''Legionella jordanis'' is a
Gram-negative
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that, unlike gram-positive bacteria, do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. Their defining characteristic is that their cell envelope consists ...
bacterium
Bacteria (; : bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the ...
from the genus ''
Legionella
''Legionella'' is a genus of gram-negative bacteria, gram-negative bacteria that can be seen using a silver stain or grown in a special media that contains cysteine, an amino acid. It is known to cause legionellosis (all illnesses caused by ''Legi ...
'' which was isolated from the
Jordan River
The Jordan River or River Jordan (, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn''; , ''Nəhar hayYardēn''), also known as ''Nahr Al-Sharieat'' (), is a endorheic river in the Levant that flows roughly north to south through the Sea of Galilee and drains to the Dead ...
in
Bloomington, Indiana and from the sewage in
DeKalb County, Georgia
DeKalb County (, , ) is located in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, the population was 764,382, making it Georgia's fourth-most populous county. Its ...
.
''L. jordanis'' is a rare human
pathogen
In biology, a pathogen (, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of"), in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a Germ theory of d ...
and can cause
respiratory tract infections.
History
''Legionella jordanis'' strain BL-540 was first isolated from water samples taken at the Jordan River in Bloomington, Indiana by Cherry et al. in 1978.
Another strain characterized as ABB-9 was discovered in 1980 from sewage collected in
DeKalb County, Georgia
DeKalb County (, , ) is located in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, the population was 764,382, making it Georgia's fourth-most populous county. Its ...
. The
specific epithet
In Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin gramm ...
''jordanis'' was derived from the name of the river in which was discovered.
The two strains were both
Gram-stained. The Sudan black B fat stain for lipids and the
Wirtz-Conklin method were used to demonstrate
spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual reproduction, sexual (in fungi) or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for biological dispersal, dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores fo ...
formation.
Acid-fast
Acid-fastness is a physical property of certain bacterial and eukaryotic cells, as well as some sub-cellular structures, specifically their resistance to decolorization by acids during laboratory staining procedures. Once stained as part of a sa ...
staining was used, as well. The cultures were streaked onto
trypticase soy agar
Trypticase soy agar or Tryptic soy agar (TSA) is a growth medium, growth media for the microbiological culture, culturing of moderately to non fastidious organism , fastidious bacteria. It is a general-purpose, non-selective media providing eno ...
(TSA) and
charcoal yeast extract (CYE) agar slants,
and were left to incubate around 36 °C in candle extinction jars that remove oxygen from the jar by burning a candle with the lid tightly sealed. The cultures failed to grow on the TSA plates, but did show growth on CYE slants which Cherry et al. expected. They were removed at 24- and 48-hour periods and tested for
oxidase
In biochemistry, an oxidase is an oxidoreductase (any enzyme that catalyzes a redox reaction) that uses dioxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. In reactions involving donation of a hydrogen atom, oxygen is reduced to water (H2O) or hydrogen peroxid ...
and
catalase
Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals) which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is a very important enzyme in protecting ...
production.
Characterization
The order Legionellales comprises two families, Legionellaceae'' and ''Coxiellaceae. The family Legionellaceae includes the genera ''Legionella'' and relatives ''Fluoribacter''
and ''Sarcobium''.
The colonies that appeared around the third day in the CYE slants were grey and raised with a “ground-glass appearance".
It was positive for both oxidase and catalase production.
Strains of ''L. jordanis'' are thin, motile Gram-negative rods that range in size from 0.3 to 0.9 μm wide by 2 to 20 μm long.
In addition, it is not
encapsulated or
non-spore-forming. After being stained with Sudan B, many of the cells did not have fat deposits. Gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry show that all known species of ''Legionella'' contain large amounts of branched-chain
fatty acids
In chemistry, in particular in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, ...
.
DNA that was unlabeled from BL-540 was tested against labeled DNAs from the six recognized ''Legionella'' species. When reactions were performed at an
incubation temperature of 60 °C, relatedness of BL-540 to the other DNAs were between 4 and 20%. When reactions were performed at a higher incubation temperature of 75 °C, the relatedness ranged from 0 to 10%. The results indicated that ''L. jordanis'' was a new species. The two strains, BL-540 and ABB-9, were almost identical when DNA relatedness reactions were performed at both 60 and 75 °C.
Pathogenesis

''L. jordanis'' is an
opportunistic pathogen. It has been shown to cause lower respiratory tract infections in humans and is responsible for causing a type of
pneumonia
Pneumonia is an Inflammation, inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as Pulmonary alveolus, alveoli. Symptoms typically include some combination of Cough#Classification, productive or dry cough, ches ...
commonly referred to as
Legionnaires' disease
Legionnaires' disease is a form of atypical pneumonia caused by any species of ''Legionella'' bacteria, quite often ''Legionella pneumophila''. Signs and symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, high fever, myalgia, muscle pains, and headach ...
.
Lung infection with ''L. jordanis'' is sometimes misdiagnosed as an ''
Aspergillus
' () is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide.
''Aspergillus'' was first catalogued in 1729 by the Italian priest and biologist Pier Antonio Micheli. Viewing the fungi under a microscope, Miche ...
