The Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC; , TMK) was a
civilian
A civilian is a person who is not a member of an armed force. It is war crime, illegal under the law of armed conflict to target civilians with military attacks, along with numerous other considerations for civilians during times of war. If a civi ...
emergency services organization in
Kosovo
Kosovo, officially the Republic of Kosovo, is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe with International recognition of Kosovo, partial diplomatic recognition. It is bordered by Albania to the southwest, Montenegro to the west, Serbia to the ...
active from 1999 until 2009.
The KPC was created on 1999, through the promulgation of the
United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) Regulation 1999/8 and the agreement of a "Statement of Principles" on the KPC's permitted role in Kosovo.
In effect, it was a compromise between the disarmament of the
Kosovo Liberation Army
The Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA; , UÇK) was an Albanians, ethnic Albanian separatist militia that sought the separation of Kosovo, the vast majority of which is inhabited by Albanians, from the Republic of Serbia (1992–2006), Republic of R ...
, which was stipulated by
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, and rejected by the
Kosovo Albanians
The Albanians of Kosovo (, ), also commonly called Kosovo Albanians, Kosovan Albanians or Kosovars (), constitute the largest ethnic group in Kosovo.
Kosovo Albanians belong to the Albanians, ethnic Albanian sub-group of Ghegs, who inhabit the ...
.
History
Immediately after the end of the
Kosovo War
The Kosovo War (; sr-Cyrl-Latn, Косовски рат, Kosovski rat) was an armed conflict in Kosovo that lasted from 28 February 1998 until 11 June 1999. It ...
in June 1999 and the dislocation of NATO forces in Kosovo, emerged the need for the definition of the KLA role in accordance with the new situation.
UNSC 1244, approved in June 1999, included KLA demilitarization. Therefore, the same month,
KFOR Commander, General
Mike Jackson and
Hashim Thaçi, as General Commander of KLA, who at the time was Prime Minister of the Provisional Government in Kosovo, signed the
Kumanovo Agreement. Upon the completion of the demilitarization process, in 20 September 1999 the
UN Special Representative Bernard Kouchner signed Regulation no. 1999/8 for the foundation of the Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC), which then was followed by the Declaration of Principles, signed by the KPC Commander and the KFOR Commander. After the formation of the KPC, Serbs claimed it was a new ethnic Albanian army and resigned from the multiethnic
Kosovo Transitional Council. Immediately following the approval of these acts, the
International Organization for Migration
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) is a United Nations related organization working in the field of migration. The organization implements operational assistance programmes for Human migration, migrants, including internally displa ...
(IOM) initiated the registration campaign of the former KLA fighters, lasting from July to November 1999. According to IOM documents the total registration amounted to 25,723 members. Around 5,000 former KLA fighters joined KPC.
Mission
UNMIK Regulation 1999/8 assigned the following tasks to the KPC:
*Provide a
disaster response capability to tackle major fires, industrial accidents or toxic spills;
*Conduct
search and rescue
Search and rescue (SAR) is the search for and provision of aid to people who are in distress or imminent danger. The general field of search and rescue includes many specialty sub-fields, typically determined by the type of terrain the search ...
operations;
*Provide
humanitarian assistance
Humanitarian assistance is aid and action designed to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity during and after man-made crises and disasters. It encompasses a wide range of activities, including providing food, water, shelter, ...
;
*Assist in
demining;
*Contribute to
rebuilding
Remanufacturing is "the rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired and new parts". It requires the repair or replacement of worn out or obsolete components and modules. P ...
infrastructure
Infrastructure is the set of facilities and systems that serve a country, city, or other area, and encompasses the services and facilities necessary for its economy, households and firms to function. Infrastructure is composed of public and pri ...
and communities.
The Kosovo Protection Corps had no role in
defense
Defense or defence may refer to:
Tactical, martial, and political acts or groups
* Defense (military), forces primarily intended for warfare
* Civil defense, the organizing of civilians to deal with emergencies or enemy attacks
* Defense industr ...
,
law enforcement
Law enforcement is the activity of some members of the government or other social institutions who act in an organized manner to enforce the law by investigating, deterring, rehabilitating, or punishing people who violate the rules and norms gove ...
