''Laurencia'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

red algae Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), make up one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta comprises one of the largest Phylum, phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 recognized species within over 900 Genus, genera amidst ongoing taxon ...

that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in

littoral The littoral zone, also called litoral or nearshore, is the part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore. In coastal ecology, the littoral zone includes the intertidal zone extending from the high water mark (which is rarely i ...

sublittoral The littoral zone, also called litoral or nearshore, is the part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore. In coastal ecology, the littoral zone includes the intertidal zone extending from the high water mark (which is rarely in ...

habitats, at depths up to .

Description

''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or

decumbent This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary ...

with

distichous In botany, phyllotaxis () or phyllotaxy is the arrangement of leaves on a plant stem. Phyllotactic spirals form a distinctive class of patterns in nature. Leaf arrangement The basic arrangements of leaves on a stem are opposite and alternat ...

, whorled or radial branch arrangement.

Taxonomy and Nomenclature

The genus name of ''Laurencia'' is in honour of Louis Jean de La Laurencie (1768-1829), who was a French Naval officer, Director of the

University of Limoges The University of Limoges (''Université de Limoges'') is a French public university, based in Limoges. Its chancellor is the rector of the Academy of Limoges (an administrative district in France for education and research). It counts more than ...

and also a friend of the author, Jean Vincent Félix Lamouroux. The genus was

circumscribed In geometry, a circumscribed circle for a set of points is a circle passing through each of them. Such a circle is said to ''circumscribe'' the points or a polygon formed from them; such a polygon is said to be ''inscribed'' in the circle. * Circum ...

Jean Vincent Félix Lamouroux Jean Vincent Félix Lamouroux (3 May 1779 – 26 March 1825) was a French biologist and naturalist, noted for his seminal work with algae. Biography Lamouroux was born in Agen in the Aquitaine of southwestern France, the son of Claude Lamouroux, ...

in Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. vol.20 on page 130 in 1813. It included an initial description of eight species which then subsequently underwent taxonomic revisions. The genus belongs to order Ceramiales reported to have 137 species, with a rich body of knowledge spanning for more than 50 years of research. ''Laurencia'' belongs to the family Rhodomelaceae which is considered to be one of the largest marine red algae family, estimated to have 125 genera and 700 species all over the world. In Laurenciae, a tribe consisting of eight genera, have a taxonomic group called "''Laurencia complex''" or ''Laurencia'' sensu lato which includes six of eight genera, '' Chondrophycus, Laurencia, Laurenciella,

Osmundea ''Osmundea'' is a genus of red algae Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), make up one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta comprises one of the largest Phylum, phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 recognized species within ov ...

, Palisada,'' and '' Yuzurua''.

Morphology

''Laurencia'' is a small to medium-sized red algae which may appear to be iridescent with thalli reaching up to 40 cm. Thalli can be branching, which can either be bilateral or spread in all directions. Its appendages can be rhizoidal or discoidal in appearance on stoloniferous holdfasts. Branch shape appears to be flat or cylindrical in morphology. Branchlets may be slightly rigid with a shape that may be blunt, truncate or claviform. ''Laurencia'' has shown high diversity as a genus, with species having distinct features that can easily be determined within the ''Laurencia'' complex. Molecular studies using rbcL (RuBisCO, Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase, Large chain) have uncovered evidences which divided the ''Laurencia'' complex, identiying the genus ''Laurenciella,'' which shares similar morphology with ''Laurencia'' but has a different rbcL sequence.

Distribution

''Laurencia'' can be found all over the world, in particular in tropical and subtropical regions with warmer waters. Its habitats range from tide pools, reef flats, mud flats, and a variety of hard substrates (e.g. rocks, corals), within intertidal and subtidal zones up to 65 m. It is also described as "turf-forming" wherein it can cover a majority of hard substrate in some areas. In Myanmar, it can be found growing together with some species of ''Cladophora, Chaetomorpha, Dictyota, Gelidium, Ceramium, Caloglossa, Catenella, Polysiphonia, Acanthophora,'' and ''Bostrychia''.

