lesbian Christa Winsloe. On Winsloe's recommendation, the feminist
Hertha Thiele Hertha Thiele (8 May 1908 – 5 August 1984) was a German actress. She is noted for her starring roles in then controversial stage plays and films produced during Germany's Weimar Republic and the early years of the Third Reich. After the post-w ...
played the role of the student and caught the attention of Carl Fröhlich, head of the German Film Chamber. Although Fröhlich maintained overall control as artistic supervisor and changed the title to ''Mädchen in Uniform'', allegedly to attract more male viewers, Sagan cast and directed the actors, including Thiele and, in the role of the teacher, Dorothea Wieck. Sagan's direction of the all-female cast was ground-breaking not only for its portrayal of
lesbian A lesbian is a homosexual woman or girl. The word is also used for women in relation to their sexual identity or sexual behavior, regardless of sexual orientation, or as an adjective to characterize or associate nouns with female homosexu ...
and
pedagogical Pedagogy (), most commonly understood as the approach to teaching, is the theory and practice of learning, and how this process influences, and is influenced by, the social, political, and psychological development of learners. Pedagogy, taken ...
eros Eros (, ; ) is the Greek god of love and sex. The Romans referred to him as Cupid or Amor. In the earliest account, he is a primordial god, while in later accounts he is the child of Aphrodite. He is usually presented as a handsome young ma ...
and for its critique of Prussian militarism, but also for the production's co-operative and profit-sharing financial arrangements.Mennel, ''Mädchen in Uniform'', 27–63 The film was a national and international hit, despite some censorious responses in the U.S. and Britain. After the war, a more sentimental remake, also titled ''
Mädchen in Uniform ' ("Girls in Uniform") is a 1931 German romantic drama film based on the play ' (''Yesterday and Today'') by Christa Winsloe and directed by Leontine Sagan with artistic direction from Carl Froelich, who also funded the film. Winsloe also wrote ...
'', starring
Romy Schneider Rosemarie Magdalena Albach (23 September 1938 – 29 May 1982), known professionally as Romy Schneider (), was a German and French actress. She is regarded as one of the greatest screen actresses of all time and became a cult figure due to ...
, appeared in 1958, but from the 1970s, renewed interest in lesbian lives and culture at women's film festivals brought viewers back to the 1931 original. After Hitler's rise to power, Sagan moved to England.Sagan, ''Lights and Shadows'', 220–229 While her husband Victor Fleischer continued until 1938 to manage his publishing house in Vienna, Sagan directed stage plays, in 1933 first a stage version of ''Mädchen in Uniform'' called ''Girls in Uniform'' in London, and then in South Africa with the perhaps less controversial title ''Children in Uniform.'' Her reputation as a director of young people led to work with the
Oxford University Dramatic Society The Oxford University Dramatic Society (OUDS) is the principal funding body and provider of theatrical services to the many independent student productions put on by students in Oxford, England. Not all student productions at Oxford University a ...
, with whom she directed male students and professional actresses in plays by Shakespeare. Her observations of student rivalries at Oxford inspired the script for her second film '' Men of Tomorrow'' (1934), which Sagan directed for London Film Productions, but this film has since vanished.Kruger, Introduction, ''Lights and Shadows'', xxiv–viii It was on the strength of
Mädchen in Uniform ' ("Girls in Uniform") is a 1931 German romantic drama film based on the play ' (''Yesterday and Today'') by Christa Winsloe and directed by Leontine Sagan with artistic direction from Carl Froelich, who also funded the film. Winsloe also wrote ...
that Sagan was invited to Hollywood by
MGM Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. (also known as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures, commonly shortened to MGM or MGM Studios) is an American Film production, film and television production and film distribution, distribution company headquartered ...
studios, where she stayed for six months in 1936, describing the period as a "joyride". While writing treatments, she renewed contact with former colleagues who had found work in Hollywood such as screenwriter Salka Viertel, whom Sagan had known as Salome Sara Steuermann when they were both acting in Austria. Although Sagan wrote several treatments, among them one for a fictional film on the South African imperialist
Cecil John Rhodes Cecil John Rhodes ( ; 5 July 185326 March 1902) was an English-South African mining magnate and politician in southern Africa who served as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896. He and his British South Africa Company founded ...
, she had no success in persuading MGM, possibly because Salka's husband, the director
Berthold Viertel Berthold Viertel (28 June 1885 – 24 September 1953) was an Austrian screenwriter and film director, known for his work in Germany, the UK and the US. Early career Viertel was born in Vienna, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, but late ...
, had already directed a Rhodes biopic for Gaumont in Britain. Sagan's treatments based on historical women, such as Florence Nightingale, were likewise unsuccessful. Instead, Sagan returned to acclaim in the London theatre; she was the first woman to produce plays at London's
Drury Lane Drury Lane is a street on the boundary between the Covent Garden and Holborn areas of London, running between Aldwych and High Holborn. The northern part is in the borough of London Borough of Camden, Camden and the southern part in the City o ...
in the West End, where she directed
Ivor Novello Ivor Novello (born David Ivor Davies; 15 January 1893 – 6 March 1951) was a Welsh actor, dramatist, singer and composer who became one of the most popular British entertainers of the first half of the 20th century. He was born into a musical ...
's hit musicals '' Glamorous Night'' (1935), '' Careless Rapture'' (1936), '' Crest of the Wave'' (1937), ''
The Dancing Years ''The Dancing Years'' is a musical with book and music by Ivor Novello and lyrics by Christopher Hassall, set in Vienna, from 1911 until 1938. It follows a Jewish composer and his love for two women of different social classes, with an ending set ...
'' (1939) and ''Arc de Triomphe'' (1943). Novello's popularity and Sagan's directing flair have been credited with saving Drury Lane from potential closure in the 1930s. In 1939 with the outbreak of World War II, Sagan and Fleischer moved to South Africa, where she directed mostly amateur actors but also taught black students at the Hofmeyr School fo Social Work, including later famous people such as the creator of the township musical Gibson Kente. After the war, she returned to directing Novello in London and to take his and other musicals on tour to Australia. Between tours, she was also able to develop theatre in South Africa by co-founding wit
Andre Huguenet
th
National Theatre Organisation
which toured the country from its base in Pretoria. In February 1948 she directed the NTO's first English production ''Dear Brutus'' by J.M. Barrie, followed by J.B Priestley's ''
An Inspector Calls ''An Inspector Calls'' is a modern morality play and drawing room play written by English dramatist J. B. Priestley, first performed in the Soviet Union in 1945 and at the New Theatre in London the following year. It is one of Priestley's ...
''.


