Krasnoyarsk is the largest

city A city is a human settlement of a substantial size. The term "city" has different meanings around the world and in some places the settlement can be very small. Even where the term is limited to larger settlements, there is no universally agree ...

and

administrative center An administrative centre is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune, is located. In countries with French as the administrative language, such as Belgiu ...

Krasnoyarsk Krai Krasnoyarsk Krai (, ) is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject (a krai) of Russia located in Siberia. Its administrative center is the types of inhabited localities in Russia, city of Krasnoyarsk, the second-largest city in Siberia after ...

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

. It is situated along the

Yenisey River The Yenisey or Yenisei ( ; , ) is the fifth-longest river system in the world, and the largest to drain into the Arctic Ocean. Rising in Mungaragiyn-gol in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course through Lake Baikal and the Krasnoyarsk Dam b ...

, and is the second-largest city in

Siberia Siberia ( ; , ) is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has formed a part of the sovereign territory of Russia and its predecessor states ...

after

Novosibirsk Novosibirsk is the largest city and administrative centre of Novosibirsk Oblast and the Siberian Federal District in Russia. As of the 2021 Russian census, 2021 census, it had a population of 1,633,595, making it the most populous city in Siber ...

, with a population of over 1.1 million. Krasnoyarsk is an important junction of the renowned

Trans-Siberian Railway The Trans-Siberian Railway, historically known as the Great Siberian Route and often shortened to Transsib, is a large railway system that connects European Russia to the Russian Far East. Spanning a length of over , it is the longest railway ...

, and is one of the largest producers of

aluminum Aluminium (or aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol Al and atomic number 13. It has a density lower than that of other common metals, about one-third that of steel. Aluminium has ...

in the country. The city is known for its

natural landscape A natural landscape is the original landscape that exists before it is acted upon by human culture. The natural landscape and the cultural landscape are separate parts of the landscape. However, in the 21st century, landscapes that are totally ...

; author

Anton Chekhov Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (; ; 29 January 1860 – 15 July 1904) was a Russian playwright and short-story writer, widely considered to be one of the greatest writers of all time. His career as a playwright produced four classics, and his b ...

judged Krasnoyarsk to be the most beautiful city in Siberia. The Stolby Nature Sanctuary is located 10 km south of the city. Krasnoyarsk is a major educational centre in Siberia, and hosts the

Siberian Federal University Siberian Federal University (, ''Sibirskiĭ federalʹnyĭ universitet'', often shortened to SibFU, СФУ) is a multidisciplinary university located in Krasnoyarsk in Siberia, that combines fundamental and applied research and teaching. The Si ...

. In 2019, Krasnoyarsk was the host city of the

2019 Winter Universiade The 2019 Winter Universiade (), the XXIX Winter Universiade, was a multi-sport event for student and youth athletes which took place from 2 to 12 March 2019 in the Russian city of Krasnoyarsk. The 2019 Winter Universiade was the third Universia ...

, the third hosted in Russia.

Etymology

The predecessor fort was named Krasny Yar () after the Yarin (a dialect of

Khakas The Khakas are a Turkic indigenous people of Siberia, who live in the republic of Khakassia, Russia. They speak the Khakas language. The Khakhassian people are direct descendants of various ancient cultures that have inhabited southern Siberia ...

) name of the place where it was built, ''Kyzyl Char'' ('red steep-riverbank'), which was translated as Krasny (Red) Yar.

History

The city was founded on August 19, 1628Charter of Krasnoyarsk as a Russian border fort when a group of

service class people Service class people () were a class of free people in Russia in the 14th to the 17th centuries, obliged to perform military or administrative service on behalf of the state. Background There were two main groups of service people: * ''hered ...

from

Yeniseysk Yeniseysk ( rus, Енисейск, p=jɪnʲɪˈsʲejsk) is a town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the Yenisei River. Population: 20,000 (1970). History Yeniseysk was founded in 1619 as a stockaded town—the first town on the Yenisei ...

led by Andrey Dubenskiy arrived at the

confluence In geography, a confluence (also ''conflux'') occurs where two or more watercourses join to form a single channel (geography), channel. A confluence can occur in several configurations: at the point where a tributary joins a larger river (main ...

