Leonas Prapuolenis (9 June 1913 – 23 July 1972) was a Lithuanian public figure, commander and leader of the June Uprising of 1941 in Lithuania. Born to a family of affluent farmers in Suvalkija, Prapuolenis was an active member of the Ateitininkai Catholic youth movement and a vocal opponent of the authoritarian regime of President Antanas Smetona. Therefore, he faced difficulties completing his education. For organizing a student strike to demand democracy, he was expelled from the Klaipėda Commerce Institute and given a four-year prison sentence in December 1938. However, he was allowed to resume his studies due to the changing political situation in the aftermath of the German ultimatum to Lithuania of March 1939. After the Soviet Union occupation of Lithuania in June 1940, Prapuolenis joined the

Lithuanian Activist Front The Lithuanian Activist Front or LAF () was a Lithuanian underground resistance organization established in 1940 after the Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940), Soviets occupied Lithuania. Its goal was to free Lithuanian Soviet Socialist ...

(LAF) and started organizing the anti-Soviet June Uprising. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union and LAF members started the uprising, Prapuolenis read the independence proclamation at 10:35 a.m. on 23 June 1941 at the Kaunas radio station. Prapuolenis became LAF representative to the Provisional Government of Lithuania. But when Prapuolenis protested the German decision to disband the Provisional Government, he was arrested by the

Gestapo The (, ), Syllabic abbreviation, abbreviated Gestapo (), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of F ...

and sent to the Dachau concentration camp. After five months, he was freed due to the efforts of Kazys Škirpa. Prapuolenis lived in

Munich Munich is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria, Germany. As of 30 November 2024, its population was 1,604,384, making it the third-largest city in Germany after Berlin and Hamburg. Munich is the largest city in Germany that is no ...

under police supervision, but kept contacts with Lithuanian resistance groups. After the war, he briefly lived in Austria and Switzerland before moving to

West Germany West Germany was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from its formation on 23 May 1949 until German reunification, its reunification with East Germany on 3 October 1990. It is sometimes known as the Bonn Republi ...

in 1948 and United States in 1955. He worked for the (BALF), was an active member of the Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania (VLIK), and board member of the Society of Friends of the Lithuanian Front.

Biography

Early life and education

Prapuolenis was born in the family of affluent farmers. His father was elected burgomaster of Kybartai for twenty years. In 1922, Prapuolenis started his studies at the Marijampolė Rygiškių Jonas Gymnasium. In 1923, he was transferred to the newly established Žiburys gymnasium in Kybartai, which was later reorganized into the Kybartai junior commerce college. Starting in 1930, he was an active member of the Ateitininkai Catholic youth movement and in 1931–1933 was a leader of an Ateitininkai group in Kybartai. After graduating from the Kybartai college, Prapuolenis began studying economics at the Vytautas Magnus University. As a university student, he was a member of the Catholic student corporation Kęstutis and chairman of the student sports club Achilas. In 1934, he moved to

Klaipėda Klaipėda ( ; ) is a city in Lithuania on the Baltic Sea coast. It is the List of cities in Lithuania, third-largest city in Lithuania, the List of cities in the Baltic states by population, fifth-largest city in the Baltic States, and the capi ...

to study at the newly established Commerce Institute and after the first year was conscripted into the Lithuanian Army. He applied to study at the War School of Kaunas instead, but his request was rejected due to his political activity and opposition to the regime of President Antanas Smetona. Prapuolenis won the case and graduated from the War School as a junior reserve lieutenant in 1936. After returning to the Commerce Institute, he was a member of the opposition movement – he chaired Catholic student corporation Gintaras, prepared for publication bi-weekly newspaper ', and planned a student strike to demand democracy in Lithuania. Therefore, he was expelled from the institute in December 1938. Prapuolenis further received a four-year prison sentence but was spared by the changing political situation. When the new coalition government led by Jonas Černius, which included members of the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party and Lithuanian Popular Peasants' Union, was formed in March 1939, Prapuolenis returned to his studies at the institute which was relocated to

Šiauliai Šiauliai ( ; ) is a city in northern Lithuania, the List of cities in Lithuania, country's fourth largest city and the List of cities in the Baltic states by population, sixth largest city in the Baltic States, with a population of 112 581 in 202 ...

as Lithuania lost Klaipėda to Nazi Germany. He graduated from the institute in fall 1939. In 1939, together with Adolfas Damušis, Pranas Padalskis and others, he established the chemical factory Gulbė (''The Swan'') in Kaunas.