Filmography

''
Mädchen in Uniform ' ("Girls in Uniform") is a 1931 German romantic drama film based on the play ' (''Yesterday and Today'') by Christa Winsloe and directed by Leontine Sagan with artistic direction from Carl Froelich, who also funded the film. Winsloe also wrote ...
'' (1931) featured an all-female cast and was the first film in Germany to be produced cooperatively (both the crew and cast obtained shares rather than a salary).Acker, A. (1991). Reel women: Pioneers of the cinema, 1896 to the present (pp. 320–322). New York: Continuum. It is based on the play originally titled ''Ritter Nerestan'' by Christa Winsloe. The film, like the play which Sagan directed as ''Gestern und Heute'' in 1931, centers on a girls' boarding school, which was realistically depicted and shot on location at a school, albeit at one for boys. In the film, the school is ruled by a strict Prussian headmistress but, where Winsloe's play has the student who has fallen in love with her teacher commit suicide by throwing herself down the stairwell, Sagan revised the plot. In ''Mädchen in Uniform,'' thesolidarity and intervention from fellow students saves Manuela's life; this revised story critique the Prussian education system, in favor of the more liberal systems of the Weimar Republic. But it is as a lesbian classic and more broadly as a feminist film, that ''Mädchen in Uniform'' has been praised since the 1970s. The elements that make ''Mädchen in Uniform'' a lesbian classic are not the titillating images that might be implied by the title, which was in any case chosen by producer Fröhlich—girls holding hands, dressing and undressing, and so on—but rather Sagan's sensitive and sophisticated direction of talented actors, the avowedly feminist
Hertha Thiele Hertha Thiele (8 May 1908 – 5 August 1984) was a German actress. She is noted for her starring roles in then controversial stage plays and films produced during Germany's Weimar Republic and the early years of the Third Reich. After the post-w ...
as the student Manuela, and the more subtle contribution of Dorothea Wieck as the teacher Fräulein von Bernberg. Manuela develops a crush on Fräulein von Bernberg, and the film shows the budding attraction between them in shots and reverse shots of the central characters without any explicit declarations. Manuela confesses her love publicly only after she plays the eponymous hero of
Friedrich Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (, short: ; 10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German playwright, poet, philosopher and historian. Schiller is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most important classical playwright. He was born i ...
's classic play
Don Carlos ''Don Carlos'' is an 1867 five-act grand opera composed by Giuseppe Verdi to a French-language libretto by Joseph Méry and Camille du Locle, based on the 1787 play '' Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien'' (''Don Carlos, Infante of Spain'') by Fried ...
, a historical tragedy in which the young prince falls in love with his stepmother while also struggling to prepare for his future role as monarch. While Winsloe originally chose the Hungarian romance ''Der Ritter Nérestan'' as the play within her play, Sagan's substitution of ''Don Carlos'' gave Thiele a script that allowed Manuela's declaration to criticize authoritarian rule and by extension the repressive school regime, as well as to express her love to her teacher. The headmistress forbids Fräulein von Bernburg to see or speak to Manuela again but, when Manuela attempts suicide, the other girls rally around her and save her life, while the headmistress is marginalized out of the frame.. While ''Mädchen in Uniform'' may have been one of the first films to portray lesbian intimacy with seriousness and sensitivity, it played to German audiences who would have seen other films with women in androgynous garb, in German '' Hosenrollen'', from
Elisabeth Bergner Elisabeth Bergner (22 August 1897 – 12 May 1986) was an Austrian-British actress. Primarily a stage actress, her career flourished in Berlin and Paris before she moved to London to work in films. Her signature role was Gemma Jones in '' Esca ...
''to''
Marlene Dietrich Marie Magdalene "Marlene" DietrichBorn as Maria Magdalena, not Marie Magdalene, according to Dietrich's biography by her daughter, Maria Riva ; however, Dietrich's biography by Charlotte Chandler cites "Marie Magdalene" as her birth name . (, ; ...
. ''Mädchen in Uniform''s success in 1931 was due in large part to its celebration by avowed lesbian magazines such as ''