Ecology

''Laurencia'' has numerous ecological roles, serving as refuge for different marine organisms in areas where they grow abundantly, forming forests. They are also hosts of various mircoorganisms and parasitic algae, known as ''Janczewskia'.'' As producers, they are also fed on by some grazers such as crabs, queen conch, and sea hares despite its chemical deterrent. The growth of ''Laurencia'' is significantly affected by changes in nutrient availability and temperature. The effects of pollution in ''Laurencia'' are somewhat inconsistent showing its adaptability in Indian Ocean but markedly showed a decrease in biomass in polluted areas in the Mediterranean. Space within the environment is also a necessity for ''Laurencia'' survival. In field trials, ''Laurencia'' tends to inhibit coral larvae dispersal resulting to higher mortality when the algae is present.

Life History

''Laurencia'' grows throughout the year, with spermatangial individuals appearing from early August to late September while cystocarpic ones appear from mid-August to late October. From July to October, mature tetrasporangial plants appear. Gametophytic individuals are dioecious in nature, typically developed on the branchlets, but can be present in the main branch as well. Male gametophytes contain spermatangia on trichoblast while female gametophytes contain carpogonia, representing the haploid phase. Two diploid phases occur in ''Laurencia'': one with carpogonia and carpospore and the other, with tetrasporangia. Therefore, ''Laurencia'' undergoes three phases in its life cycle: one haploid phase and two diploid phases, consistent to the ''Polysiphonia'' triphasic life history.

Cultivation and Exploitation

A growing interest in the cultivation of ''Laurencia brongniartii'' has emerged due to its potential to be a newfound source for antibiotics. The common method is indoor tank culture, utilizing an excised apical tip from a thalli sample. Initial trials have confirmed its viability for culture providing opportunities for personnel with little to no experience in algae cultivation. The cost of production is relatively low, with maintenance costs at its core. Small-scale operations may be profitable in maximizing algae production, however more studies are needed to evaluate these conditions.

Chemical Composition

''Laurencia'' species are known to have several natural products exhibiting numerous biological activities such as chemical defense against grazers, anti-fouling chemical affecting ''Perna perna'' attachment, and anti-fouling activities. In addition, ''Laurencia'' is known to be an abundant source of halogenated metabolites, including a variety of terpenes (e.g. sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, and C₁₅ acetogenins). In Vietnam, ''L. snackeyi'' may be a potential species to evaluate new chemical races, similar to ''L. nipponica'' seeing how these may indicate similarities in morphology but differences in chemical content subject to geographical distribution.

Utilization and Management

A total of 1047 secondary metabolites have been extracted from ''Laurencia'' and ''Aplysia'' species since 2015. The diverse chemical composition of ''Laurencia'' has been subject to numerous research mainly attributed to both environmental and genetic factors. For years, humans have utilized ''Laurencia'' as food, medicinal products, fertilizers, and from recent research, an abundant source of pharmacological significance. The commercialization of the species may require further research in order to optimize culture conditions and eventually, harvest greater yield and develop a more systematic cultivation system.

Species

AlgaeBase AlgaeBase is a global species database of information on all groups of algae, both seaweed, marine and freshwater algae, freshwater, as well as sea-grass. History AlgaeBase began in March 1996, founded by Michael D. Guiry, Michael Guiry. Text ...

, a database with detailed information on species of ''Laurencia'', includes 137 taxonomically accepted species , and differentiates these from a further ~375 entries of uncertain taxonomic status; it further delineates homotypic or heterotypic

synonyms A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means precisely or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are a ...

. Commonly observed species of ''Laurencia'' include the shallow

subtidal The neritic zone (or sublittoral zone) is the relatively shallow part of the ocean above the drop-off of the continental shelf, approximately in depth. From the point of view of marine biology it forms a relatively stable and well-illuminate ...

Laurencia nidifica ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' (Hawaii), '' Laurencia pacifica'' (California), and ''

Laurencia thyrsifera ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' (New Zealand). Species seen in the British Isles include ''

Laurencia hybrida ''Osmundea hybrida'' is a fairly small marine red alga. Description ''Osmundea hybrida'' is small branched alga which grows from a holdfast to 15 mm long. The axes show a main axis with branches which may be spiral or irregular. The main a ...

'', ''

Laurencia obtusa ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'', ''

Laurencia osmunda ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'', ''

Laurencia pinnatifida ''Osmundea pinnatifida'' is a species of red alga known by the common name pepper dulse. It is a small seaweed widely found with the tidal zone of moderately sheltered rocky shores around Europe. Although technically a red seaweed, it can show ...

