Huma County (;

Manchu The Manchus (; ) are a Tungusic peoples, Tungusic East Asian people, East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized Ethnic minorities in China, ethnic minority in China and the people from wh ...

: Hūmar Siyan; ) is a county in the far north of the

Heilongjiang Heilongjiang is a province in northeast China. It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country and contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe City along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the confluence of the Amur and Us ...

province, People's Republic of China. The county seat is located on the right (southwestern) bank of the

Amur River The Amur River () or Heilong River ( zh, s=黑龙江) is a perennial river in Northeast Asia, forming the natural border between the Russian Far East and Northeast China (historically the Outer and Inner Manchuria). The Amur ''proper'' is ...

, a few kilometers upstream from the fall of the Huma River (formerly also known as Houmar) into the Amur. It is under the administration of the

Daxing'anling Prefecture Daxing'anling (), also known as Da Hinggan Ling, is the northernmost Chinese prefecture-level division, located in northwestern Heilongjiang Province. It covers and had a population of 520,000, as of 2004. It is named after the Greater Khinga ...

. The opposite side of the Amur River is in Amurskaya Oblast', Russia, where there is a village with the same name in Russified form, ''Kumara'' ()

History

Kumarsk, the predecessor of the present-day Huma, was a fortified

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

n town in the

region, founded in 1652 by

Yerofey Khabarov Yerofey Pavlovich Khabarov-Svyatitsky (; 1603 – after 1671), was a Russian entrepreneur and adventurer, best known for his exploring the Amur river region and his attempts to colonize the area for Russia. For background, see Russian–Manchu ...

and his companions, during his retreat from Achansk, corresponding to the present-day

Khabarovsk Khabarovsk ( ) is the largest city and the administrative centre of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia,Law #109 located from the China–Russia border, at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers, about north of Vladivostok. As of the 2021 Russian c ...

, where he was besieged by

and Daur allied forces. On 13 March 1655, the Komar fortress, defended by the

ataman Ataman (variants: ''otaman'', ''wataman'', ''vataman''; ; ) was a title of Cossack and haidamak leaders of various kinds. In the Russian Empire, the term was the official title of the supreme military commanders of the Cossack armies. The Ukra ...

Onufriy Stepanov Onufriy Stepanov () (died June 30, 1658) was a Siberian Cossack and explorer of the Amur River. For background see Russian–Manchu border conflicts. 1653: After Yerofey Khabarov’s arrest and departure to Moscow in the fall of 1653, Onufriy S ...

and his 500

Cossacks The Cossacks are a predominantly East Slavic languages, East Slavic Eastern Christian people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of eastern Ukraine and southern Russia. Cossacks played an important role in defending the southern borde ...

, was besieged by a

Qing The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...

army led by Ming'andali () consisting of 10,000 men. The outnumbered defenders repulsed several assaults. The defeated Manchu lift the siege the following month (on 3 April 1655). The town was ceded to Qing Empire after the

treaty of Nerchinsk The Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689 was the first treaty between the Tsardom of Russia and the Qing dynasty of China after the defeat of Russia by Qing China at the Siege of Albazin in 1686. The Russians gave up the area north of the Amur River as ...

in 1689.

Administrative divisions

Huma County is divided into 2 towns, 5 townships and 1 ethnic township. ;2 towns * Huma () * Hanjiayuan () ;5 townships ;1 ethnic township * Baiyinna Oroqen ()

Climate

Huma County has a

monsoon A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in Atmosphere of Earth, atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annu ...

-influenced

humid continental climate A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers, and cold ...

(

Köppen Köppen is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Bernd Köppen (1951–2014), German pianist and composer * Carl Köppen (1833-1907), German military advisor in Meiji era Japan * Edlef Köppen (1893–1939), German author ...

''Dwb'') with very warm, humid summers and severely cold, extremely dry winters. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from in January to in July, and although temperatures consistently average above from May to September, the annual mean, at , is low enough to form sporadic

permafrost Permafrost () is soil or underwater sediment which continuously remains below for two years or more; the oldest permafrost has been continuously frozen for around 700,000 years. Whilst the shallowest permafrost has a vertical extent of below ...

on sheltered sites, which is unusual for areas with this climatic classification. More than 70% of the annual precipitation occurs from June to September. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 52% in May and July to 70% in February, sunshine is generous and the area receives 2,581 hours of bright sunshine annually.

References

External links

Map of Huma County
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070511004246/http://www.epicbook.com/history/nibucu.html {{authority control County level divisions of Heilongjiang