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Nikolai Mikhailovich Knipovich (also Knipowitsch) (6 April
O.S. 25 March">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>
O.S. 25 March1862 – 23 February 1939) was a Russian and Soviet ichthyology">ichthyologist
Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish, including bony fish (Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish (Agnatha). According to FishBase, 35,800 species of fish had been described as of March 2 ...
,
marine zoologist 01 or 01 may refer to:
* The year 2001, or any year ending with 01
* The month of January
* 1 (number)
Music
* ''01'' (Richard Müller album), 2001
* ''01'' (Urban Zakapa album), 2011
* ''01011001'', the seventh studio album from Arjen Anthony L ...
and
oceanographer
Oceanography (), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science, is the scientific study of the ocean, including its physics, chemistry, biology, and geology.
It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of top ...
, notable as the founder of
fisheries
Fishery can mean either the enterprise of raising or harvesting fish and other aquatic life or, more commonly, the site where such enterprise takes place ( a.k.a., fishing grounds). Commercial fisheries include wild fisheries and fish farm ...
research in the Russian North.
Biography
General
Knipovich graduated from the Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg Imperial University
Saint Petersburg State University (SPBGU; ) is a public university, public research university in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in Russia. Founded in 1724 by a decree of Peter the Great, the uni ...
in 1886 and went on to defend his master's thesis "Materials for the study of Ascothoracida" in 1892. He was then elected assistant professor of the Saint Petersburg State University, University in 1893.
From 1894 until 1921 he worked at the Zoological Museum of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. He then became the Professor of biology and zoology in the First Women's Medical Institute (present-day
Saint Petersburg State Medical University
The Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University (, ПСПбГМУ им. акад. И. П. Павлова) is a medical school located in St. Petersburg.
History
The Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University was found ...
) in 1911, continuing to fill the position until 1930 .
He became an Honorary Member of the
Academy of Sciences of the USSR
The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the highest scientific institution of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1991. It united the country's leading scientists and was subordinated directly to the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (u ...
in 1935.
Expeditions
Knipovich organised and led the Scientific Murman Expedition from a location on the
Barents Sea
The Barents Sea ( , also ; , ; ) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia and divided between Norwegian and Russian territorial waters.World Wildlife Fund, 2008. It was known earlier among Russi ...
Murman Coast
The Murman Coast (, ) is a coastal area in Murmansk Oblast in northwest Russia. It is located on the southern side of the Barents Sea, between the Norway–Russia border and Cape Svyatoy Nos. The major rivers flowing to the sea at the coast are ...
between 1898 and 1901,
[Berg, L.S. (1950]
Почетный академик Н. М. Книпович
Из истории отечественной науки, Журнал №8, 76-83. which marked the beginning of systematic study of the region's biological resources.
A special modern marine research vessel, the steamship ''
Saint Andrew
Andrew the Apostle ( ; ; ; ) was an apostle of Jesus. According to the New Testament, he was a fisherman and one of the Twelve Apostles chosen by Jesus.
The title First-Called () used by the Eastern Orthodox Church stems from the Gospel of Jo ...
'', was built for the expedition and in May 1900 Knipovich led an expedition to undertake hydrographic and biological observations along Kola shores from the
Murman Coast
The Murman Coast (, ) is a coastal area in Murmansk Oblast in northwest Russia. It is located on the southern side of the Barents Sea, between the Norway–Russia border and Cape Svyatoy Nos. The major rivers flowing to the sea at the coast are ...
to 73°00'N. He then, in Autumn 1901, drew a chart of currents based on the data gathered on water temperature and salinity and identified several warm streams. In 1902 he was the first to draw a conclusion on a relationship between distribution and
migration
Migration, migratory, or migrate may refer to: Human migration
* Human migration, physical movement by humans from one region to another
** International migration, when peoples cross state boundaries and stay in the host state for some minimum le ...
of commercial fish in the
Barents Sea
The Barents Sea ( , also ; , ; ) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia and divided between Norwegian and Russian territorial waters.World Wildlife Fund, 2008. It was known earlier among Russi ...
and warm currents.
From the ''Saint Andrew'' and another vessel, ''Pomor'', hydrographic observations were carried out at over 1,500 stations and biological studies at about 2,000.
His other expeditions included some to the
Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, described as the List of lakes by area, world's largest lake and usually referred to as a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia: east of the Caucasus, ...
(1886, 1904, 1912–1913, 1914–1915, 1931–32), the
Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by the countries of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North European Plain, North and Central European Plain regions. It is the ...
(1902) and the
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal sea, marginal Mediterranean sea (oceanography), mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bound ...
(1922–1927).
His request to carry out a scientific and fisheries related expedition to the Azov Sea and secure the ship "Besstrashny" was approved by
Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ( 187021 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He was the first head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 until Death and state funeral of ...
personally.
