The Interstate Cadet is an American two-seat tandem, high wing, single-engine

monoplane A monoplane is a fixed-wing aircraft configuration with a single mainplane, in contrast to a biplane or other types of multiplanes, which have multiple wings. A monoplane has inherently the highest efficiency and lowest drag of any wing con ...

light aircraft. Around 320 of these aircraft were produced between the years 1941 and 1942 by the Interstate Aircraft and Engineering Corporation based in El Segundo,

California California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...

. The construction techniques employed were a welded steel tube

fuselage The fuselage (; from the French language, French ''fuselé'' "spindle-shaped") is an aircraft's main body section. It holds Aircrew, crew, passengers, or cargo. In single-engine aircraft, it will usually contain an Aircraft engine, engine as wel ...

, wood (spruce) wing structure with metal ribs, and fabric covering, all of which were fairly standard in the 1940s. An Interstate Cadet, flown by aviator

Cornelia Fort Cornelia Clark Fort (February 5, 1919 – March 21, 1943) was an American aviator who became famous for being part of two aviation-related events. The first occurred while conducting a civilian training flight at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, ...

and her student Mr. Suomala, was one of the first aircraft (if not the first) to be attacked by

IJNAS The (IJNAS) was the air arm of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN). The organization was responsible for the operation of naval aircraft and the conduct of aerial warfare in the Pacific War. The Japanese military acquired its first aircraft in ...

Japanese naval planes en route to the

Pearl Harbor attack The attack on Pearl HarborAlso known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Empire of Japan on the United States Pacific Fleet at its naval base at Pearl Harbor on Oahu, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. At the ti ...

on December 7, 1941.

Design and development

The original version, the S-1 prototype, was powered by the 50 hp

Continental A50 The Continental O-170 engine is the collective military designation for a family of small aircraft engines, known under the company designation of A50, A65, A75 and A80. The line was designed and built by Continental Motors commencing in the 19 ...

engine An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy. Available energy sources include potential energy (e.g. energy of the Earth's gravitational field as exploited in hydroelectric power ge ...

, but was soon upgraded to the

Continental A65 The Continental O-170 engine is the collective military designation for a family of small aircraft engines, known under the company designation of A50, A65, A75 and A80. The line was designed and built by Teledyne Continental Motors, Continental ...

engine and redesignated as the S-1A-65F. This was a common engine used in many small American two-seat aircraft of the time. This aircraft would be used during

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

under the L-6A designation. In 1945 the rights to the aircraft were sold to Harlow Aircraft Company, which in turn resold the tooling and parts to the

Call Aircraft Company The Call Aircraft Company (CAC or CallAir) was established by Reuel Call in 1939 at Afton, Wyoming, to build a touring aircraft of his own design. History The Call Aircraft Company hoped to advance the development of its CallAir Model A to the poi ...

Afton, Wyoming Afton is a town in Lincoln County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 2,172 at the 2020 census. Afton is home to the world's largest arch made of elk antlers. Spanning across the four lanes of U.S. Highway 89, the arch, completed in ...

in 1946 for $5,000 ($ in ). Callair rebuilt a number of S-1, S-1A and L-6s, some with engine upgrades, for local ranchers and bush pilots as well as two examples of their own serial numbered CallAir S-1A-90C before stopping production, focusing instead on variations of its original

CallAir Model A The Call-Air Model A is an American two- to three-seat utility aircraft designed by the Call brothers and built by the Call Aircraft Company, later developed into a successful line of agricultural aircraft. Design and development The Model A was d ...

(which also sold in small numbers, fewer than 200 total units)., One reason the Cadet may not have sold well was that this aircraft cost almost three times the amount of the comparable

Piper J-3 Cub The Piper J-3 Cub is an American light aircraft that was built between 1938 and 1947 by Piper Aircraft. The aircraft has a simple, lightweight design which gives it good low-speed handling properties and short-field performance. The Cub is Pi ...