of the Kacha and

Yenisei River The Yenisey or Yenisei ( ; , ) is the list of rivers by length, fifth-longest river system in the world, and the largest to drain into the Arctic Ocean. Rising in Mungaragiyn-gol in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course through Lake Baikal a ...

s and constructed fortifications intended to protect the frontier from attacks of native peoples who lived along the Yenisei and its tributaries. Along with

Kansk Kansk () is a town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on both banks of the Kan River. Population: History and economy Founded in 1628 as a Russian fort, it was transferred to its current location in 1636 and granted town status in 1782. Th ...

to the east, it represented the southern limit of Russian expansion in the Yenisei basin during the seventeenth century. In a letter to Tsar Michael I the

Cossack The Cossacks are a predominantly East Slavic Eastern Christian people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of eastern Ukraine and southern Russia. Cossacks played an important role in defending the southern borders of Ukraine and Rus ...

s reported: :''...The town of trunks (log buildings) we have constructed and around the place of fort, we the servants of thee, our Lord, have embedded posts and fastened them with double bindings and the place of fort have strengthened mightily...'' The settlement was granted town status in 1690. An intensive growth of Krasnoyarsk began with the arrival of the Siberian Route (the road ''M53'' nowadays) in 1735 to 1741 which connected the nearby towns of

Achinsk Achinsk () is a city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the right bank of the Chulym River near its intersection with the Trans-Siberian Railway, west of Krasnoyarsk. It has a population of 109,155 as of the 2010 Census. History Achins ...

and

with Krasnoyarsk and with the rest of

. In 1749, a meteorite with a mass of about was found south of Krasnoyarsk. It was excavated by

Peter Simon Pallas Peter Simon Pallas Fellow of the Royal Society, FRS FRSE (22 September 1741 – 8 September 1811) was a Prussia, Prussian zoologist, botanist, Ethnography, ethnographer, Exploration, explorer, Geography, geographer, Geology, geologist, Natura ...

in 1772 and transported to Krasnoyarsk and subsequently to

Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...

. The Krasnoyarsk meteorite was the first

pallasite The pallasites are a Meteorite classification#Terminology, class of stony–iron meteorite. They are relatively rare, and can be distinguished by the presence of large olivine crystal inclusions in the ferro-nickel matrix. These crystals represe ...

ever studied and the first meteorite ever etched. In 1822 Krasnoyarsk became the administrative center of

Yeniseysk Governorate Yeniseysk Governorate () was an administrative-territorial unit (''guberniya'') of the Russian Empire, the Russian Republic, and the Russian SFSR in 1822–1925. General information In 1724 the Yeniseysk Province based on Yeniseysk was esta ...

. By the end of the 19th century, Krasnoyarsk had several manufacturing facilities and railroad workshops and an

engine house __NOTOC__ An engine house is a building or other structure that holds one or more engines. It is often practical to bring engines together for common maintenance, as when train locomotives are brought together. Types of engine houses include: * ...

. Growth continued with the discovery of

gold Gold is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol Au (from Latin ) and atomic number 79. In its pure form, it is a brightness, bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal ...

and the arrival of a

railroad Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport using wheeled vehicles running in railway track, tracks, which usually consist of two parallel steel railway track, rails. Rail transport is one of the two primary means of ...

in 1895. In the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

, Krasnoyarsk was one of the places to which political exiles were banished. For example, eight

Decembrists The Decembrist revolt () was a failed coup d'état led by liberal military and political dissidents against the Russian Empire. It took place in Saint Petersburg on , following the death of Emperor Alexander I. Alexander's brother and heir ...

were deported from St. Petersburg to Krasnoyarsk after the failure of the revolt. In the aftermath of the

Russian Revolution of 1917 The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution, social change in Russian Empire, Russia, starting in 1917. This period saw Russia Dissolution of the Russian Empire, abolish its mona ...

, during the

Russian Civil War The Russian Civil War () was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the 1917 overthrowing of the Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. I ...

, Siberia east of

Omsk Omsk (; , ) is the administrative center and largest types of inhabited localities in Russia, city of Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is situated in southwestern Siberia and has a population of over one million. Omsk is the third List of cities and tow ...

was controlled by white forces under

Alexander Kolchak Admiral Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak (; – 7 February 1920) was a Russian navy officer and polar explorer who led the White movement in the Russian Civil War. As he assumed the title of Supreme Ruler of Russia in 1918, Kolchak headed a mili ...