'', ''

Laurencia pyramidalis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'', and ''

Laurencia truncata ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

''. The

World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive catalogue and list of names of marine organisms. Content The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scien ...

lists the following species as accepted:Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2018). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Laurencia J.V.Lamouroux, 1813. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=143914 on 2018-11-01 *''

Laurencia aguilar-rosasorum ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' J.N.Norris, 2014 *''

Laurencia aldingensis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Saito &

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, 1974 *'' Laurencia alsidioides'' P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1865 (''

species inquirenda In biological classification, a ''species inquirenda'' is a species of doubtful identity requiring further investigation. The use of the term in English-language biological literature dates back to at least the early nineteenth century. The ter ...

'') *'' Laurencia arbuscula'' Sonder, 1845 *''

Laurencia batracopus ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' (

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) Greville, 1830 *''

Laurencia boryi ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

De Notaris Notaris is a surname. It may refer to: * Carlo De Notaris (1812-1888), Italian painter * Giuseppe De Notaris (1805–1877), Italian botanist and mycologist * Sotirios Notaris (fencer) (1879–1924), Greek fencer and Olympic competitor * Sotirios ...

, 1842 *''

Laurencia botrychioides ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Harvey, 1855 *''

Laurencia botryocarpa ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Shperk, 1869 *''

Laurencia botryoides ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' ( C.Agardh)

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, 1828 *''

Laurencia brachyclados ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Pilger, 1920 *''

Laurencia brasiliana ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' G.Martens, 1871 *''

Laurencia brongniartii ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in Littoral zone, littoral to Littoral zone#Sublittoral zone, sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that ...

'' J.Agardh, 1841 *''

Laurencia caduciramulosa ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

Masuda is a city located in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 43,885 in 21,249 households and a population density of 60 persons per km2. The total area of the city is . Geography Masuda is located on the western e ...

& Kawaguchi, 1997 *'' Laurencia californica'' ( Kützing) Kützing, 1865 *'' Laurencia calliclada''

, 1997 *''

Laurencia calliptera ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Kützing, 1865 *''

Laurencia canaliculata ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' J.Agardh *'' Laurencia caraibica'' P.C.Silva, 1972 *''

Laurencia caspica ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' A.D.Zinova & Zaberzhinskaya, 1967 *'' Laurencia catarinensis'' Cordeiro-Marino & Fujii, 1985 *'' Laurencia cervicornis'' Harvey, 1853 *''

Laurencia chauvinii ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

*'' Laurencia chilensis'' De Toni,

Forti Forti Corse, commonly known as Forti, was an Italian motor racing team chiefly known for its brief and unsuccessful involvement in Formula One in the mid-1990s. It was established in the late 1970s and competed in lower formulae for two decades. ...

& M.A.Howe, 1920 *''

Laurencia chinensis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' C.K.Tseng, 1943 *''

Laurencia chondrioides ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Børgesen, 1918 *''

Laurencia cladonioides ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Kützing *''

Laurencia clarionensis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Setchell &

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, 1937 *'' Laurencia clavata'' Sonder, 1853 *'' Laurencia clavifera'' Suhr *''

Laurencia claviformis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in Littoral zone, littoral to Littoral zone#Sublittoral zone, sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that ...

'' Børgesen, 1924 *''

Laurencia coelenterata ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' D.L.Ballantine & Aponte, 1995 *''

Laurencia complanata ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' ( Suhr) Kützing, 1849 *'' Laurencia composita'' Yamada, 1931 *''

Laurencia condaoensis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Pham Hoàng Hô *'' Laurencia congesta''

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, 1945 *''

Laurencia coronopus ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' J.Agardh, 1852 *'' Laurencia corymbifera'' Kützing *'' Laurencia corymbosa'' J.Agardh, 1852 *''

Laurencia crassifrons ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan *''

Laurencia crustiformans ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' K.J.McDermid, 1989 *''

Laurencia cryptoclada ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Kützing, 1866 *'' Laurencia cyanosperma'' (

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)

, 1828 *'' Laurencia cyanosperma''

ex J.V.Lamouroux, 1813 *''

Laurencia cylindrica ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' ( Kützing) Kützing *''

Laurencia cymosa ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in Littoral zone, littoral to Littoral zone#Sublittoral zone, sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that ...