'' mold infection. This mold also causes a fatal type of pneumonia which ''L. jordanis'' is able to mimic.
Using
human sera, indirect
fluorescent antibody tests strongly indicated that unrecognized human infections with ''L. jordanis'' may be occurring.
A study of patients from
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK or MSKCC) is a oncology, cancer treatment and research institution in Manhattan in New York City. MSKCC is one of 72 National Cancer Institute–NCI-designated Cancer Center, designated Comprehen ...
in New York, NY revealed a possible risk of
nosocomial infections from shower heads found to contain ''L. jordanis''. After this finding, monthly shower head disinfection procedures were instituted, but about 19% of shower heads remained positive for ''Legionella''.
Infections of individuals who are not
immunocompromised
Immunodeficiency, also known as immunocompromise, is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases are acquired ("secondary") due to extrinsic factors that affe ...
are also possible.
Metabolism and genomics
Newton, et al. cultured ''L. jordanis'' and various other species of ''Legionella'' in
BCYE or
ACES
An ace is a playing card.
Ace(s), ACE(S) and variants may also refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Awards
* ACE Awards (Award for Cable Excellence)
Comics
* ''Ace Comics'', a 1937-1959 comic book series
* Ace Magazines (comics), a 1940- ...
broth. DNA extraction and
PCR amplification were done under standard conditions. However, due to low GC-content and the mismatching of
base pairs
A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA ...
, the temperature used during
subtractive hybridization was adjusted to 35 °C.
Small amounts of biosynthetic enzymes L-cysteine synthase and
acetyltransferase
An acetyltransferase (also referred to as a transacetylase) is any of a class of transferase enzymes that transfers an acetyl group in a reaction called acetylation. In biological organisms, post-translational modification of a protein via acetyl ...
were detected in ''L. jordanis'' and ''L. pneumophila''; 19
open reading frames (ORFs) were found in ''L. jordanis'', with a range of punitive functions making up around 47.5% of the 41 sequences represented by 40 ORFs. ''L. jordanis'' was found to contain the gene loci ''sidH'', ''sidE'', ''sidB'', and ''sidG'' which express a
Dot/Icm effector protein.
This effector protein is essential for ''L. pneumophila'' to infiltrate host cells, so it is thought to be used as a
virulence factor
Virulence factors (preferably known as pathogenicity factors or effectors in botany) are cellular structures, molecules and regulatory systems that enable microbial pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa) to achieve the following:
* c ...
in ''L. jordanis'', also.
Both strains of ''L. jordanis'' tested positive for
proteolysis
Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids. Protein degradation is a major regulatory mechanism of gene expression and contributes substantially to shaping mammalian proteomes. Uncatalysed, the hydrolysis o ...
and
hemolysis
Hemolysis or haemolysis (), also known by #Nomenclature, several other names, is the rupturing (lysis) of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and the release of their contents (cytoplasm) into surrounding fluid (e.g. blood plasma). Hemolysis may ...
. They did not test positive for
cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells. Examples of toxic agents are toxic metals, toxic chemicals, microbe neurotoxins, radiation particles and even specific neurotransmitters when the system is out of balance. Also some types of d ...
. Several species of ''Legionella'' “produced different proteolytic cleavage patterns on
synthetic peptide
In organic chemistry, peptide synthesis is the production of peptides, compounds where multiple amino acids are linked via amide bonds, also known as peptide bonds. Peptides are chemically synthesized by the condensation reaction of the carboxyl ...
substrates.”
This suggests some genetic differences exist between the
proteases
A protease (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products. They do ...
produced by the different species of ''Legionella'', despite them having some similarities. ''L. jordanis'' also appears to contain complex chains of
lipopolysaccharides
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), now more commonly known as endotoxin, is a collective term for components of the outermost membrane of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria, such as '' E. coli'' and ''Salmonella'' with a common structural archit ...
. ''Legionella'' species use amino acids as both carbon and energy sources.
Ecology
The first two isolates of ''L. jordanis'' were from the waters of the Jordan River in Indiana.
The strain was designated as BL-540. This area of the river was near an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease, which is caused by ''L. pneumonphila''. Another isolate was found in sewage located in DeKalb County, Georgia. This strain was designated as ABB-9.
''Legionella'' species are aquatic organisms and typically inhabit freshwater environments with humans being accidental hosts. Most isolates of ''Legionella'' have been from air-conditioning cooling towers and
potable-water distribution systems, but they can also be found in other thermally polluted water sources such as air conditioners, spa equipment, fountains, humidifiers, or showers.
They can also be collected on the surfaces of lakes, mud, and streams. They can grow in temperatures ranging from 5 to 63 °C; optimal growth occurs between 25 and 40 °C.
See also
*
Bacterial pneumonia
Bacterial pneumonia is a type of pneumonia caused by bacterial infection.
Types
Gram-positive
'' Streptococcus pneumoniae'' () is the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia in all age groups except newborn infants. ''Streptococcus pneumoniae ...
References
External links
Type strain of ''Legionella jordanis'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
{{Taxonbar, from=Q15395914
Legionellales
Bacteria described in 1982