, who in December 1919 retreated east to

Irkutsk Irkutsk ( ; rus, Иркутск, p=ɪrˈkutsk; Buryat language, Buryat and , ''Erhüü'', ) is the largest city and administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. With a population of 587,891 Irkutsk is the List of cities and towns in Russ ...

and the

Bolsheviks The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, were a radical Faction (political), faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, ...

took control of the city. On a plateau 7 km outside of town was a prisoner of war camp with 13,000 German and Austrian troops.

Elsa Brändström Elsa Brändström (26 March 1888 – 4 March 1948) was a Swedish nurse and philanthropist. She was known as the "Angel of Siberia" (). Life and commitment Elsa Brändström was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia. She was the daughter of the M ...

of the

Swedish Red Cross The Swedish Red Cross ( Swedish: ''Svenska Röda Korset'') is a Swedish humanitarian organisation and a member of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. Founded in 1865, its purpose is to prevent and alleviate human suffering wher ...

spent almost a year there from July 1919 until May 1920. During the periods of centralized planning ( Five Year Plans) numerous large plants and factories were constructed in Krasnoyarsk: Sibtyazhmash, the dock yard, the paper factory, the

hydroelectric power station Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is electricity generated from hydropower (water power). Hydropower supplies 15% of the world's electricity, almost 4,210 TWh in 2023, which is more than all other renewable sources combined and also mo ...

(now the fifth largest in the world and the second in

), and the river port. In 1934,

was formed, with Krasnoyarsk as its administrative center. During Stalinist times, Krasnoyarsk was a major center of the

gulag The Gulag was a system of Labor camp, forced labor camps in the Soviet Union. The word ''Gulag'' originally referred only to the division of the Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies, Soviet secret police that was in charge of runnin ...

system. The most important labor camp was the Kraslag or ''Krasnoyarsky ITL'' (1938-) with the two units located in

and Reshyoty. In the city of Krasnoyarsk itself, the Yeniseylag or ''Yeniseysky ITL'' labor camp was prominent as well during

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

(–41). During World War II, dozens of factories were evacuated from

Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...

and Western

to Krasnoyarsk and nearby towns, stimulating the industrial growth of the city. After the war, additional large plants were constructed: the aluminum plant, the metallurgic plant, the plant of base metals and many others. In the late 1970s, the

Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

began constructing a

phased array In antenna (radio), antenna theory, a phased array usually means an electronically scanned array, a computer-controlled Antenna array, array of antennas which creates a radio beam, beam of radio waves that can be electronically steered to point ...

radar station at Abalakova, near Krasnoyarsk, which violated the

ABM Treaty The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, also known as the ABM Treaty or ABMT, was an arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against bal ...

. Beginning in 1983, the

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

demanded its removal, until the Soviet Union admitted the radar station was a violation in 1989. Equipment was slowly removed from the site and by 1992 it was officially declared to be dismantled, though the equipment from the site was likely relocated to a new site near

Komsomolsk-on-Amur Komsomolsk-on-Amur ( rus, Комсомольск-на-Амуре, r=Komsomolsk-na-Amure, p=kəmsɐˈmolʲsk nɐ‿ɐˈmurʲə) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, city in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, located on the west bank of the Amur R ...

. Krasnoyarsk was also home to Krasnoyarsk Northeast air base, which was turned into living blocks after the

dissolution of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration No. 142-N of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. Declaration No. 142-Н of ...

. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and beginning of

privatization Privatization (rendered privatisation in British English) can mean several different things, most commonly referring to moving something from the public sector into the private sector. It is also sometimes used as a synonym for deregulation w ...

, many large plants and factories, such as the Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Plant, became owned by alleged criminal authorities and

oligarchs Oligarch may refer to: Authority * Oligarch, a member of an oligarchy, a power structure where control resides in a small number of people * Oligarch (Kingdom of Hungary), late 13th–14th centuries * Business oligarch, wealthy and influential mag ...

, while others were declared

bankrupt Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the de ...