'' Kützing, 1865 *''

Laurencia decidua ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' E.Y.Dawson, 1954 *''

Laurencia decumbens ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Kützing, 1863 *''

Laurencia dendroidea ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' J.Agardh, 1852 *'' Laurencia densissima'' Setchell & N.L.Gardner, 1937 *''

Laurencia depauperata ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

Zanardini Giovanni Antonio Maria Zanardini (12 June 1804, Venice – 24 April 1878) was an Italian physician and botanist who specialized in the field of phycology. In 1831 he obtained his medical doctorate from the University of Padua, followed by a degree ...

*'' Laurencia distichophylla'' J.Agardh, 1852 *'' Laurencia elata'' ( C.Agardh) J.D.Hooker & Harvey, 1847 *''

Laurencia epiphylla ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' F.Boisset & J.C.Lino, 1998 *''

Laurencia ericoides ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Kützing *''

Laurencia fasciculata ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' (

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) Greville, 1830 *''

Laurencia fastigiata ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Montagne, 1846 *'' Laurencia fenicalli'' J.N.Norris, 2014 *''

Laurencia filiformis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' ( C.Agardh) Montagne, 1845 ** ''Laurencia filiformis'' f. ''decussata'' A.B.Cribb *''

Laurencia flagelliformis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' J.Agardh *'' Laurencia flexuosa'' Kützing, 1849 *''

Laurencia foldatsii ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' N.Rodríguez Rios, 1981 *''

Laurencia forsteri ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' (

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) Greville, 1830 *''

Laurencia galtsoffii ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' M.A.Howe, 1934 *''

Laurencia gardneri ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Hollenberg, 1943 *'' Laurencia glomerata'' ( Kützing) Kützing, 1849 *''

Laurencia gracilis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' J.D.Hooker & Harvey, 1849 *''

Laurencia griseaviolacea ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' M.J.Wynne, 2017 *'' Laurencia hamata'' Yamada, 1932 *''

Laurencia hancockii ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in Littoral zone, littoral to Littoral zone#Sublittoral zone, sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that ...

'' E.Y.Dawson, 1944 *''

Laurencia heteroclada ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Harvey, 1855 *'' Laurencia hongkongensis'' C.K.Tseng, C.F.Chang, E.Z.Xia & B.M.Xia, 1980 *''

Laurencia humilis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Setchell & N.L.Gardner, 1930 *'' Laurencia indica'' Hauck, 1888 ** ''Laurencia indica'' var. ''nidifica'' Hauck, 1888 *''

Laurencia intercalaris ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' K.W.Nam, 1994 *''

Laurencia intricata ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' J.V.Lamouroux, 1813 *''

Laurencia iriei ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' J.N.Norris *''

Laurencia irieii ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in Littoral zone, littoral to Littoral zone#Sublittoral zone, sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that ...

'' J.N.Norris *''

Laurencia japonensis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' T.Abe &

, 1998 *''

Laurencia johnstonii ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Setchell &

, 1924 *''

Laurencia lageniformis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

Suzuki is a Japanese multinational mobility manufacturer headquartered in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Shizuoka. It manufactures automobiles, motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), outboard motor, outboard marine engines, wheelchairs and a va ...

, 1997 *''

Laurencia lajolla ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in Littoral zone, littoral to Littoral zone#Sublittoral zone, sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that ...

'' E.Y.Dawson, 1958 *'' Laurencia laurahuertana'' Mateo-Cid, Mendoza-González, Senties & Diaz-Larrea, 2014 *''

Laurencia laxa ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' ( R.Brown ex

)

, 1828 *''

Laurencia ligulata ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' E.Y.Dawson, 1963 *''

Laurencia lutea ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' J.V.Lamouroux *''

Laurencia mariannensis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Yamada, 1931 *'' Laurencia masonii'' Setchell & N.L.Gardner, 1930 *''

Laurencia maxineae ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' E.Y.Dawson, 1944 *'' Laurencia mcdermidiae'' I.A.Abbott, 1996 *''

Laurencia mediocris ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Setchell & N.L.Gardner, 1937 *''

Laurencia melanothrix ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' ( Bory) Kützing *'' Laurencia mexicana'' Kützing *''

Laurencia microcladia ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in Littoral zone, littoral to Littoral zone#Sublittoral zone, sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that ...