Die Freundin ''Die Freundin'' (, "The Girlfriend") was a popular Weimar-era German lesbian magazine published from 1924 to 1933. Founded in 1924, it was the world's first lesbian magazine, closely followed by '' Frauenliebe'' and ''Die BIF'' (both 1926). Th ...
'' and ''Der Skorpion'' and their readers but also to broad support for feminist and independent women in Weimar Germany. The Nazis suppressed these magazines and the clubs and other institutions that supported them but did not, contrary to claims, ban the film after they took over in 1933. Even after the Nazified German Film Chamber, still run by Fröhlich, stripped the film of credits to Jewish contributors, including Sagan and many of the young women playing students, ''Mädchen in Uniform'' circulated in Nazi Germany with advertising favoring Wieck, who disavowed any lesbian content and continued to work in Germany, after Sagan, Thiele, and others had to flee the country. Although threatened with censorship in the U.S. and in Britain, the film had enough impact on British audiences to allow Sagan to produce a stage version based on her film plot, first in London and later in South Africa in 1933, in which revival Sagan not only directed but also played the role of Fräulein von Bernberg. In Germany, having been recut by the Nazi Film Chamber to erase any lesbian elements, Sagan's original film was eclipsed after World War II by the sentimental remake ''
Mädchen in Uniform ' ("Girls in Uniform") is a 1931 German romantic drama film based on the play ' (''Yesterday and Today'') by Christa Winsloe and directed by Leontine Sagan with artistic direction from Carl Froelich, who also funded the film. Winsloe also wrote ...
'' by
Géza von Radványi Géza von Radványi (born Géza Grosschmid; 26 September 1907 – 27 November 1986) was a Hungarian film director, cinematographer, producer and writer. Biography Born Géza Grosschmid, he took the name Radványi from his paternal grandmother ...
, starring
Romy Schneider Rosemarie Magdalena Albach (23 September 1938 – 29 May 1982), known professionally as Romy Schneider (), was a German and French actress. She is regarded as one of the greatest screen actresses of all time and became a cult figure due to ...
. Sagan's original was rediscovered and shown at women's film festivals only from the 1970s but its rediscovery sparked renewed interest in Sagan and her contribution to German and world cinema. The restored version with full credits and English subtitles was released in videotape and later DVD format in the US in 1994 and in the UK in 2000. '' Men of Tomorrow'' (1934), which Sagan directed for London Film Productions and British-Hungarian producer
Alexander Korda Sir Alexander Korda (; born Sándor László Kellner; ; 16 September 1893 – 23 January 1956)
, was inspired by her observation of student rivalries between athletes and aesthetes among Oxford University men; as the title suggests, Sagan hoped to shift the emphasis from the earlier drama between women of ''Yesterday and Today'' to young men in ''Men of Tomorrow''. Made under more prudish British conditions than Weimar Germany, the treatment of same-sex attachments among Oxford "aesthetes" was more subdued and, according to Sagan's account of the plot, the central leader of the aesthetes, ends up marrying a young woman from one of the few women's colleges at the University. Korda likely had some influence on this conventional heterosexual ending, and his distributors treated the film as a "quota quickie". Quota quickies were a low-budget films made in Britain with British cast and crew to enable international producers and distributors such as Korda to fulfill a quota of local films so as to reap far greater profits from British releases of U.S. films. Although Sagan's may be confused with a later film called Men of Tomorrow (1945), a quite different story about the Boy Scouts, Sagan's film, like many quota quickies, has since vanished, as noted in the
List of lost films For this list of lost films, a lost film is defined as one of which no part of a print is known to have survived. For films in which any portion of the footage remains (including trailers), see List of incomplete or partially lost films. Reas ...
. The Library of Congress once included a flyer from ''
The Film Daily ''The Film Daily'' was a daily publication that existed from 1918 to 1970 in the United States. It was the first daily newspaper published solely for the film industry. It covered the latest trade news, film reviews, financial updates, informati ...
'' advertising the film in 1934 but that too has disappeared.