. The economic transition resulted in a dramatic rise in

unemployment Unemployment, according to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), is the proportion of people above a specified age (usually 15) not being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for work du ...

and numerous strikes. The best known financial scandal of the second half of the 1990s happened when ownership of the Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Plant by a known Krasnoyarsk businessman Anatoliy Bykov had been canceled after he was accused of murdering his partner, Vilor Struganov. The accusation eventually turned out to be false. The Krasnoyarsk plant's ownership problems continue through the early 21st century since nearly all of them are owned either by

monopolistic A monopoly (from Greek and ) is a market in which one person or company is the only supplier of a particular good or service. A monopoly is characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce a particular thing, a lack of viable sub ...

financial groups or by

. Since the election of Pyotr Pimashkov as the mayor of Krasnoyarsk in 1996, the appearance of the city gradually improved: the old historical buildings were restored, the asphalt walkways were replaced with paving-stone, and numerous squares and recreation areas with fountains were either restored or constructed from scratch. Now the majority of the city keeps only a few traces of its former, drab, post-collapse look.

Geography

The total area of the city, including suburbs and the river, is . The river

Yenisei The Yenisey or Yenisei ( ; , ) is the fifth-longest river system in the world, and the largest to drain into the Arctic Ocean. Rising in Mungaragiyn-gol in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course through Lake Baikal and the Krasnoyarsk Dam b ...

flows from west to east through the city. Due to the

Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric dam The Krasnoyarsk Dam is a high concrete gravity dam located on the Yenisey River about upstream from Krasnoyarsk in Divnogorsk, Russia. It was constructed from 1956 to 1972, and it supplies about 6,000 MW of electricity, mostly used to supply t ...

upstream, the Yenisei never freezes in winter and never exceeds in summer through the city. Near the city center, its elevation is above

sea level Mean sea level (MSL, often shortened to sea level) is an mean, average surface level of one or more among Earth's coastal Body of water, bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured. The global MSL is a type of vertical ...

. There are several islands in the river, the largest of which are Tatyshev and Otdyha Isles, used mainly for recreation. To the south and west, Krasnoyarsk is surrounded by forested mountains averaging in height above river level. The most prominent of them are Nikolayevskaya Sopka (notable for its

ski jumping Ski jumping is a winter sport in which competitors aim to achieve the farthest jump after sliding down on their skis from a specially designed curved ramp. Along with jump length, competitor's aerial style and other factors also affect the final ...

tracks), Karaulnaya Gora, and Chornaya Sopka, the latter being an extinct volcano. The gigantic rock cliffs of the Stolby Nature Reserve rise from the mountains of the southern bank of the Yenisei, the western hills from the Gremyachaya Griva crest extending westwards up to the Sobakina River, the north is generally plain, except for the Drokinskaya Sopka hill, with forests to the northwest and agricultural fields to the north and east. The major rivers in and near Krasnoyarsk are the

Mana Mana may refer to: Religion and mythology * Mana (Oceanian cultures), the spiritual life force energy or healing power that permeates the universe in Melanesian and Polynesian mythology * Mana (food), archaic name for manna, an edible substance m ...

Bazaikha The Bazaikha () is a river in the Krasnoyarsk Krai. It is the third largest river in the Krasnoyarsk neighborhood after Yenisey and Mana. The name derived from the Kamassian — iron river. The length of the Bazaikha is and the area of its ba ...

, and

Kacha River The Kacha () is a river in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is a right tributary of the Yenisey. The Turkic name of the river is ''Izyr-Su'', and it has been suggested that the Russian name is derived from ''Izyr-Kichi'' "Izyr people", the self-name ...

s, the latter flowing throughout the historical center of the city. Due to the nature of the terrain, a few natural lakes exist in the vicinity of Krasnoyarsk. The forests close to the city are mostly

pine A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus ''Pinus'' () of the family Pinaceae. ''Pinus'' is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. ''World Flora Online'' accepts 134 species-rank taxa (119 species and 15 nothospecies) of pines as cu ...

and

birch A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus ''Betula'' (), in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams. It is closely related to the beech- oak family Fagaceae. The genus ''Betula'' contains 3 ...