International work and activities
Knipovich was extensively involved in international collaboration. In 1901 he attended the Second Conference of the
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES; , ''CIEM'') is a regional fishery advisory body and the world's oldest intergovernmental science organization. ICES is headquartered in Copenhagen, Denmark, where its multinational s ...
in
Christiania (Oslo, Norway) and was voted one of the vice-presidents of the Council. Between 1926 and 1927 he was a major proponent of German-Soviet cooperation in the studies of the
Barents Sea
The Barents Sea ( , also ; , ; ) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia and divided between Norwegian and Russian territorial waters.World Wildlife Fund, 2008. It was known earlier among Russi ...
and was heavily involved in the Polar Commission of the
USSR Academy of Sciences
The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the highest scientific institution of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1991. It united the country's leading scientists and was subordinated directly to the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (u ...
.
Legacy
Knipovich authored numerous monographs on hydrology and fisheries in the
Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five oceanic divisions. It spans an area of approximately and is the coldest of the world's oceans. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, ...
,
Barents Sea
The Barents Sea ( , also ; , ; ) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia and divided between Norwegian and Russian territorial waters.World Wildlife Fund, 2008. It was known earlier among Russi ...
,
Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, described as the List of lakes by area, world's largest lake and usually referred to as a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia: east of the Caucasus, ...
,
Azov Sea
The Sea of Azov is an inland shelf sea in Eastern Europe connected to the Black Sea by the narrow (about ) Strait of Kerch, and sometimes regarded as a northern extension of the Black Sea. The sea is bounded by Russia on the east, and by Ukr ...
, and
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal sea, marginal Mediterranean sea (oceanography), mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bound ...
, as well as a number of studies on the
taxonomy
image:Hierarchical clustering diagram.png, 280px, Generalized scheme of taxonomy
Taxonomy is a practice and science concerned with classification or categorization. Typically, there are two parts to it: the development of an underlying scheme o ...
and
ecology
Ecology () is the natural science of the relationships among living organisms and their Natural environment, environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community (ecology), community, ecosystem, and biosphere lev ...
of
marine invertebrate
Marine invertebrates are invertebrate animals that live in marine habitats, and make up most of the macroscopic life in the oceans. It is a polyphyletic blanket term that contains all marine animals except the marine vertebrates, including the ...
s (
mollusc
Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...
s and
parasitic barnacles) and on the geological history of the northern seas.
Honours
* Street renamed after him in connection with his 100th anniversary – from "Kol'skaya Street" to "Knipovich Street" in
Murmansk
Murmansk () is a port city and the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast in the far Far North (Russia), northwest part of Russia. It is the world's largest city north of the Arctic Circle and sits on both slopes and banks of a modest fjord, Ko ...
,
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
.
* Mid-Atlantic Ridge named after him – Knipovich Ridge (between Greenland and Spitsbergen).
* Bay in the Arctic named after him – Knipovich Bay, High Arctic northern
Taimyr.
* Cape named after him – Cape Knipovich (
Franz Joseph Land
Franz Josef Land () is a Russian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. It is inhabited only by military personnel. It constitutes the northernmost part of Arkhangelsk Oblast and consists of 192 islands, which cover an area of , stretching from east ...
).
* Vessels named after him – sailing boat "Nikolay Knipovich", onboard of which regular oceanographic observations were carried out between 1928 and 1941 on the "Kola Section",
and R/V "Akademik Knipovich", a Russian research vessel, which collected materials between 1965 and 1967.
* The Knipovich Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (
PINRO) was named after him in 1935.
* Honorary member of the
Academy of Sciences of the USSR
The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the highest scientific institution of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1991. It united the country's leading scientists and was subordinated directly to the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (u ...
, 1935.
Taxa named after Knipovich
;Genera:
*
Knipowitschia
''Knipowitschia'' is a genus of marine, fresh and brackish water gobies native to Eurasia. The genus name almost certainly honours Nikolai Mikhailovich Knipovich (1862-1938), a biologist who led a number of expeditions to the Caspian Sea.
Speci ...
Iljin, 1927: a genus of
gobiid
Gobiidae or gobies is a family of bony fish in the order Gobiiformes, one of the largest fish families comprising over 2,000 species in more than 200 genera. Most of gobiid fish are relatively small, typically less than in length, and the famil ...
fishes
''Knipowitschia'' Iljin, 1927
WoRMS
The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive catalogue and list of names of marine organisms.
Content
The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scien ...
World Register of Marine Species
*(''Knipowitschiatrema'' Issaitschikov, 1927 (accepted as ''Galactosomum'' Looss 1899), a genus of trematodes
Trematoda is a class of flatworms known as trematodes, and commonly as flukes. They are obligate internal parasites with a complex life cycle requiring at least two hosts. The intermediate host, in which asexual reproduction occurs, is a moll ...
.)
