Klamath (), also Klamath–Modoc () and historically Lutuamian (), is a Native American language spoken around Klamath Lake in what is now southern

Oregon Oregon () is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary with Idah ...

and northern

California California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the ...

. It is the traditional language of the

Klamath Klamath may refer to: Ethnic groups * Klamath people, a Native American people of California and Oregon **Klamath Tribes, a federally recognized group of tribes in Oregon * Klamath language, spoken by the Klamath people Places in the United States ...

and Modoc peoples, each of whom spoke a dialect of the language. By 1998, only one native speaker remained, and by 2003, this last fluent Klamath speaker who was living in Chiloquin, Oregon, was 92 years old. As of 2006 there were no fluent native speakers of either the Klamath or Modoc dialects; Golla, Victor. (2011)
California Indian Languages
Berkeley/Los Angeles, California : University of California Press. however, as of 2019, revitalization efforts are underway with the goal of creating new speakers. Klamath is a member of the Plateau Penutian

language family A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ''ancestral language'' or ''parental language'', called the proto-language of that family. The term "family" reflects the tree model of language origination in his ...

, which is in turn a branch of the proposed Penutian language family. Like other proposed Penutian languages, Plateau Penutian languages are rich in

ablaut In linguistics, the Indo-European ablaut (, from German '' Ablaut'' ) is a system of apophony (regular vowel variations) in the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE). An example of ablaut in English is the strong verb ''sing, sang, sung'' and i ...

, much like

Indo-European The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent. Some European languages of this family, English, French, Portuguese, Russian, ...

and

Afro-Asiatic The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic), also known as Hamito-Semitic, or Semito-Hamitic, and sometimes also as Afrasian, Erythraean or Lisramic, are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the geographic ...

languages. Further evidence for this classification includes some consonant correspondences between Klamath and other alleged Penutian languages. For example, the Proto-

Yokuts The Yokuts (previously known as MariposasPowell, 1891:90–91.) are an ethnic group of Native Americans native to central California. Before European contact, the Yokuts consisted of up to 60 tribes speaking several related languages. ''Yokut ...

retroflexes correspond to Klamath , and the Proto-Yokuts dentals correspond to the Klamath alveolars .

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

Obstruent An obstruent () is a speech sound such as , , or that is formed by ''obstructing'' airflow. Obstruents contrast with sonorants, which have no such obstruction and so resonate. All obstruents are consonants, but sonorants include vowels as well a ...

s in Klamath, except for , and , all come in triplets of unaspirated, aspirated, and

ejective In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspirated, voiced and tenuis consonants. So ...

sounds.

Sonorant In phonetics and phonology, a sonorant or resonant is a speech sound that is produced with continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract; these are the manners of articulation that are most often voiced in the world's languages. Vowels ar ...

triplets are

voiced Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants). Speech sounds can be described as either voiceless (otherwise known as ''unvoiced'') or voiced. The term, however, is used to refe ...

, voiceless, and "laryngealized" sounds. Most consonants can be

geminated In phonetics and phonology, gemination (), or consonant lengthening (from Latin 'doubling', itself from '' gemini'' 'twins'), is an articulation of a consonant for a longer period of time than that of a singleton consonant. It is distinct fr ...

. The fricative is an exception, and there is evidence suggesting this is a consequence of a recent sound change.

Albert Samuel Gatschet Albert Samuel Gatschet (October 3, 1832, Beatenberg, Canton of Bern – March 16, 1907, Washington, D.C.) was a Swiss-American ethnologist who trained as a linguist in the universities of Bern and Berlin. He later moved to the United States and ...

recorded geminated in the late 19th century, but this sound was consistently recorded as degeminated by

M. A. R. Barker Muhammad Abd-al-Rahman Barker (born Phillip Barker, November 3, 1929 – March 16, 2012) was an American linguist who was professor of Urdu and South Asian Studies and created one of the first roleplaying games, '' Empire of the Petal Thron ...

in the 1960s. Sometime after Gatschet recorded the language and before Barker did the same, may have degeminated into .

Syntax

Klamath word order is conditioned by pragmatics. There is no clearly defined verb phrase or noun phrase. Alignment is nominative–accusative, with nominal case marking also distinguishing adjectives from nouns. Many verbs obligatorily classify an absolutive case. There are directive and applicative constructions. Rude, 1988.

Notes

References

* Barker, M. A. R. (1963a). ''Klamath Texts''. University of California Publications in Linguistics, volume 30. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press. * ———. (1963b).
Klamath Dictionary
'. University of California Publications in Linguistics 31. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press. * ———. (1964). ''Klamath Grammar''. University of California Publications in Linguistics 32. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press. * Barker, Philip. (1959). The Klamath language. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley * Blevins, Juliette. (1993). Klamath Laryngeal Phonology. The University of Chicago Press * Blevins, J. (2004, July)
Klamath sibilant degemination: Implications of a recent sound change.
''

IJAL The ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' (''IJAL'') is an academic journal devoted to the study of the indigenous languages of the Americas. ''IJAL'' focuses on the investigation of linguistic data and the presentation of grammatica ...

'', ''70'', 279–289. * Chen, D. W. (1998, April 5). Blackboard: Lost languages;

Kuskokwim The Kuskokwim River or Kusko River ( Yup'ik: ''Kusquqvak''; Deg Xinag: ''Digenegh''; Upper Kuskokwim: ''Dichinanek' ''; russian: Кускоквим (''Kuskokvim'')) is a river, long, in Southwest Alaska in the United States. It is the ninth ...

not spoken here. ''

New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...

''. * * Maudlin, W. S. (1998, April 17)
Yale linguists part of effort to save dying languages
''

The Yale Herald ''The Yale Herald'' is a newspaper run by undergraduate students at Yale University since 1986. A weekly, the paper aims to provide in-depth, investigative reporting, and includes personal essays, interviews, opinion pieces, culture articles, revi ...

''. Retrieved May 6, 2008 * Rude, Noel (1987). Some Sahaptian-Klamath grammatical correspondences. ''Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics'', 12:67-83. * Rude, Noel (1988)
Semantic and pragmatic objects in Klamath.
In ''In Honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival Conference on Native American Linguistics'', ed. by William Shipley, pp. 651–73. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. * Rude, Noel (1991). Verbs to promotional suffixes in Sahaptian and Klamath. In ''Approaches to Grammaticalization'', ed. by Elizabeth C. Traugott and Bernd Heine. ''Typological Studies in Language'' 19:185-199. New York and Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Online texts

* Includes Klamath language plant names. * * *

External links

The Klamath Tribes Language Project

native-languages.org
Modoc language
overview at the

Survey of California and Other Indian Languages The Survey of California and Other Indian Languages (originally the Survey of California Indian Languages) at the University of California at Berkeley documents, catalogs, and archives the indigenous languages of the Americas. The survey also hosts ...

Klamath language
California Language Archive
OLAC resources in and about the Klamath-Modoc language

{{DEFAULTSORT:Klamath language Klamath Modoc tribe Plateau Penutian languages Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau Indigenous languages of California Indigenous languages of Oregon Extinct languages of North America Languages extinct in the 2000s Language isolates of North America 2003 disestablishments in the United States