Lantana

''Lantana'' () is a genus of about 150 species of perennial flowering plants in the verbena family, Verbenaceae. They are native to tropical regions of the Americas and Africa but exist as an introduced species in numerous areas, especially in the Australian-Pacific region, South and Northeastern part of India. The genus includes both herbaceous plants and shrubs growing to tall. Their common names are shrub verbenas or lantanas. The generic name originated in Late Latin, where it refers to the unrelated '' Viburnum lantana''.

Lantana's aromatic flower clusters (called umbels) are a mix of red, orange, yellow, or blue and white florets. Other colors exist as new varieties are being selected. The flowers typically change color as they mature, resulting in inflorescences that are two- or three-colored.

"Wild lantanas" are plants of the unrelated genus '' Abronia'', usually called "sand-verbenas".

Ecology

Some species are invasive, and are considered to be noxious weeds, such as in South Asia, Southern Africa and Australia. In the United States, lantanas are invasive in the southeast, especially coastal regions of the Carolinas, Georgia, Florida, and the Gulf Coast.

The spread of lantana is aided by the fact that their leaves are poisonous to most animals and thus avoided by herbivores, while their fruit is a delicacy for many birds, including the yellow-fronted white-eye of Vanuatu, the superb fairy-wren in Australia, the scaly-breasted munia, and the Mauritius bulbul in the Mascarenes; these distribute the seeds and thereby unwittingly contribute to the degradation of their home ecosystem.

Biological control of introduced lantanas has been attempted, without robust success. In Australia, about 30 insects have been introduced in an attempt to control the spread of lantanas, and this has caused problems of its own. The lantana bug ('' Aconophora compressa'') for example is a polyphagous species introduced in 1995 that feeds on dozens of plants, and not only has it failed to have a noticeable impact on the lantana population, it has even become a pest in horticulture, parasitizing the related fiddlewoods ('' Citharexylum''). The small ''Lantana''-feeding moths '' Epinotia lantana'' and '' Lantanophaga pusillidactyla'', while not becoming pests, have nonetheless failed to stem the spread of the invasive weed, as has the lantana scrub-hairstreak butterfly ('' Strymon bazochii'') which was introduced to control lantanas on the Hawaiian Islands.

Other Lepidoptera whose caterpillars feed on lantana species include the common splendid ghost moth ('' Aenetus ligniveren)'', '' Aenetus scotti'', '' Endoclita malabaricus'', ''Hypercompe orsa'' and the setaceous Hebrew character (''Xestia c-nigrum''). The swamp wallaby (''Wallabia bicolor'') is one of the few mammals that eat lantana leaves without apparent ill effect.

Lantanas are useful as honey plants, and Spanish flag ('' L. camara''), ''L. lilacina'' and ''L. trifolia'' are sometimes planted for this purpose, or in butterfly gardening. Butterflies which are attracted to lantana flowers are most notably Papilioninae (swallowtail and birdwing butterflies). Hesperiidae (skippers) and certain brush-footed butterflies (namely Danainae and Heliconiinae), as well as some Pieridae (e.g. cloudless sulphur, '' Phoebis sennae''), Lycaenidae (e.g. the aforementioned lantana scrub-hairstreak), and Nymphalidae (e.g. '' Greta oto'') also like to visit the plants' flowers. Consequently, as total eradication of ''Lantana'' seems often impossible, it may in many cases be better to simply remove plants with immature (green) fruit to prevent them from spreading.

Some weaverbirds such as the black-throated weaver (''Ploceus benghalensis'') and the streaked weaver (''P. manyar'') highly value ''Lantana'' flowers for decorating their nests. An ability to procure spectacular and innovative decorations appears to be desired by females, and consequently is an indicator of the males' fitness.

In Australia it has been found that removing Lantana from urban greenspaces can have negative impacts on bird diversity locally, as it provides refuge for species like the superb fairy (''Malurus cyaneus'') and silvereye (''Zosterops lateralis'') in the absence of native plant equivalents. There seems to be a density threshold in which too much Lantana (thus homogeneity in vegetation cover) can lead to a decrease in bird species richness or abundance.

