was a Japanese

philosopher Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, Value (ethics and social sciences), value, mind, and language. It is a rational an ...

literary critic A genre of arts criticism, literary criticism or literary studies is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often influenced by literary theory, which is the philosophical analysis of literature' ...

scholar A scholar is a person who is a researcher or has expertise in an academic discipline. A scholar can also be an academic, who works as a professor, teacher, or researcher at a university. An academic usually holds an advanced degree or a termina ...

and

university professor Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin as a 'person who professes'. Professors ...

. He was an esteemed student of

Nishida Kitarō is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese graphic artist who designed Pikachu *, Japanese business executive *, Japanese footballer * , Japanese mathematician *, Japanese singer and actress *Jane Nishida (born 195 ...

and a prominent member of the Kyoto School. Miki was a prolific academic and social critic of his time. He also had tense relations with both and the Imperial government at various stages of his career.

Biography

Miki was born on January 5, 1897, in Isseimura, Hyōgo (now part of

Tatsuno, Hyōgo is a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 74,414 in 31119 households and a population density of 6200 persons per km2. The total area of the city is . The city's name is spelled "たつの", using hiragan ...

). He was the eldest son of Miki Eikichi, a farmer, and his wife Shin, and was raised a devout Pure Land Buddhist. In 1910, Miki entered secondary school and went on to excel in various oratory competitions. He was admitted into the First Higher School in September 1914, where in his third year he formed a society for reading philosophical texts in Japanese. The works of

and Abe Jirō had strong influence on his choice to pursue studies in philosophy. In 1917 he met with Nishida and the following September registed in the Philosophy Department of the Faculty of Literature of

Kyoto Imperial University , or , is a national research university in Kyoto, Japan. Founded in 1897, it is one of the former Imperial Universities and the second oldest university in Japan. The university has ten undergraduate faculties, eighteen graduate schools, and t ...

. He began studying under Nishida and Hatano Seiichi, then in 1918 also under

Tanabe Hajime was a Japanese philosopher of science, particularly of mathematics and physics. His work brought together elements of Buddhism, scientific thought, Western philosophy, Christianity, and Marxism. In the postwar years, Tanabe coined the concept o ...

. Miki wrote a wealth of poetry during this time. After graduating in 1920, Miki spent three months training in the

Imperial Japanese Army The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA; , ''Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun'', "Army of the Greater Japanese Empire") was the principal ground force of the Empire of Japan from 1871 to 1945. It played a central role in Japan’s rapid modernization during th ...

, 10th Infantry Division, before returning to Kyoto Imperial University as a graduate student. While studying

philosophy of history Philosophy of history is the philosophy, philosophical study of history and its academic discipline, discipline. The term was coined by the French philosopher Voltaire. In contemporary philosophy a distinction has developed between the ''specul ...

he began working as a lecturer at

Ryūkoku University is a private university in Kyoto, Japan. It was founded as a school for Buddhist priests of the Nishi Hongan-ji denomination in 1639, and became a secularized university in 1876. The university's professors and students founded the literary ma ...

and

Ōtani University is a private Buddhism, Buddhist university in Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan. Ōtani University is a coeducation institution with an emphasis on Buddhist studies. A two-year private junior college is associated with the university. The university is asso ...

. In 1922 he travelled to

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

on scholarship where he studied under

Heinrich Rickert Heinrich John Rickert (; ; 25 May 1863 – 25 July 1936) was a German philosopher, one of the leading neo-Kantians. Life Rickert was born in Danzig, Prussia (now Gdańsk, Poland) to the journalist and later politician Heinrich Edwin Rickert a ...

Heidelberg Heidelberg (; ; ) is the List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population, fifth-largest city in the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, and with a population of about 163,000, of which roughly a quarter consists of studen ...