Member of the resistance

After the Soviet Union occupation of Lithuania in June 1940, Gulbė was nationalized and Prapuolenis, feeling that he might become a target of Soviet repressions, went into hiding. Together with Adolfas Damušis, brigade general Motiejus Pečiulionis, and others, Prapuolenis established resistance groups (a network of fives) of the

(LAF) in Kaunas. Prapuolenis was a contact between LAF groups in Kaunas and Vilnius, led by major Vytautas Bulvičius. After Vilnius LAF was liquidated by the

NKVD The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (, ), abbreviated as NKVD (; ), was the interior ministry and secret police of the Soviet Union from 1934 to 1946. The agency was formed to succeed the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) se ...

and major Bulvičius was arrested, Prapuolenis became a leader of LAF. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union and LAF members started the June Uprising against Soviet institutions in Lithuania, Prapuolenis read the independence proclamation at 9:28 a.m. on 23 June 1941 at the Kaunas radio station freed by the LAF rebels. Prapuolenis became LAF representative to the Provisional Government of Lithuania. On 15 September, after the Provisional Government was replaced by the German administration ('' Generalbezirk Litauen'' of the '' Reichskommissariat Ostland''), Prapuolenis and other members of LAF and the Provisional Government prepared a memorandum arguing against such German actions. The Germans responded by disbanding LAF and imprisoning Prapuolenis in Tilsit on 27 September. He was sent to the Dachau concentration camp on 5 December 1941. On 7 April 1942, Prapuolenis was freed with the help of Kazys Škirpa. Prapuolenis was placed under police supervision in

without the right to visit Lithuania. He was allowed a short visit to Lithuania to attend his father's funeral in December 1942. Despite the German prohibitions, he participated in developing strategy of the Lithuanian Front (LF), an anti-Nazi and anti-Soviet resistance group that replaced LAF. Between 15 September and 8 October 1944, Prapuolenis together with Zenonas Ivinskis and Pranas Padalskis secretly visited German-occupied Lithuania and met anti-Soviet resistance members of LF and the Lithuanian Liberty Army in Telšiai, Rietavas, and Kretinga. Prepuolenis did not return to

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalit ...

. He briefly lived in

Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...

and Bregenz, Austria. In May 1945, he moved to Switzerland and worked as a secretary of the (BALF). In June 1948, he moved to Pfullingen in

and continued working for BALF. He joined the anti-Soviet organisation Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania (VLIK), was vice-chairman of the Society of Friends of the Lithuanian Front (''Lietuvių fronto bičiulių sambūris''), and was a corresponded of the Lithuanian daily '' Draugas'' published in Chicago. In 1952–1953, he was one of seven Lithuanian independence activists who were selected as assassination targets by the Soviet MGB. However, the plans failed when the MGB agent Rudolf Otting (codename Kirvis) defected to West Germany. In 1955, Prapuolenis moved to the United States and settled in Chicago. He was an active participant in various Lithuanian emigre organisations. He was buried at the Lithuanian cemetery of St. Casimir in Chicago. Prapuolenis published articles in various Lithuanian periodicals, including ''XX amžius'' (20th century), ''Studentų dienos'' (The Days of Students), ''Į laisvę'' (Towards Freedom), '' Tėvynės sargas'' (Guardian of the Fatherland).

Legacy

In 2001, Prapuolenis was posthumously awarded the Commander Cross of the Order of the Cross of Vytis. On 22 June 2009, a bas relief by sculptor Stasys Žirgulis was unveiled at the Vytautas Magnus University. The relief depicts six professors and students of the university who were the most active leaders of the Lithuanian Activist Front − Vytautas Bulvičius, Adolfas Damušis, Juozas Vėbra, Leonas Prapuolenis, Pilypas Narutis and Juozas Ambrazevičius.

References

External links

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Leono Prapuolenio archyvas Martyno Mažvydo bibliotekoje (Archive of Leonas Prapuolenis at the National Library of Martynas Mažvydas)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prapuolenis, Leonas 1913 births 1972 deaths Dachau concentration camp survivors Lithuanian Activist Front members Lithuanian refugees in the United States People from Suwałki Governorate People from Vilkaviškis District Municipality Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Vytis Vytautas Magnus University alumni