; further afield,

aspen Aspen is a common name for certain tree species in the Populus sect. Populus, of the ''Populus'' (poplar) genus. Species These species are called aspens: * ''Populus adenopoda'' – Chinese aspen (China, south of ''P. tremula'') * ''Populus da ...

becomes dominant in many areas. The moss-covered

fir Firs are evergreen coniferous trees belonging to the genus ''Abies'' () in the family Pinaceae. There are approximately 48–65 extant species, found on mountains throughout much of North and Central America, Eurasia, and North Africa. The genu ...

and

Siberian pine ''Pinus sibirica'', or Siberian pine, in the family Pinaceae is a species of pine tree that occurs in Siberia from 58°E in the Ural Mountains east to 126°E in the Stanovoy Range in southern Sakha Republic, and from Igarka at 68°N in the l ...

replaces other wood in the mountains westward of the Karaulnaya River, in about to the west from the city, the forests to the south are mostly

and

Administrative and municipal status

Krasnoyarsk is the

of the krai.Law #10-4763 Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one

rural locality In general, a rural area or a countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas and areas with forestry are typically describ ...

(the

village A village is a human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town with a population typically ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. Although villages are often located in rural areas, the term urban v ...

of Peschanka) incorporated as the '' krai city of Krasnoyarsk''an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the

districts A district is a type of administrative division that in some countries is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions ...

.Law #10-4765 As a municipal division, the krai city of Krasnoyarsk is incorporated as ''Krasnoyarsk Urban Okrug''.Law #13-3148

City divisions

For administrative purposes, Krasnoyarsk is divided into seven city districts: * Kirovsky * Leninsky * Oktyabrsky * Sovetsky * Sverdlovsky * Tsentralny * Zheleznodorozhny

Coat of arms

The first version was approved on March 12, 1804. The coat of arms was divided horizontally into two parts, the upper part containing the coat of arms of

Tomsk Governorate Tomsk Governorate () was an administrative-territorial unit (''guberniya'') of the Russian Empire, the Russian Republic, and the Russian SFSR, which existed from 1804 to 1925 as part of Siberian Governorate-General (1804–1822) and West Siberian ...

, and the lower part picturing the Krasny Yar cliff on a silver background. A revised coat of arms, approved on November 23, 1851, had the golden figure of a lion placed on a red

heraldic Heraldry is a discipline relating to the design, display and study of armorial bearings (known as armory), as well as related disciplines, such as vexillology, together with the study of ceremony, rank and pedigree. Armory, the best-known branc ...

shield with a spade in the right fore paw and a sickle in the left fore paw, both made of the same metal. The shield was topped with the golden crown of the

. The current coat of arms (as depicted here) was approved on November 28, 2004. It contains the same red shield as in 1851 but with a slightly changed figure of the lion in the officially approved image. The shield is topped with a form of the

mural crown A mural crown () is a Crown (headgear), crown or headpiece representing city walls, fortified tower, towers, or fortresses. In classical antiquity, it was an emblem of tutelary deities who watched over a city, and among the ancient Rome, Romans ...

, which is the golden five-tower coronet of rank of a federal subject administrative center.

Climate

Krasnoyarsk experiences a

humid continental climate A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers, and cold ...

(

Köppen climate classification The Köppen climate classification divides Earth climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (te ...

''Dfb'') bordering on a

subarctic climate The subarctic climate (also called subpolar climate, or boreal climate) is a continental climate with long, cold (often very cold) winters, and short, warm to cool summers. It is found on large landmasses, often away from the moderating effects of ...

(''Dfc'') in mountain part of city. Its climate is very similar to that of

Fort McMurray Fort McMurray ( ) is an urban service area in the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo in Alberta, Canada. It is located in northeast Alberta, in the middle of the Athabasca oil sands, surrounded by boreal forest. It has played a significa ...

and

Winnipeg Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Manitoba. It is centred on the confluence of the Red River of the North, Red and Assiniboine River, Assiniboine rivers. , Winnipeg h ...

in Canada, the latter of which is a good deal further south geographically. Compared to Thompson, Manitoba, or Labrador City at similar latitudes, Krasnoyarsk's winters are relatively mild. Compared to European cities on a similar latitude, Krasnoyarsk has much warmer summers, but much colder and longer winters (for example, Aalborg, Denmark). The summer is also on average warmer than similar inland latitudes of Scandinavia, owing to

's greater continentality. Krasnoyarsk has high differentials between summer and winter temperatures.