. Miki was in contact with over fifteen other Japanese students during his stay, including

Hani Gorō Hani may refer to: People * Hani (name) * Hani (singer), a South Korean singer and member of EXID * Hani (producer), a record producer and remixer from New York City * Hani people, an ethnic group of China and Vietnam Places * Hani, an island in ...

, Abe Jirō, Amano Teiyū and

Kuki Shūzō Kuki may refer to: Locations * Kuki, Isfahan or Harizeh, a village in Isfahan Province, Iran * Kuki, Saitama, a city in Japan Peoples and culture * Kuki people, Thadou or Chin, an ethnic tribe in Burma and came to settle in Northeast India. * Kuk ...

. In 1923 he moved to

Marburg Marburg (; ) is a college town, university town in the States of Germany, German federal state () of Hesse, capital of the Marburg-Biedenkopf Districts of Germany, district (). The town area spreads along the valley of the river Lahn and has ...

to study under

Martin Heidegger Martin Heidegger (; 26 September 1889 – 26 May 1976) was a German philosopher known for contributions to Phenomenology (philosophy), phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. His work covers a range of topics including metaphysics, art ...

, where he studied the works of

Aristotle Aristotle (; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosophy, Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, a ...

Friedrich Schlegel Karl Wilhelm Friedrich (after 1814: von) Schlegel ( ; ; 10 March 1772 – 12 January 1829) was a German literary critic, philosopher, and Indologist. With his older brother, August Wilhelm Schlegel, he was one of the main figures of Jena Roma ...

Alexander von Humboldt Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 1769 – 6 May 1859) was a German polymath, geographer, natural history, naturalist, List of explorers, explorer, and proponent of Romanticism, Romantic philosophy and Romanticism ...

Wilhelm Dilthey Wilhelm Dilthey (; ; 19 November 1833 – 1 October 1911) was a German historian, psychologist, sociologist, and hermeneutic philosopher, who held Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's Chair in Philosophy at the University of Berlin. As a polymathi ...

Friedrich Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher. He began his career as a classical philology, classical philologist, turning to philosophy early in his academic career. In 1869, aged 24, Nietzsche bec ...

and

Søren Kierkegaard Søren Aabye Kierkegaard ( , ; ; 5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a Danes, Danish theologian, philosopher, poet, social critic, and religious author who is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher. He wrote critical tex ...

, among others. In 1924, Miki moved again to

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

where he studied the works of

Henri Poincaré Jules Henri Poincaré (, ; ; 29 April 185417 July 1912) was a French mathematician, Theoretical physics, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosophy of science, philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathemati ...

Hippolyte Taine Hippolyte Adolphe Taine (21 April 1828 – 5 March 1893) was a French historian, critic and philosopher. He was the chief theoretical influence on French naturalism, a major proponent of sociological positivism and one of the first practitione ...

Ernest Renan Joseph Ernest Renan (; ; 27 February 18232 October 1892) was a French Orientalist and Semitic scholar, writing on Semitic languages and civilizations, historian of religion, philologist, philosopher, biblical scholar, and critic. He wrote wo ...

and

Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal (19June 162319August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic Church, Catholic writer. Pascal was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. His earliest ...

. Miki became a contentious figure upon his return to Japan for his outspokenness and outgoing lifestyle, as well as for a controversial involvement with a widowed older woman. In 1927 he was denied a senior position at Kyoto University and was instead granted professorship at

Hōsei University formerly known as Tokyo University of Law (東京法学社, Tokyo Hogakusha) is a top research university in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. Hosei University and four other private universities in Tokyo are collectively known as "MARCH (Japanese univers ...

Tokyo Tokyo, officially the Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan, capital and List of cities in Japan, most populous city in Japan. With a population of over 14 million in the city proper in 2023, it is List of largest cities, one of the most ...

