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''Kurjer Lubelski'' ("The
Lublin Lublin is List of cities and towns in Poland, the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the centre of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin i ...
Courier"; for part of its history the two letters U in an
all-caps In typography, text or font in all caps (short for "all capitals") contains capital letters without any lowercase letters. For example: All-caps text can be seen in legal documents, advertisements, newspaper headlines, and the titles on book co ...
masthead appeared in pointed form: ''KVRJER LVBELSKI'') is an historical
newspaper A newspaper is a Periodical literature, periodical publication containing written News, information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background. Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as poli ...
that was published discontinuously in five distinct phases between 1865 and 1937 in the city of
Lublin Lublin is List of cities and towns in Poland, the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the centre of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin i ...
. The publication has considerable historical significance because of its association with many personages of
Polish literature Polish literature is the literary tradition of Poland. Most Polish literature has been written in the Polish language, though other languages used in Poland over the centuries have also contributed to Polish literary traditions, including Latin, ...
, and for other reasons, including the publication in its pages of a considerable amount of literary material in addition to daily news. The newspaper (esp. in its
second phase The second (symbol: s) is a unit of time derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes, and finally to 60 seconds each (24 × 60 × 60 = 86400). The current and formal definition in the International System of Un ...
) was responsible for bringing about a national awakening during the period of Partitions, not only in the Lublin Lands but in the whole country.Józef Dominko, ''Z minionych lat: wspomnienia działacza spółdzielcy z okresu pracy na terenie Lublina'', . p.; Warsaw?">Warsaw.html" ;"title=". p.; Warsaw">. p.; Warsaw? Czytelnik, 1945, p. 27. The (Freethought">freethinking Freethought (sometimes spelled free thought) is an unorthodox attitude or belief. A freethinker holds that beliefs should not be formed on the basis of authority, tradition, revelation, or dogma, and should instead be reached by other meth ...
) literary magazine">journal A journal, from the Old French ''journal'' (meaning "daily"), may refer to: *Bullet journal, a method of personal organization *Diary, a record of personal secretive thoughts and as open book to personal therapy or used to feel connected to onesel ...
 ''Myśl Niepodległa'', editor-in-chief, edited by the poet Andrzej Niemojewski, wrote in 1910 of the ''Kurjer Lubelski'' that despite the vagaries of fate that its publication was subject to over the years it had arisen from "a certain cultural ''
milieu The social environment, social context, sociocultural context or milieu refers to the immediate physical and social setting in which people live or in which something happens or develops. It includes the culture that the individual was educated ...
'' to which it has consistently borne spiritual witness".


Disambiguation note

The ''Kurjer Lubelski'' is not to be confused with (1) the Communist-era Polish daily newspaper, the ''
Kurier Lubelski ''Kurier'' is a German-language daily newspaper based in Vienna, Austria. In 2023, it had an edition of approximately 103,000 copies. History and profile ''Kurier'' was founded as ''Wiener Kurier'' by the United States Forces in Austria (USFA) ...
'' (with the letter "i" rather than a "j" in the word ''kurier''), which began publication in Lublin on 24 March 1957 to which the ''Kurjer Lubelski'' bears no resemblance except in name. The ''Kurjer Lubelski'' discussed here is also to be distinguished from several historical publications, including (2) the '' Nowy Kurjer Lubelski'' ("The New Lublin Courier") published by Franciszek Papiewski in 19131914; and (3) the newspaper of the same title, ''
Kurjer Lubelski ''Kurjer Lubelski'' ("The Lublin Courier"; for part of its history the two letters U#History, U in an all caps, all-caps Nameplate (publishing), masthead appeared in pointed form: ''KVRJER LVBELSKI'') is an historical newspaper that was published di ...
'', an
economic An economy is an area of the Production (economics), production, Distribution (economics), distribution and trade, as well as Consumption (economics), consumption of Goods (economics), goods and Service (economics), services. In general, it is ...
weekly published in 19151916 by
Wanda Papiewska Wanda is a female given name of Polish origin. It probably derives from the tribal name of the Wends.Campbell, Mike"Meaning, Origin, and History of the Name Wanda" ''Behind the Name.'' Retrieved August 12, 2010. The name has long been popular in P ...
,
Jan Hempel Jan Hempel (born 21 August 1971) is a German diver who competed at the 1988, 1992, 1996, and the 2000 Summer Olympics, winning two Olympic medals. Hempel won a silver in 10 m Platform and a bronze medal in 10 m synchronized platform. ...
and Oktawian Zagrobski (40 issues in all; full title: ''Kurjer Lubelski: tygodnik społeczno-ekonomiczny, popularno-naukowy i literacki''), which was (4) subsequently reactivated by
Kazimierz Szczepański Kazimierz (; ; ) is a historical district of Kraków and Kraków Old Town, Poland. From its inception in the 14th century to the early 19th century, Kazimierz was an independent city, a royal city of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, located south ...
in 1925 (of the latter series there might have been only one issue published with the date of 25 June 1925).