'' Ceratobasidium cornigerum'' is a higher fungus which parasitizes ''Lantana'' among other plants. The sweet potato whitefly (''Bemisia tabaci'') is a common greenhouse pest and is often distributed with infested lantanas.

''Lantana'' species, especially ''L. camara'', contain pentacyclic triterpenoids that cause hepatotoxicity and photosensitivity when ingested by grazing animals such as sheep, goats, bovines, and horses. This has led to widespread livestock loss in the United States, South Africa, India, Mexico, and Australia.

Uses

''Lantana'' species are widely cultivated for their flowers in tropical and subtropical environments and (as an annual plant) in temperate climates.

Most of the plants sold as lantana are either Spanish flag (species of section ''Lantana'' and their hybrids, including '' L. camara'', '' L. depressa'', '' L. hirsuta'', '' L. horrida'', '' L. splendens'', '' L. strigocamara'', etc.), or trailing lantana ('' L. montevidensis''). Numerous cultivars of the Spanish flag exist, including 'Irene', 'Christine' and 'Dallas Red' (all tall-growing cultivars) and several recently introduced shorter ones. The shorter cultivars may flower more prolifically than the taller ones. '' Lantana montevidensis'' gives blue (or white) flowers all year round. Its foliage is dark green and has a distinct odor.

Although lantanas are generally hardy and, being somewhat toxic, usually rejected by herbivores, they may still become infested with pests.

The edibility of ''Lantana'' berries is contested. Some experts claim ''Lantana'' berries are edible when ripe though like many other kinds of fruit, they are mildly poisonous if eaten while still green. Other experts claim that experimental research indicates that both unripe and ripe ''Lantana'' berries are potentially lethal, despite the claims by others that ripe berries are not poisonous.

Extracts of ''Lantana camara'' may be used for protection of cabbage against the aphid '' Lipaphis erysimi''.

Tribal people of the MM Hills in southern Karnataka, India, produce roughly 50 different types of furniture from lantana. It is considered a "near match" to the more highly-priced cane and bamboo, while being resistant to sun, rain, and termite damage.

Species

The following species are recognised by ''The Plant List'':

