Kol uprising, also known in British records as the Kol mutiny was a revolt of the tribal Kol people of Chhota Nagpur that took place between 1831 and 1832. It was due to economic exploitation brought on by the systems of land tenure and administration that had been introduced by the

East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company that was founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to Indian Ocean trade, trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (South A ...

. Tribal people of Chotanagpur including Mundas, Oraons, Hos and Bhumijs were called Kols. They initially plundered and killed Sikh and Muslims thikedars (contractors) who collected taxes by different means. Later they also started to plunder and kill Hindus of nearby villages and burn their houses. The insurgency was suppressed by killing of the leaders, their followers and arrest of many leaders by Thomas Wilkinson.

Background

In 18th century, Nagvanshi king Maninath Shah (1748-1762) consolidated his authority over the estates of Bundu,

Silli Silli is a village in the Silli CD block in the Ranchi Sadar subdivision of the Ranchi district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. Geography Location Silli is located at . The Subarnarekha River forms the boundary with Purulia district in ...

, Barwe, Rahe, Tamar and the chief of these estates were compelled to acknowledge the Nagvanshi ruler as their Chief. These chief were known as Mankis of these area. During 19th century, some Mankis revolted after being disposed by Nagvanshi and appointment of Thikedars to collect taxes due to fulfill debt of Nagvanshi. These Mankis and their followers attacked the other Mankis of area, looted and burnt down houses of thikedars as well as plundered and destroyed villages of Hindus. The uprising was a reaction to the appointment of a Political Agent to the Government in South Bihar and recently ceded districts nearby around 1819. This resulted in many people moving into these areas which were the lands of numerous aboriginal tribes. These tribes ruled by Munda-Manki system. With the application of new land laws, the Kols were exploited by outsiders moving into the area and commercial activities. Another irritation was the taxation on the movement of products such as salt that were formerly freely moved. Corrupt official practices and lawlessness followed. When some Mankis disposed, Mankis and their followers plundered and burnt the houses of the newly settled people as well as nearby villages of Hindus in revenge.

Insurgency

Harinath Shahi, the brother of Nagvanshi king Jagannath Shah Deo granted lands to some Sikh horse traders and Muslim cloth merchant to collect taxes in Sonpur Pargana due to debts. The twelve villages belongs to Singrai Manki and Mohan Manki. Then the Manki disposed and their two sisters seduced by Sikhs and kept as concubine. The twelve villages of Byjunath Manki were given to Hussain Khan and he send the Manki to Police of Govindpur and send to jail in

Sherghati Sherghati is a town in the Gaya district in Bihar (formally Magadha), India. The Morhar River surrounds it. A meteorite that came from Mars fell here on 25 August 1865; it is now kept in a London museum, and is known as the Shergotty meteori ...

. The thikedars were collecting taxes by different means such as Abwabs, Salami etc. Then Munda of the region convened a meeting and started looting, burning houses, killings of Sikhs and Muslims. The houses of Saifullah Khan, Muhammad Ali Naik, Zafar Ali Khan Pathan were looted and killed. Then they also started to plundering houses and killings of Hindus of nearby villages. Then Oraon and Ho also joined in the insurgency in at attempt to destroy Sad (Sadan) or Hindus and Diku or foreigners. According to colonel Edward Tuite Dalton, In every Paragana the villages in which Sads (Sadan/Hindus) resided were destroyed and all Dikus (foreigners) who fell into the hands of the insurgents were murdered. The Zamindars of Rahe, Bundu, Tamar, and Barwa, though neither Sads nor Dikus, narrowly escaped with their lives, when those places were all sacked and destroyed. Then it spread to other area of

Ranchi district Ranchi district is the most populous district of Jharkhand state in eastern India. Ranchi, the capital of Jharkhand, is the district headquarters. History Iron slag, potsherds and iron tools have been found in the Chota Nagpur plateau dated to ...

. They indulged in plunder and killings. They attacked non-tribal of the region, the Sadan people. The situation continue for several months. They also destroyed Mahamaya temple which was built by Nagvanshi king Gajghat Rai and killed the wife and children of the caretaker of temple Barju Ram. He has described the incident in a Nagpuri poem. British historiography described the Kol uprising as

banditry Banditry is a type of organized crime committed by outlaws typically involving the threat or use of violence. A person who engages in banditry is known as a bandit and primarily commits crimes such as extortion, robbery, kidnapping, and murder, ...

. In 1831, the Kol tribesmen of Chhota Nagpur, who were upset over exploitation by agents of the

(EIC), rose in revolt against the EIC. The Kols rebels under the leadership of Budhu Bhagat, Joa Bhagat, Jhindrai Manki and others. The Kols grew restive over the increasing encroachment on tribal territories by the non-tribals like

Hindus Hindus (; ; also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pp. 35–37 Historically, the term has also be ...

Muslims Muslims () are people who adhere to Islam, a Monotheism, monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God ...

and

Sikhs Sikhs (singular Sikh: or ; , ) are an ethnoreligious group who adhere to Sikhism, a religion that originated in the late 15th century in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, based on the revelation of Guru Nanak. The term ''Sikh'' ...

. The new non-tribal landlords resorted to forced labour, fines, and often confiscated their cattle. The Kol insurrection started in 1831 when the farm of two Sikh ''thikadar'' (contractors) was plundered and burnt. In 1832, there were clashes between the armed forces and the tribals Kols rebels. Kharwar and Chero also joined in the uprisings. Professor Sunil Sen mentions that in a memorable guerrilla campaign Budhu Bhagat and his followers fought with primitive weapons such as bows and arrows.Sunil Sen, ''Peasant Movement in India'', pg.7 According to British, Kols people restored in indiscriminately attacking Hindus, Muslim and other foreigner people, plundered and burnt their houses. Thomas Wilkinson suppressed the activity. He killed many leaders of insurgency and their followers. On 14 February 1832, he killed Bhagat Singh, a Munda leader, his seven sons and his 150 followers in village of Sillagaon. Captain Wilkinson encamped in Tamar. He summoned the chief of Bundu, Tamar who were Munda as well as king of Chotanagpur and decided to kept away Lakra Kol (Hos) from the region. The Rautia of the Sundari, Khunti, Torpa and other places conferred title of Baraik to Thomas Wilkinson. Then Wilkinson went to Porahat and made some Hos friend and succeeded in capturing the leader of the kol insurgency Dasai Manki in 1836. Katey Sardar and Bindrai Manki captured when they were enjoying dinner party, then they were taken to Kolkata in chain.

Aftermath

After the insurgency, the British created division of South-West Frontier with its then headquarters at Lohardaga established police stations in different areas. According to the British report, the insurgency was the result of disposition of some Mankis and their mistreatment at the hands of thikedars as well as the different rents imposed by the East India Company on masses of whom the majority were poor with half savage mentality.

Background

Insurgency

Aftermath

See also

References

Further reading