Publication history


Precursor phase (18301831)

The original ''Kuryer Lubelski'', the precursor to all its subsequent incarnations, began publication as a '' de facto'' revolutionary organ that appeared for some 59 days as a four-page daily (no publication on Saturdays) between 9 December 1830 and 5 February 1831 during the
November Uprising The November Uprising (1830–31) (), also known as the Polish–Russian War 1830–31 or the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in Russian Partition, the heartland of Partitions of Poland, partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire. ...
. The frequency of publication was alternately six numbers a week, three numbers a week, and irregularly. It was printed clandestinely at the (antiquated by the 19th-century standards) Drukarnia Rządowa printing press on handmade paper of inferior quality. Any issue of the original series would constitute at present an extremely rare bibliophile item, with only a handful of known copies (according to some estimates, exactly seventeen in number), of various dates, being preserved in library holdings worldwide. The founder,
publisher Publishing is the activities of making information, literature, music, software, and other content, physical or digital, available to the public for sale or free of charge. Traditionally, the term publishing refers to the creation and distribu ...
,
editor-in-chief An editor-in-chief (EIC), also known as lead editor or chief editor, is a publication's editorial leader who has final responsibility for its operations and policies. The editor-in-chief heads all departments of the organization and is held accoun ...
, and primary contributor was
Jan Czyński Jan Kazimierz Czyński (1801–1867) was a Polish independence activist, lawyer by education, writer and publicist, fighter for the Jewish emancipation, emancipation of the Jews, trade supporter, utopian socialist, and Polish Jacobins, radica ...
(18011867).


Phase I (18651879) & phase II (19061913)