;Species
*'' Akerogammarus knipowitschi'' Derzhavin & Pjatakova, 1967 (amphipod
Amphipoda () is an order of malacostracan crustaceans with no carapace and generally with laterally compressed bodies. Amphipods () range in size from and are mostly detritivores or scavengers. There are more than 10,700 amphipod species cur ...
crustacean)
*'' Alosa caspia knipowitschi'' (Iljin, 1927) (clupeid
Clupeidae is a family of clupeiform ray-finned fishes, comprising, for instance, the herrings and sprats. Many members of the family have a body protected with shiny cycloid (very smooth and uniform) scales, a single dorsal fin, and a fusiform ...
fish)
*'' Anabaena knipowitschii'' Usachev, 1927 = ''Anabaenopsis knipowitschii'' (Usachev) Komárek, 2005 (cyanobacterium
Cyanobacteria ( ) are a group of autotrophic gram-negative bacteria that can obtain biological energy via oxygenic photosynthesis. The name "cyanobacteria" () refers to their bluish green (cyan) color, which forms the basis of cyanobacteria' ...
)
*'' Anonyx knipowitschi'' Gurjanova, 1962 (amphipod
Amphipoda () is an order of malacostracan crustaceans with no carapace and generally with laterally compressed bodies. Amphipods () range in size from and are mostly detritivores or scavengers. There are more than 10,700 amphipod species cur ...
crustacean)
*'' Careproctus knipowitschi'' Chernova, 2005 ( liparid fish)
*''Caspia knipowitchi
''Caspia'' is a genus of marine snails, brackish water snails and freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae. ''Caspia'' is the type genus of the Caspiidae, that is a synonym of Pyrgu ...
'' Makarov, 1938 (gastropod
Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...
mollusc)
*'' Caspicola knipovitschi'' Derzhavin, 1944 (amphipod crustacean)
*'' Caspiomysis knipowitschi'' G.O. Sars, 1907 (mysid
Mysida is an order of small, shrimp-like crustaceans in the malacostracan superorder Peracarida. Their common name opossum shrimps stems from the presence of a brood pouch or "marsupium" in females. The fact that the larvae are reared in thi ...
crustacean)
*'' Chasarocuma knipowitchi'' Derzhavin, 1912 (cumacean
Cumacea is an order of small marine crustaceans of the superorder Peracarida, occasionally called hooded shrimp or comma shrimp. Their unique appearance and uniform body plan makes them easy to distinguish from other crustaceans. They live in sof ...
crustacean)
*'' Dyopedos knipowitschi'' ( Gurjanova, 1933) (amphipod
Amphipoda () is an order of malacostracan crustaceans with no carapace and generally with laterally compressed bodies. Amphipods () range in size from and are mostly detritivores or scavengers. There are more than 10,700 amphipod species cur ...
crustacean)
*''Filippovia knipovitchi
''Filippovia knipovitchi'', the smooth hooked squid, is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae and the sole member of the genus ''Filippovia''. It is found in the Antarctic and Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second lar ...
'' (Filippova, 1972) (cephalopod
A cephalopod is any member of the molluscan Taxonomic rank, class Cephalopoda (Greek language, Greek plural , ; "head-feet") such as a squid, octopus, cuttlefish, or nautilus. These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral symm ...
mollusc)
*'' Gieysztoria knipovici'' (Beklemischev, 1953) (turbellaria
The Turbellaria are one of the traditional sub-divisions of the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms), and include all the sub-groups that are not exclusively parasitic. There are about 4,500 species, which range from to large freshwater forms mo ...
n)
*'' Limnocletodes knipowitschi'' ( G.O. Sars, 1927) (copepod
Copepods (; meaning 'oar-feet') are a group of small crustaceans found in nearly every freshwater and saltwater habitat (ecology), habitat. Some species are planktonic (living in the water column), some are benthos, benthic (living on the sedimen ...
crustacean])
*'' Lumbrineris knipovichana'' Orenzanz, 1973 (polychaete
Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine Annelid, annelid worms, common name, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called parapodia that bear many bristles, called c ...
)
*'' Monodacna knipowitschi'' (Logvinenko & Starobogatov
Yaroslav Igorevich Starobogatov (; 13 July 1932 – 3 December 2004) was a Russian zoologist, professor and chief scientist at the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. His research was on invertebrate zoology, particularly on ...
, 1966) (bivalve
Bivalvia () or bivalves, in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class (biology), class of aquatic animal, aquatic molluscs (marine and freshwater) that have laterally compressed soft bodies enclosed b ...
mollusc)
*'' Peridinium knipowitschii'' Ussatschew (dinoflagellate
The Dinoflagellates (), also called Dinophytes, are a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata and are usually considered protists. Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plankton, but they are also commo ...
)
*''Sarritor knipowitschi
''Sarritor knipowitschi'' is a poacher fish in the family Agonidae.[''Sarritor knipow ...](_blank)
'' Lindberg & Andriashev, 1937 ( agonid fish)
Selected publications
*
*
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References and bibliography
Footnotes
External links
*
Knipovich, Nikolai Mikhailovich
encyclopedia.com
{{DEFAULTSORT:Knipovich, Nikolai
1862 births
1939 deaths
Soviet zoologists
19th-century zoologists from the Russian Empire
Soviet ichthyologists
Ichthyologists from the Russian Empire
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Academic staff of Saint Petersburg State University
Soviet oceanographers