Demographics

Population count by districts (2010 Census): * Kirovsky: 114,715 * Leninsky: 145,530 * Oktyabrsky: 153,112 * Sovetsky: 281,284 * Sverdlovsky: 130,596 * Tsentralny: 55,060 * Zheleznodorozhny: 93,529 The population of Krasnoyarsk includes a number of peoples, the most numerous are Russians, followed by Tājik people, Tajiks, Kyrgyz people, Kyrgyz and other Central Asian and Caucasus, Caucasian peoples, whose number has grown extensively because of the vast, often illegal immigration in search for work. Another populous Immigration, immigrant group is the Han Chinese, Chinese who, unlike other foreign workers, are employed in much more lucrative areas and often form business partnerships with local companies. Many Chinese trade at the bazaars, and a special large Chinese bazaar named ''Sodruzhestvo'' (Russian for ''fellowship''), and the ''Chinese Trading Town'' (known in Russian Language, Russian as Китайский торговый город) or colloquially ''Kitai-gorod'' on Strelka. As of the Russian Census (2021), 2021 Census, the ethnic composition of Krasnoyarsk was:

Architecture

There are a number of historical buildings in Krasnoyarsk, the oldest of them being the Intercession Cathedral (, 1785 to 1795, restored in 1977 to 1978). Other locally significant samples of Russian Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox architecture are the Annunciation Cathedral (, 1802–12), the Holy Trinity Cathedral (, 1802–12), John the Baptist Church (, 1899, former episcopal residence), and the new Michael the Archangel Church (, 1998 to 2003). On the top of the Karaulnaya Hill, originally a pagan shrine, later occupied by the Krasnoyarsk fort watchtower, the Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel (1804, rebuilt 1854–55) still stands. The chapel, displayed on the 10-Russian ruble, ruble note, is one of the iconic images of the city. The chapel was abandoned and fell into disrepair during the Soviet Union, Soviet era and only when Perestroyka came was it regained by the Yenisei Diocese, bishopric. Another unofficial symbol of Krasnoyarsk is the incomplete 24-story tower located at Strelka. Construction of the tower had been started just before Perestroyka and then frozen due to the administrative crisis. The outline of the tower is clearly seen from many places in the city. A Krasnoyarsk Bridge, bridge near Krasnoyarsk carries the

across the

. The original structure, one of the longest at the time, was constructed between 1893 and 1896 to an award-winning design by Lavr Proskuryakov. In 2003 it was rejected for emergency inscription on the World Heritage List. It was described at the time by ICOMOS "an early representation of a typical parabolic polygonal truss bridge in Russia" which became "a testing ground for the application of engineering theories and the development of new innovative solutions, which had numerous successors". The bridge was dismantled between 2002 and 2007. Among other notable buildings are the mansions of the merchant Nikolay Gadalov (beginning of the 20th century), the Roman Catholic Transfiguration Chapel (, 1911, also known as the Krasnoyarsk Organ Hall), the Krasnoyarsk Krai Museum stylized as an Ancient Egyptian temple, the Krasnoyarsk Cultural/Historical Center and the triumphal arch at the Spit (2003), the :File:Krasnoyarsk Mira 110 krai admin.jpg, regional administration building flanked with two towers known as the "Donkey Ears". There are a number of two-story wooden houses in the city built mostly in the middle of the 20th century as temporary habitations. Many urbanized villages located inside the city keep the remnants of the traditional Russian village architecture: wooden houses with backyards, many somewhat dilapidated now but still inhabited. Strelka Krasnoyarsk

Culture

There are a number of local holidays celebrated annually in Krasnoyarsk. The most significant holiday is the Day of the City celebrated in June, usually with a carnival. Other holidays and cultural events are the Mana Festival (. The celebrations take place on the outside of town, on the bank of river Mana) usually held on the last weekend in June with the traditional Bard (Soviet Union), bard contest, the International Museum Biennale traditionally held in the Krasnoyarsk Cultural/Historical Center, the avant-garde ''Museum Night'' festival dedicated to the International Museum Day (May 18), the Jazz on Yenisey festival, the Stolbist Day held many times a year celebrating the traditions of mountain climbing in the Stolby Nature Reserve, Stolby national reserve, and the motorcycle, Bikers' Rally. Krasnoyarsk has a number of local television companies and the highly developed telecommunications, many districts of the city have Local area network, LAN-based broadband Internet access. The city is also home to the Krasnoyarsk Children's Choir, a world-renowned choir that tours in many countries as The Little Eagles of Siberia.