The modern-era ''Kurjer Lubelski'', without an obvious connection to the original revolutionary broadsheet, commenced publication with the issue of 18 (30) December 1865, with the frequency of publication of two issues per week: it was founded by Julian Konrad Liedtke (18351870). The first
publisher Publishing is the activities of making information, literature, music, software, and other content, physical or digital, available to the public for sale or free of charge. Traditionally, the term publishing refers to the creation and distribu ...
of the newspaper was Władysław Jan Kossakowski (18331870), with Liedtke as the first
editor-in-chief An editor-in-chief (EIC), also known as lead editor or chief editor, is a publication's editorial leader who has final responsibility for its operations and policies. The editor-in-chief heads all departments of the organization and is held accoun ...
.Publication history II. The editorship was taken over by Lucjan Dembowski in 1869 (beginning with vol. 4, No. 1), and again in the same year by Władysław Wdowiński (beginning with vol. 4, No. 97). From 1875 onwards the editor-in-chief was Teofil Głębocki. The paper was often published with extra supplements with separate mastheads that read, ''Dodatek do Nr... Kurjera Lubelskiego'' ("Supplement to No... of The Kurjer Lubelski"), etc. The frequency (as well as the format) of publication underwent significant variations throughout the newspaper's history, but it was not a daily newspaper (excluding Sundays and bank holidays) until 1878. From 1875 the newspaper appeared without the volume number being indicated in the masthead. In 1879 the publication merged with the ''
Gazeta Lubelska Gazeta may refer to: Newspapers Albanian language * Gazeta 55, daily newspaper * Gazeta Express, a Kosovo newspaper published in Pristina * Gazeta Rilindja Demokratike, daily newspaper * Gazeta Shqip, daily newspaper * Gazeta Sot, a daily newsp ...
'' and continued publication under the latter title not to be reactivated independently as ''Kurjer Lubelski'' until 1906 when this was done on the initiative of
Mieczysław Biernacki Mieczysław Kwiryn Biernacki (; 30 March 1891 – 21 November 1959) was a Polish mathematical chemist.'' Wielka Encyklopedia PWN'', Warsaw 2001, t. 4, p. 53, t. 1-30, t. 5 He fought in World War I in the French Army and later in the forces of P ...
whose efforts spelled the beginning of a
golden age The term Golden Age comes from Greek mythology, particularly the ''Works and Days'' of Hesiod, and is part of the description of temporal decline of the state of peoples through five Ages of Man, Ages, Gold being the first and the one during wh ...
in the newspaper's life. The first issue of the revived ''Kurjer Lubelski'', published on 4 January 1906 under the editorship of Władysław Stodolnicki, was initially followed by only 15 additional numbers. However, the newspaper survived, rising to the premier position among the press of the Lublin Land, until it was banned by the
censorship Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governmen ...
of the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...
on 27 June 1913. During its second phase the publication was associated with such personages who served on the editorial board as
Stefan Żeromski Stefan Żeromski ( ; 14 October 1864 – 20 November 1925) was a Polish novelist and dramatist belonging to the Young Poland movement at the turn of the 20th century. He was called the "conscience of Polish literature". He also wrote under ...
,
Witold Chodźko Witold Chodźko (1875–1954) was a Polish social activist, freemason, public health pioneer, neurologist and psychiatrist. Biography Witold Chodźko was born on 1 November 1875 in Piotrków Trybunalski and graduated in 1899 ''cum eximia laude ...
,
Mieczysław Biernacki Mieczysław Kwiryn Biernacki (; 30 March 1891 – 21 November 1959) was a Polish mathematical chemist.'' Wielka Encyklopedia PWN'', Warsaw 2001, t. 4, p. 53, t. 1-30, t. 5 He fought in World War I in the French Army and later in the forces of P ...
, the well-known physician and social activist Aleksander Staniszewski (18581926), and most memorably the philosopher
Jan Hempel Jan Hempel (born 21 August 1971) is a German diver who competed at the 1988, 1992, 1996, and the 2000 Summer Olympics, winning two Olympic medals. Hempel won a silver in 10 m Platform and a bronze medal in 10 m synchronized platform. ...
(18771937) who acted as secretary to the Board.


Phase III (1914)

In 1914
Mieczysław Biernacki Mieczysław Kwiryn Biernacki (; 30 March 1891 – 21 November 1959) was a Polish mathematical chemist.'' Wielka Encyklopedia PWN'', Warsaw 2001, t. 4, p. 53, t. 1-30, t. 5 He fought in World War I in the French Army and later in the forces of P ...
reactivated the banned newspaper under the altered title ''Codzienny Kurjer Lubelski'' ("The Daily Lublin Courier"). It ceased publication with the outbreak of the
First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
in August 1914.