,
riot control
Riot control is a form of public order policing used by law enforcement, military, paramilitary or security forces to social control, control, disperse, and arrest people who are involved in a riot, unlawful Demonstration (people), demonstration ...
,
internal security
Internal security is the act of keeping peace within the borders of a sovereign state or other Self-governance, self-governing territories, generally by upholding the national law and defending against internal security threats. This task and rol ...
or any other
law and order tasks.
The
Special Representative of the
UN Secretary-General
The secretary-general of the United Nations (UNSG or UNSECGEN) is the chief administrative officer of the United Nations and head of the United Nations Secretariat, one of the United Nations System#Six principal organs, six principal organs of ...
, the head of UNMIK, exercised direction, funding and administrative authority over the KPC. The Commander of KFOR, the NATO peacekeeping force, was in charge of exercising day-to-day supervision of the KPC. The KPC had 5,052 members, and a budget of 17.6 million () representing about 0.79% of
GDP.
The KPC's first commander was
Agim Çeku, who resigned from the organization in 2006 to become
Prime Minister of Kosovo
A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways ...
. KPC deputy commander
Sylejman Selimi, a former KLA leader, replaced Çeku as commander. The KPC was divided into six regional "Protection Zones," each with a regional commander. By 2001, each had an explosive ordnance disposal team, and there was a further centrally controlled team, making a total of seven teams. There have been allegations that KPC was involved in criminal activities, illegal policing, killings and terrorist attacks against Serbs. UNMIK police officers claimed that KPC officers arrested for crimes were released on the orders of top regional KFOR commanders.
In June 2001, several senior officers in the KPC were removed for suspicion of aiding the
ethnic Albanian insurgency in the
Republic of Macedonia
North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe. It shares land borders with Greece to the south, Albania to the west, Bulgaria to the east, Kosovo to the northwest and Serbia to the n ...
.
Prime Minister of Serbia
The prime minister of Serbia ( sr-Cyrl, премијер Србије, premijer Srbije; feminine gender, feminine: премијерка/premijerka), officially the president of the Government of the Republic of Serbia ( sr-Cyrl, председн ...
Zoran Đinđić, in his last interview before
his assassination, pointed out the danger to the
geopolitical region of transferring security responsibilities to the KPC. In August 2003,
Deputy Prime Minister
A deputy prime minister or vice prime minister is, in some countries, a Minister (government), government minister who can take the position of acting prime minister when the prime minister is temporarily absent. The position is often likened to th ...
of Serbia
Nebojša Čović accused the KPC and the
Albanian National Army
The Albanian National Army (ANA; , AKSh) is an ethnic Albanians, Albanian paramilitary organization which operates in North Macedonia, Serbia and Kosovo. The group opposes the Ohrid Agreement (2001), Ohrid Framework Agreement which ended the 20 ...
of being behind an attack on Serbs in Kosovo.
Kosovo Albanians considered the KPC a potential nucleus of a future Kosovo army. Finnish politician
Martti Ahtisaari
Martti Oiva Kalevi Ahtisaari (, 23 June 1937 – 16 October 2023) was a Finnish politician, the tenth president of Finland, from 1994 to 2000, a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, and a United Nations diplomat and mediation, mediator noted for his inte ...
presented his
proposal regarding the
final status of Kosovo, where he suggested the dissolution of the KPC and the establishment of a lightly armed
Kosovo Security Force
The Kosovo Security Force (KSF) is the military of Kosovo. The KSF is tasked with defending the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Kosovo, military support for civilian authorities, and participation in international Peacekeeping, peacekee ...
(KSF). Due to a Russian veto, the
United Nations Security Council
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, an ...
did not endorse his proposal. Kosovo declared independence in February 2008. In January 20, 2009, KPC ceased its operations.
Kosovo's Assembly passed the 'Law on the Dissolution of the Kosovo Protection Corps' in June. The organization disbanded on June 14.
It was succeeded by KSF.
References
External links
* , September 20, 1999.
Structure of the Kosovo Protection Corps
{{Kosovo topics
Government of Kosovo
Emergency services in Kosovo
2000s in Kosovo
1999 establishments in Kosovo
2009 disestablishments in Kosovo
Kosovan paramilitary organizations