'' Kützing, 1865 *''

Laurencia minuscula ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Schnetter, 1976 *''

Laurencia minuta ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' H.Vandermeulen, Garbary & Guiry, 1990 ** ''Laurencia minuta'' subsp. ''scammaccae'' G.Furnari & Cormaci, 1990 *''

Laurencia moretonensis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' A.B.Cribb, 1958 *''

Laurencia multiflora ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Kützing, 1865 *''

Laurencia nana ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' ( C.Agardh) Greville, 1830 *''

Laurencia nangii ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

, 1997 *''

Laurencia nanhaiensis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' L.Ding, B.Huang, B.M.Xia & C.K.Tseng, 2007 *''

Laurencia natalensis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Kylin, 1938 *''

'' J.Agardh, 1852 ** ''Laurencia nidifica'' var. ''tenuior'' Sonder *''

Laurencia nipponica ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Yamada, 1931 *''

Laurencia nuda ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Suhr, 1840 *''

'' ( Huds.) J.V.Lamouroux, 1813 -

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

** ''Laurencia obtusa'' var. ''compacta'' A.B.Cribb, 1958 ** ''Laurencia obtusa'' var. ''densa'' Yamada ** ''Laurencia obtusa'' var. ''divaricata'' Yamada, 1931 ** ''Laurencia obtusa'' var. ''gracilis'' ( C.Agardh)

, 1847 ** ''Laurencia obtusa'' f. ''laxa'' ** ''Laurencia obtusa'' var. ''mollissima'' A.B.Cribb, 1958 ** ''Laurencia obtusa'' var. ''pulvinata'' Feldmann ** ''Laurencia obtusa'' var. ''pyramidalis'' Harvey, 1849 ** ''Laurencia obtusa'' f. ''pyramidata'' ( J.Agardh)

Van Heurck A van is a type of road vehicle used for transporting goods or people. There is some variation in the scope of the word across the different English-speaking countries. The smallest vans, microvans, are used for transporting either goods or p ...

, 1908 ** ''Laurencia obtusa'' var. ''pyramidica'' J.Agardh ** ''Laurencia obtusa'' var. ''racemosa'' Kützing, 1865 ** ''Laurencia obtusa'' var. ''rigidula'' Grunow, 1874 *''

Laurencia obtusiuscula ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Setchell &

, 1924 ** ''Laurencia obtusiuscula'' var. ''corymbifera'' Setchell &

, 1924 ** ''Laurencia obtusiuscula'' var. ''laxa'' Setchell &

, 1924 *''

Laurencia okamurae ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Yamada, 1931 *''

Laurencia oliveirana ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Yoneshigue, 1985 *''

Laurencia omaezakiana ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

, 1997 *''

Laurencia oophora ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Kützing, 1865 *''

Laurencia oppositoclada ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

*''

Laurencia oppositocladia ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

, 1945 *''

Laurencia ovalis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' ( Huds.)

Frauenfeld Frauenfeld (Alemannic German, Alemannic: ''Frauefäld'') is the capital of the Cantons of Switzerland, canton of Canton of Thurgau, Thurgau in Switzerland. The official language of Frauenfeld is (the Swiss variety of Standard) Swiss Standard Ge ...

*'' Laurencia pacifica'' Kylin, 1941 *'' Laurencia paitensis''

W.R.Taylor William Randolph Taylor (December 21, 1895 – November 11, 1990) was an American botanist known as an expert in phycology. Early life Taylor was born on December 21, 1895, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended the University of Pennsyl ...

, 1947 *''

Laurencia pannosa ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

, 1872 *''

Laurencia parvula ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Børgesen, 1937 *''

Laurencia patentissima ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' ützing, 1865 *'' Laurencia peninsularis'' Stegenga, J.J.Bolton & R.J.Anderson, 1987 *'' Laurencia peninsularis''

, 1945 *''

Laurencia pinnata ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Yamada, 1931 *''

'' ( S.G.Gmel.) Lamouroux *''

Laurencia pistillaris ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' J.V.Lamouroux, 1822 *''

Laurencia platyclada ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Børgesen, 1934 *''

Laurencia ptychodes ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' A.B.Cribb, 1983 *''

Laurencia pumila ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' ( Grunow) Papenfuss, 1943 *''

ex Kützing, 1849 *''

Laurencia pyramidata ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

, 1852 *'' Laurencia pyrifera'' ( Kützing) Kützing *''

Laurencia radicans ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' ( Kützing) Kützing, 1849 *''

Laurencia richardsii ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' E.Y.Dawson, 1954 *''

Laurencia rigida ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' J.Agardh, 1876 *''