Phase IV (1932)

The newspaper was yet again revived in independent Poland in 1932, the paper now being published with the subtitle: ''Kurjer Lubelski: pismo codzienne'' ("The Lublin Courier: A Daily Newspaper); it managed to stay afloat for less than one year due to financial difficulties caused in part by the loss of government advertising and by the frequent confiscations of whole print runs of individual issues by the
Sanacja Sanation (, ) was a Polish political movement that emerged in the interwar period, prior to Józef Piłsudski's May Coup (Poland), May 1926 ''Coup d'État'', and gained influence following the coup. In 1928, its political activists went on to fo ...
régime.Publication history VI. The editorial board of the ''Kurjer Lubelski'' was known for its impartiality and tolerance of a broad spectrum of views: the editorial line was to support the government of the day without any political partisanship while at the same time championing the rights of the individual citizen. M. Biernacki, "Zmartwychwstanie Kurjera" (The Resurrection of the ''Kurjer''), ''Kurjer Lubelski'', vol. 10, No. 1, 1 January 1932, p. 1
(See online.)
/ref> From 1 January to 11 May 1932 the ''Kurjer Lubelski'' was being
edited Editing is the process of selecting and preparing written, visual, audible, or cinematic material used by a person or an entity to convey a message or information. The editing process can involve correction, condensation, organization, and ...
and
published Publishing is the activities of making information, literature, music, software, and other content, physical or digital, available to the public for sale or free of charge. Traditionally, the term publishing refers to the creation and distribu ...
by the poet
Józef Czechowicz Józef Czechowicz (15 March 1903 – 9 September 1939) was an avant-garde Polish poet. Known as a nostalgic, catastrophic author, he was also the leader of the literary avant-garde and bohemians in Lublin.Pietrasiewicz, Tomasz and Aleksandra Ziń ...
, followed in the post of the editor-in-chief by Zygmunt Grochowski, and then again from 15 October 1932 by another poet, Józef Łobodowski, and lastly from 20 November 1932 by Longin Kozłowski. The paper folded after the issue of 30 November 1932. While economically unviable, the publication enjoyed the high reputation stemming from its association in the past with such notable Polish writers as
Stefan Żeromski Stefan Żeromski ( ; 14 October 1864 – 20 November 1925) was a Polish novelist and dramatist belonging to the Young Poland movement at the turn of the 20th century. He was called the "conscience of Polish literature". He also wrote under ...
, who had honoured it with his contributions. It had a distinct literary profile during this phase, publishing among others the works of such distinguished poets as
Józef Czechowicz Józef Czechowicz (15 March 1903 – 9 September 1939) was an avant-garde Polish poet. Known as a nostalgic, catastrophic author, he was also the leader of the literary avant-garde and bohemians in Lublin.Pietrasiewicz, Tomasz and Aleksandra Ziń ...
, Józef Łobodowski,
Franciszka Arnsztajnowa Franciszka Hanna Arnsztajnowa (; ; 19 February 1865 – August 1942) was a Polish poet, playwright, and translator of Jewish descent.So ''Słownik biograficzny miasta Lublina'' (see Bibliography). Much of her creative ''oeuvre'' falls within th ...
, Bronisław Ludwik Michalski (19031935), Antoni Madej (18991989), Zygmunt Karski (18981967),
Czesław Miłosz Czesław Miłosz ( , , ; 30 June 1911 – 14 August 2004) was a Polish Americans, Polish-American poet, prose writer, translator, and diplomat. He primarily wrote his poetry in Polish language, Polish. Regarded as one of the great poets of the ...
, and Jadwiga Gamska-Łempicka (19031956), as well as the prose writings by Franciszka Arnsztajnowa (novellas), Marian Piechal (19051989), and Aniela Fleszarowa, the author of ''Celofanki: poematy prozą'' (1939).