Education and science

Next to

, Krasnoyarsk is a prominent scientific and educational center of

, with over 30 higher education facilities, many of which are the branches of the Russian Academy of Science, and about 200 High school (upper secondary), high schools. The most notable higher education institutes are: *

(Russian abbreviation is SFU), founded on November 4, 2006. The institution integrated four large higher education institutions (Krasnoyarsk State University, Krasnoyarsk State Academy of Architecture and Civil Construction, Krasnoyarsk State Technical University, State University of Non-Ferrous Metals and Gold) * Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (Russian abbreviation is KGPU), founded in 1932 * Siberian State Technological University (Russian abbreviation is SibGTU), the oldest in the city, founded in 1930 as the Siberian Institute of Forest Krasnoyarsk Arts Institute 2020-08

* Siberian State Aerospace University (Russian abbreviation is SibGAU), founded in 1960 * Krasnoyarsk State Medical University (Russian abbreviation is KrasGMU), founded in 1942 * Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University (Russian abbreviation is Krasnoyarsk GAU), founded in 1952 Like

, Krasnoyarsk has a special city district called Akademgorodok (Krasnoyarsk), Akademgorodok ("Academic Town"), where several scientific research institutes are located. Krasnoyarsk's Institute of Biophysics is known for a 1973–1985 experiment on ecology, ecological isolation of human beings (the "Bios Experiment"). Sukachev Institute of Forest, founded in 1944 at Moscow and relocated to Krasnoyarsk in 1959. There are several museums in Krasnoyarsk. One is the Krasnoyarsk Regional Museum, containing historical items and exhibits of the region, including ancient history, native Siberians, and woolly rhinos. The Krasnoyarsk zoo is also a major attraction for residents and tourists.

Transportation

Public transportation

The transit system is dominated by buses, but there also are several trolleybus and Trams in Krasnoyarsk, tram routes. Krs railstation

An Krasnoyarsk Metro, underground metro system (three lines) has been in planning and construction phases in Krasnoyarsk for decades. Subway construction was terminated in 2008. In 2021, a decision was made to create a semi-metro system, and construction resumed in 2023.

Railway

Krasnoyarsk lies on the Yenisei River and historically has been an important junction on the

. Krasnoyarsk railway station, Krasnoyarsk-Passazhirsky (, lit. Krasnoyarsk-Passenger) is the main railway station of Krasnoyarsk. Long-range trains of the Trans-Siberian Railway stop at this station. There are some stations served by Elektrichka and there is Krasnoyarsk-East railway station, Krasnoyarsk-East goods station 26.3 km east of Krasnoyarsk-Passazhirsky.

Airports

Krasnoyarsk was served by two airports: Krasnoyarsk International Airport, Yemelyanovo Airport is the main airport and handles both medium and long-haul domestic as well as international flights, and is northwest of the city. The secondary Krasnoyarsk Cheremshanka Airport, Cheremshanka Airport handled short-haul flights. Cheremshanka has lost its eminent role as the main base airport for an extensive network of local air services (MVL) in Krasnoyarsk Krai formerly served by the local Aeroflot Krasnoyarsk Directorate. In December 2011 a fire broke out at the Cheremshanka airport which destroyed the terminal building and the air traffic control tower.

Tourism

The most popular place of attraction for tourists visiting Krasnoyarsk is the huge national nature reserve Stolby ("pillars"), which covers an area of with numerous giant granite rocks formations up to 100 meters high, many of very extraordinary shapes. Stolby is also a major rock climbing location. Many local climbers intentionally do not use any belaying equipment and call their extreme sport ''stolbizm'', known elsewhere as solo climbing. Other popular showplaces include the Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Power Station dam, the Karaulnaya Gora hill with the Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel, museums, theaters, etc.