. However, a close look at the two aircraft reveals that the Cadet was faster, stronger, and could be operated in a more rugged environment with its Oleo strut/Compression spring suspension system. Popular upgrades for this airframe included larger engines(75/85/90/100 hp), better brakes, and a different

tailwheel Conventional landing gear, or tailwheel-type landing gear, is an aircraft undercarriage consisting of two main wheels forward of the center of gravity and a small wheel or skid to support the tail.Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Term ...

system. In the late 1960s the

type certificate A type certificate signifies the airworthiness of a particular category of aircraft, according to its manufacturing design (''type design''). Certification confirms that the aircraft of a new type intended for serial production is in compliance w ...

s and tooling were bought by the newly formed

Arctic Aircraft __NOTOC__ The Arctic Aircraft Company was founded in Anchorage, Alaska by Bill Diehl in 1975 to produce an updated version of the Interstate Cadet light aircraft as the Arctic Tern. In 1985 The year 1985 was designated as the International ...

Company who transformed the S-1B1 into a bush plane by upgrading structural elements of the fuselage, landing gear and wings. This aircraft was designated the S-1B2, was used a

Lycoming O-320 The Lycoming O-320 is a large family of naturally aspirated, air-cooled, flat four engine, horizontally-opposed four-cylinder, direct-drive engines produced by Lycoming Engines. Introduced in 1953, it is commonly used on light aircraft such a ...

160 HP engine and a McCauley propeller for increased performance and was certified in 1975 as the

Arctic Tern The Arctic tern (''Sterna paradisaea'') is a tern in the family Laridae. This bird has a circumpolar breeding distribution covering the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of Europe (as far south as Brittany), Asia, and North America (as far south ...

. The new Type certification also covered installing the same engine in otherwise standard Interstate Cadets.

Variants

;S-1 :Certified in 1940 and powered by a

Continental A50-8 The Continental O-170 engine is the collective military designation for a family of small aircraft engines, known under the company designation of A50, A65, A75 and A80. The line was designed and built by Continental Motors commencing in the 19 ...

engine. ;S-1A :Certified in 1941 and powered by a

Continental A65-8 The Continental O-170 engine is the collective military designation for a family of small aircraft engines, known under the company designation of A50, A65, A75 and A80. The line was designed and built by Continental Motors commencing in the 19 ...

engine. ;S-1A-65F :1941 variant powered by a 65hp

Franklin 4AC-176-B2 The Franklin O-175 (company designation 4AC-176) was an American air-cooled aircraft engine of the 1940s. The engine was of horizontally-opposed four-cylinder and displaced . The power output was nominally . A later variant was designated O- ...

engine. ;S-1A-85F :1942 variant powered by an 85hp

Franklin 4AC-199-D2 The Franklin O-200 (company designation 4AC-199) was an American air-cooled aircraft engine of the early 1940s. The engine was of four-cylinder, horizontally-opposed layout and displaced . The power output ranged between and depending on v ...

engine. ;S-1A-90C :1952 Callair variant powered by a 90hp Continental C90-8 engine.only two built. ;S-1A-90F :1942 variant powered by 90hp Franklin 4AC-199-E2 engine. ;S-1B1 :1942 variant with a Franklin 4ACG-199-H3 engine. Military production as the L-6 Grasshopper. ;S-1B2 (

) :1975 improved variant of the S-1B1 powered by a

Lycoming O-320-A2B The Lycoming O-320 is a large family of naturally aspirated, air-cooled, horizontally-opposed four-cylinder, direct-drive engines produced by Lycoming Engines. Introduced in 1953, it is commonly used on light aircraft such as the Cessna 172 ...

or B2B engine. ;XO-63 Grasshopper :United States Army designation for one S-1B for evaluation, later designated the XL-6. ;L-6 Grasshopper :United States Army designation for the S-1B1, 250 built. ;L-8A Cadet :United States Army designation for eight S-1As ordered on behalf of the Bolivian Air Force.

Specifications (S-1B2)

References

;Notes ;Bibliography * {{USAAF observation aircraft Interstate aircraft 1940s United States civil utility aircraft High-wing aircraft Single-engined tractor aircraft Aircraft first flown in 1940 Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear

Design and development

Variants

Specifications (S-1B2)

See also

References