*'' Lantana achyranthifolia'' Desf.
* ''Lantana'' × ''aculeata'' L.
*'' Lantana alainii'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana amoena'' Ridl.
*'' Lantana angolensis'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana angustibracteata'' Hayek
*'' Lantana angustifolia'' Mill.
*'' Lantana aristeguietae'' Moldenke
* ''Lantana'' × ''bahamensis'' Britton
*'' Lantana balansae'' Briq.
*'' Lantana balsamifera'' Britton
*'' Lantana buchii'' Urb.
*'' Lantana caatingensis'' Moldenke
*''Lantana camara'' L.
*'' Lantana canescens'' Kunth
*'' Lantana caracasana'' Turcz.
*'' Lantana chamissonis'' Benth. ''ex'' B.D.Jacks.
*'' Lantana chiapasensis'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana ciferriana'' Ekman ''ex'' Moldenke
*''Lantana coimbrensis'' S.Moore
*'' Lantana colombiana'' López-Pal.
*'' Lantana cordatibracteata'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana costaricensis'' Hayek
*'' Lantana cubensis'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana cujabensis'' Schauer
*'' Lantana demutata'' Millsp.
*'' Lantana depressa'' Small
*'' Lantana dinteri'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana dwyeriana'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana ebrenbergiana'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana elenievskii'' I.E.Mendez
* ''Lantana'' × ''entrerriensis'' Tronc.
*'' Lantana exarata'' Urb. & Ekman
*'' Lantana ferreyrae'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana fiebrigii'' Hayek
* ''Lantana'' × ''flava'' Medik.
* ''Lantana'' × ''floridana'' Raf.
*'' Lantana fucata'' Lindl.
*'' Lantana glaziovii'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana gracilis'' T.R.S.Silva
*'' Lantana grisebachii'' Stuck. ''ex'' Seckt
*'' Lantana grossiserrata'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana hatoensis'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana hatschbachii'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana haughtii'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana hirsuta'' M.Martens & Galeotti
*'' Lantana hirta'' Graham
*'' Lantana hodgei'' R.W.Sanders
*'' Lantana horrida'' Kunth
*'' Lantana humuliformis'' Verdc.
*'' Lantana hypoleuca'' Briq.
*'' Lantana indica'' Roxb.
*'' Lantana insularis'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana involucrata'' L.
*'' Lantana jaliscana'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana jamaicensis'' Britton
*'' Lantana kingii'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana langlassei'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana leonardorum'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana leucocarpa'' Urb. & Ekman ''ex'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana lindmanii'' Briq.
*'' Lantana lockhardtii'' D.Don ''ex'' Schauer
*'' Lantana lopez-palacii'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana lucida'' Schauer
*'' Lantana lundiana'' Schauer
*'' Lantana machadoi'' R.Fern.
*'' Lantana magnibracteata'' Tronc.
*'' Lantana megapotamica'' (Spreng.) Tronc.
*'' Lantana melissiodorifera'' Perr.
*'' Lantana micrantha'' Briq.
*'' Lantana microcarpa'' Urb.
*'' Lantana moldenkei'' R.Fern.
*'' Lantana mollis'' Graham
*'' Lantana montevidensis'' (Spreng.) Briq.
* ''Lantana'' × ''mutabilis'' Weigel
*'' Lantana nivea'' Vent.
*'' Lantana notha'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana obtusata'' Briq.
*'' Lantana ovatifolia'' Britton
*'' Lantana parvifolia'' Desf.
*'' Lantana pastazensis'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana pauciflora'' Urb.
*'' Lantana pavonii'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana peduncularis'' Andersson
*'' Lantana petitiana'' A.Rich.
*'' Lantana planifolia'' (Cham.) Briq.
*'' Lantana pohliana'' Schauer
*'' Lantana prostrata'' Larrañaga
*'' Lantana punctulata'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana radula'' Sw.
*''Lantana reineckii'' Briq.
*'' Lantana reptans'' Hayek
*'' Lantana reticulata'' Pers.
*'' Lantana riedeliana'' Schauer
*'' Lantana robusta'' Schauer
* ''Lantana'' × ''rubra'' Berland.
*'' Lantana rugosa'' Thunb.
*'' Lantana rugulosa'' Kunth
*'' Lantana ruiz-teranii'' López-Pal. & Steyerm.
*'' Lantana rusbyana'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana salicifolia'' Kunth
*'' Lantana salzmannii'' Schauer
*'' Lantana santosii'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana scabiosiflora'' Kunth
*'' Lantana scabrida'' Aiton
*'' Lantana scandens'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana soatensis'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana splendens'' Medik.
*'' Lantana sprucei'' Hayek
* ''Lantana'' × ''strigocamara'' R.W.Sanders
*'' Lantana strigosa'' (Griseb.) Urb.
*'' Lantana subcordata'' Urb.
*'' Lantana subtracta'' Hiern
*'' Lantana svensonii'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana swynnertonii'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana tetragona'' (Forssk.) Schweinf.
*'' Lantana tilcarensis'' Tronc.
*'' Lantana tomasii'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana trifolia'' L.
*'' Lantana ukambensis'' (Vatke) Verdc.
*'' Lantana undulata'' Schrank
*'' Lantana urticoides'' Hayek
*''Lantana velutina'' M.Martens & Galeotti
*'' Lantana veronicifolia'' Hayek
*'' Lantana viburnoides'' (Forssk.) Vahl
*'' Lantana viscosa'' Pohl ''ex'' Schauer
*'' Lantana weberbaueri'' Hayek
*'' Lantana xenica'' Moldenke
*'' Lantana zahlbruckneri'' Hayek

References

External links

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{{Authority control

Verbenaceae genera