Sports

Krasnoyarsk is a center of Siberian sports. Areas, where Krasnoyarsk excels compared to other Russian cities, include rugby union, bandy, and freestyle wrestling. Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club, Yenisey was the List of Russian bandy champions, Soviet bandy champions every year in the 1980s as well as in 1991. The first Russian title came in 2001. In 2014 they became champions of the Russian Bandy Super League, Bandy Super League and had the highest average attendance, 5 747. In 2015 the league title was won again as well as in 2016. At the

, bandy was due to feature as a demonstration sport for the first time and tournaments for both men and women were planned. An indoor stadium will be built for the occasion. It is planned to be ready for use by the end of 2018. The complexity of the construction is considered unique. Crystal Arena, Krasnoyarsk.jpg, Crystal Arena, Krasnoyarsk Arena-Sever, Krasnoyarsk Ice Palace.jpg, Arena Sever RUSMARKA-2440.jpg, Yenisey Stadium Сокол - Ермак, 10.08.2018.jpg, Platinum Arena Krasnoyarsk Krasnoyarsk Central Stadium.JPG, Central Stadium (Krasnoyarsk), Central Stadium of Krasnoyarsk Krasnoyarsk Ivan Yarygin Sports Palace.JPG, Ivan Yarygin Sports Palace The city is considered a stronghold of rugby union in Russia, to the extent that the Rugby Union of Russia was headquartered locally for many years. Two Krasnoyarsk clubs, Krasny Yar Krasnoyarsk, Krasny Yar and Yenisey-STM Krasnoyarsk, Enisey-STM, participate in the national Professional Rugby League, and European Rugby Challenge Cup, the second-tier pan-European club competition. Matches take precedence in the local media, and the city derby match can attract crowds of about 3000–5000. Many players of the Russia national rugby union team, Russian national rugby team hail from the area. Some of Russia's international rugby matches are played at the Central Stadium (Krasnoyarsk), Central Stadium. Former Carolina Hurricanes left winger Alexander Semin is from Krasnoyarsk. Host of the international wrestling tournament named after Ivan Yarygin.

Sport events

The

was hosted by Krasnoyarsk in 2019.

Notable people

* Mirra Andreeva, tennis player * Viktor Astafyev, writer * Vyacheslav Butusov, singer and songwriter *Caziel, artist *Walter Ciszek, Polish-American Jesuit priest held captive here on suspicion of espionage for the Vatican *Valentin Danilov, Russian scientist *Elena Abramovna Davidovich, numismatist and archaeologist *Yekaterina Duntsova, Russian politician, journalist and lawyer *Helene Fischer, German singer and actress * Iya Gavrilova, ice hockey player * Dmitri Hvorostovsky, operatic baritone *Evgeny Isakov, ice hockey player * Elena Khrustaleva, biathlete * Sergey Ivanovich Lomanov, bandy manager and former player * Sergey Sergeyevich Lomanov, bandy player * Andreï Makine, novelist * Armen Petrosyan (fighter), Armen Petrosyan, mixed martial artist * Yevgeni Anatolyevich Popov, Yevgeni Popov, writer * Sofia Samodurova, figure skater * Alexander Semin, ice hockey player * Andrei Shepelenko, professional ice hockey player * Pyotr Slovtsov, opera singer *Vasily Surikov, historic painter *Viktoria Tereshkina, prima ballerina *Viktor Tretiakov, violinist * Evgeny Ustyugov, biathlete

Twin towns – sister cities

Krasnoyarsk is Sister city, twinned with: * Heihe, China (1999) * Istaravshan, Tajikistan (2000) * Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Sault Ste. Marie, Canada (2002) * Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (2003) * Samarkand, Uzbekistan (2003) * Oneonta, New York, Oneonta, United States (2004) * Cremona, Italy (2006) * Žilina, Slovakia (2013) * Changchun, China (2014) * Manzhouli, China (2017)

Cooperation agreements

Krasnoyarsk has cooperation agreements with: * Kokshetau, Kazakhstan (2022)

Notes

References

Notes

Sources

* * * *

External links

* *
Interactive online map of Krasnoyarsk

The Siberian Federal University homepage
* {{Use mdy dates, date=October 2012 Krasnoyarsk, 1628 establishments in Russia Populated places established in 1628 World Heritage Tentative List Yeniseysk Governorate Populated places on the Yenisei River Cities and towns in Krasnoyarsk Krai

Etymology

History

Geography

Administrative and municipal status

City divisions

Coat of arms

Climate

Demographics

Architecture

Culture

Education and science

Transportation

Public transportation

Railway

Airports

Tourism

Sports

Sport events

Notable people

Twin towns – sister cities

Cooperation agreements

See also

Notes

References

Notes

Sources

External links