Laurencia saitoi ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' L.P.Perestenko, 1980 *''

Laurencia scrippsensis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' E.Y.Dawson, 1944 *'' Laurencia setacea'' Kützing *''

Laurencia shepherdii ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Saito &

, 1974 *''

Laurencia silvae ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' J.F.Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1983 *''

Laurencia similis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' K.W.Nam & Y.Saito, 1991 *''

Laurencia singaporensis ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

ex De Toni &

Levi Levi ( ; ) was, according to the Book of Genesis, the third of the six sons of Jacob and Leah (Jacob's third son), and the founder of the Israelites, Israelite Tribe of Levi (the Levites, including the Kohanim) and the great-grandfather of Aaron ...

, 1888 *''

Laurencia snackeyi ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' ( Weber-van Bosse) M.Masuda, 1997 *''

Laurencia snyderae ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' E.Y.Dawson, 1945 ** ''Laurencia snyderae'' var. ''guadalupensis'' E.Y.Dawson, 1963 *''

Laurencia spicifera ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Sonder, 1881 *''

Laurencia spinulifera ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Kützing, 1865 *'' Laurencia subcolumnaris'' Børgesen, 1954 *''

Laurencia subcorymbosa ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' E.Y.Dawson, 1963 *'' Laurencia subdisticha'' E.Y.Dawson, Neushul & Wildman, 1960 *''

Laurencia subopposita ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' ( J.Agardh) Setchell, 1914 *''

Laurencia subsimplex ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' C.K.Tseng, 1943 *''

Laurencia succulenta ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' K.W.Nam, 2006 *''

Laurencia tasmanica ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' J.D.Hooker & Harvey, 1849 *''

Laurencia tenera ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in Littoral zone, littoral to Littoral zone#Sublittoral zone, sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that ...

'' C.K.Tseng, 1943 *''

Laurencia tenuissima ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' ** ''Laurencia tenuissima'' var. ''corymbulosa'' Caldesi *''

Laurencia thrysoidea ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Montagne *''

'' J.Agardh, 1876 *''

Laurencia thyrsoides ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' (

)

, 1828 *''

Laurencia translucida ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Fujii & Cordeiro-Marina, 1996 *''

Laurencia tristicha ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' C.K.Tseng, C.F.Chang, E.Z.Xia & B.M.Xia *'' Laurencia tropica'' Yamada, 1931 *'' Laurencia tuberculosa'' J.Agardh *''

Laurencia turbinata ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Setchell & N.L.Gardner, 1937 *''

Laurencia uncinata ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

, 1847 *''

Laurencia urceolata ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' J.Agardh *''

Laurencia usneoides ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' ( C.Agardh) Kützing, 1849 *''

Laurencia uvifera ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' ( Forsskål) Børgesen, 1932 *''

Laurencia venusta ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' Yamada, 1931 *'' Laurencia verruculosa'' Børgesen, 1954 *''

Laurencia versicolor ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' (

Vahl Vahl is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Christian-Friedrich Vahl (born 1955), German cardiac surgeon * Emanuel Vahl (born 1938), Ukrainian-Israeli composer *Herbert-Ernst Vahl, German SS general *Jens Vahl (1796–1854), Danis ...

) J.V.Lamouroux *''

Laurencia vieillardii ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in Littoral zone, littoral to Littoral zone#Sublittoral zone, sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that ...

'' Kützing, 1865 *'' Laurencia viridis'' Gil-Rodríguez &

Haroun Harun (, ), also transliterated as Haroon or Haroun or Hamroun, is a common male given name of Arabic origin, related to the Hebrew name of the Prophet Aaron. Both are most likely of Egyptian origin, from '' ꜥḥꜣ rw'', meaning "warrior lion". ...

, 1992 *''

Laurencia voragina ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

, 1945 *''

Laurencia wrightii ''Laurencia'' is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to . Description ''Laurencia'' species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled ...

'' (

) Kützing

Uses

''Laurencia nidifica'' is used as a condiment in

Hawaii Hawaii ( ; ) is an island U.S. state, state of the United States, in the Pacific Ocean about southwest of the U.S. mainland. One of the two Non-contiguous United States, non-contiguous U.S. states (along with Alaska), it is the only sta ...

due to its peppery taste.

Description

Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Morphology

Distribution

Ecology

Life History

Cultivation and Exploitation

Chemical Composition

Utilization and Management

Species

Uses

References

Further reading