Autobiographies

Sagan kept notes on her aspirations and career from her adolescence in Johannesburg through her theatrical training in Vienna, and her theatre and film direction in Germany, Britain, South Africa, and Australia. After her death, her niece Helga Kaye gave the manuscripts, newspaper clippings, and photographs to th
Historical Papers
archive at the
University of the Witwatersrand The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (), commonly known as Wits University or Wits, is a multi-campus Public university, public research university situated in the northern areas of central Johannesburg, South Africa. The universit ...
(Wits) in Johannesburg. Sagan wrote two versions of her autobiography: the German-language manuscript appears to have been written earlier, and covers her work in Austria and Germany in greater detail, while the English-language one is much longer and includes Sagan's "joyride" to Hollywood and her post-war work in Britain and across the British Commonwealth as well as in South Africa. Both published versions of this autobiographical material blend the English and the German texts to cover Sagan's life and work across four continents over more than six decades: *Loren Kruger (ed.)''. Lights and Shadows: The Autobiography of Leontine Sagan'', Wits University Press, Johannesburg 1996; *Michael Eckardt (ed.). ''Leontine Sagan. Licht und Schatten. Schauspielerin und Regisseurin auf vier Kontinenten''. Hentrich & Hentrich, Berlin 2010, .


See also

*
List of female film and television directors This is a list of female film and television directors. Their works may include live action and/or animated features, shorts, documentaries, telemovies, TV programs, or videos. A * Jennifer Abbott (Canada) * Sarah Abbott (Canada) * Je ...
*
List of LGBT-related films directed by women This is a list of lesbian, Gay men, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer-related films that were directed by women. LGBTQ-themed films directed by women – especially, but not exclusively, lesbian-themed movies – are an important and distinct s ...


Notes


References

*Acker, A. (1991). ''Reel women: Pioneers of the cinema, 1896 to the present'' (pp. 320–322). New York: Continuum. *Bernard Sachs. ''South African Personalities and Places''. Kayor Publishers, Johannesburg, 1959. Excerpt *Foster, Gwendolyn Audrey (1995), ''Women Film Directors: An International Bio-Critical Dictionary'', Greenwood Press, p. 322, . *Foster, G. (1998). ''Women filmmakers & their films'' (pp. 361–362). Detroit: St. James Press. * lespress.de "vermutlich lesbische Regisseurin" (Eng.: "possibly lesbian director") *Mädchen in Uniform. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2015, from http://www.filmreference.com/Films-Le-Ma/M-dchen-in-Uniform.html


External links

*
Literature on Leontine Sagan
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sagan, Leontine 1889 births 1974 deaths 20th-century Austrian actresses Austrian film directors Austrian people of Jewish descent Austrian theatre directors Austrian women theatre directors Austrian women film directors German-language film directors 20th-century Hungarian actresses Hungarian film directors Hungarian people of Jewish descent Hungarian theatre directors Actresses from Budapest Hungarian film actresses Hungarian women theatre directors Austrian film actresses Austrian stage actresses