Phase V (1937)

Finally, the paper was briefly revived one last time between 22 March 1937 and 2 April 1937, by Józef Łobodowski, its penultimate
editor Editing is the process of selecting and preparing written, visual, audible, or cinematic material used by a person or an entity to convey a message or information. The editing process can involve correction, condensation, organization, a ...
in the previous phase of 1932, under the unaltered title of ''Kurjer Lubelski: pismo codzienne''. However, it folded after just nine issues owing to the insuperable competition from nationwide newspapers branching out into mass-market regional spinoffs that flooded the Lublin market, making a publication like the ''Kurjer Lubelski'' targeted as it was primarily to the much smaller
intelligentsia The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; as such, the i ...
segment of the
reading public Print culture embodies all forms of printed text and other printed forms of visual communication. One prominent scholar of print culture in Europe is Elizabeth Eisenstein, who contrasted the print culture of Europe in the centuries after the adv ...
unable to compete with the economies of scale and market dominance of the larger corporates. For reasons not entirely clear, copies of the ''Kurjer Lubelski'' belonging to the Phase V series are extremely rare, potentially constituting valuable bibliophile items (no copy is known to have been preserved in library holdings anywhere). In his memoirs published towards the end of his life, Łobodowski avowed that during the brief period of the ''Kurjer Lubelskis revival in 1937 he endeavoured to endue the daily with a strong Promethean current, that is to say to make it an organ "of the struggle to disband the RussianSoviet empire into its constituent parts". Józef Łobodowski, "Fragmenty wspomnień" (Scraps of Memory), ''Kontakt: miesięcznik redagowany przez członków i współpracowników NSZZ Solidarność'' (
Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
), No. 10, 1987, p. 59. Cited in: Publication history VII.


References


Publication history I
for the period 18301831 on the portal of the Ośrodek Brama GrodzkaTeatr NN of
Lublin Lublin is List of cities and towns in Poland, the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the centre of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin i ...
.
Publication history II
for the period 18651879 on the website of the Digital Library of the
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Maria Curie-Skłodowska University (MCSU) (, UMCS) is a public research university, in Lublin, Poland. It is named in honour of Marie Curie-Sklodowska. The University was founded on October 23, 1944, by the Lublin Committee during the Second W ...
of
Lublin Lublin is List of cities and towns in Poland, the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the centre of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin i ...
.
Publication history III
for the year 1906 on the portal of the Ośrodek Brama GrodzkaTeatr NN of
Lublin Lublin is List of cities and towns in Poland, the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the centre of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin i ...
.
Publication history IV
for the period 19061913 on the portal of the Ośrodek Brama GrodzkaTeatr NN of
Lublin Lublin is List of cities and towns in Poland, the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the centre of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin i ...
.
Publication history V
for the year 1914 on the portal of the Ośrodek Brama GrodzkaTeatr NN of
Lublin Lublin is List of cities and towns in Poland, the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the centre of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin i ...
.
Publication history VI
for the year 1932 on the portal of the Ośrodek Brama GrodzkaTeatr NN of
Lublin Lublin is List of cities and towns in Poland, the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the centre of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin i ...
.
Publication history VII
for the year 1937 on the portal of the Ośrodek Brama GrodzkaTeatr NN of
Lublin Lublin is List of cities and towns in Poland, the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the centre of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin i ...
. *Wojtysiak, Anna, "Wybrane czasopisma lubelskie 20-lecia międzywojennego" (Selected
Lublin Lublin is List of cities and towns in Poland, the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the centre of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin i ...
Serials of the
Interbellum Period In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period, also known as the interbellum (), lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months, 21 days) – from the end of World War I (WWI) to the beginning of World War II ( ...

(see online).


External links


''Kuryer Lubelski'' (revolutionary precursor phase) onlineFirst issue of the ''Kurjer Lubelski'' (first phase) dated Saturday, 18 (30) December 1865Front page of the ''Kurjer Lubelski'' (fourth phase), vol. 10, No. 1, dated Friday, 1 January 1932Front page of the ''Kurjer Lubelski'' (fifth phase), vol. 11, No. 9, dated Friday, 2 April 1937
A rare photograph of the front page of an issue of the Phase V series: no physical specimen of this series is known to have been preserved anywhere. {{Italic title Defunct newspapers published in Poland Mass media in Lublin 1830 establishments in Europe