. During this time, Miki promptly engaged with

Marxist theory Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are works in philosophy that are strongly influenced by Karl Marx's materialist approach to theory, or works written by Marxists. Marxist philosophy may be broadly divided into Western Marxism, which drew f ...

and developed a substantial influence over Japanese workers' movements, though did not have communist leanings. He was critical of Marxist views on religion and its limited scope of

natural philosophy Natural philosophy or philosophy of nature (from Latin ''philosophia naturalis'') is the philosophical study of physics, that is, nature and the physical universe, while ignoring any supernatural influence. It was dominant before the develop ...

in modern

natural science Natural science or empirical science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms such as peer ...

. In 1928, he was engaged to Tobata Kimiko and the following year they married. Trouble befell him when money he lent to a friend was used, unbeknown to Miki, to make illegal donations to the

Japanese Communist Party The is a communist party in Japan. Founded in 1922, it is the oldest political party in the country. It has 250,000 members as of January 2024, making it one of the largest non-governing communist parties in the world. The party is chaired ...

. Being implicated in the development, Miki was arrested in January 1930 and held for six months, leading him to resign his post as professor. The following November, three months after the birth of his eldest daughter, he was sentenced to one year imprisonment but had the sentence deferred. The same year, members of the Puroretaria Kagaku Kenkyūjo (Proletariat Science Research Institute), including Hattori Shisō, decried Miki's academic works after which he sought to further distance himself from

Marxism Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a dialectical and materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to analyse class relations, social conflict, ...

. While he remained in touch with his mentor, Nishida, and other members of the Kyoto School, he worked outside mainstream academia, producing popular writings aimed at a wide audience. In 1931, Miki was appointed as a Japanese representative of the International Hegel League. He became a staunch proponent of

academic freedom Academic freedom is the right of a teacher to instruct and the right of a student to learn in an academic setting unhampered by outside interference. It may also include the right of academics to engage in social and political criticism. Academic ...

after raising earnest criticisms of

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalit ...

and

Japanese militarism was the ideology in the Empire of Japan which advocated the belief that militarism should dominate the political and social life of the nation, and the belief that the strength of the military is equal to the strength of a nation. It was most ...

. One or more of his works were banned by the government during this time. Throughout the mid-1930s Miki regained his academic standing, forming strong collaborations with his contemporaries. Most notably he became closely associated with

Jun Tosaka was a Shōwa era Kyoto-trained Japanese philosopher, intellectual and teacher. Some identify strands of Marxism in his later philosophy. His criticisms of governments and their war policies caused him to end up in prison on various occasions. ...

, a fellow student of Nishida, and remained in close contact with their mutual teacher. He wrote articles for a conservative newspaper,

Yomiuri Shimbun The is a Japanese newspaper published in Tokyo, Osaka, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, and other major Japanese cities. It is one of the five major newspapers in Japan; the other four are ''The Asahi Shimbun'', the ''Chunichi Shimbun'', the ''Ma ...

, providing commentary on issues of the day. In 1936 his first wife died, after which he would remain unmarried for three years. In the late 1930s he was employed by the Japanese government to give a series of lectures in

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

and

Manchuria Manchuria is a historical region in northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day northeast China and parts of the modern-day Russian Far East south of the Uda (Khabarovsk Krai), Uda River and the Tukuringra-Dzhagdy Ranges. The exact ...

. His firm belief that philosophy should lead politics encouraged the political activism of fellow intellectuals, and when offered in 1937, he eagerly accepted the opportunity to head the cultural division of the Shōwa Kenkyūkai (Shōwa Research Association), the brain trust of Prince

Konoe Fumimaro was a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 1937 to 1939 and from 1940 to 1941. He presided over the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 and breakdown in relations with the United States, which shortly after his t ...

's Shintaisei (New Order Movement). During this time Miki conceptualized the

Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere The , also known as the GEACPS, was a pan-Asian union that the Empire of Japan tried to establish. Initially, it covered Japan (including annexed Korea), Manchukuo, and China, but as the Pacific War progressed, it also included territories in ...

though felt deeply betrayed by the

's misuse of the doctrine, employing it in justifying aggressive expansion in

and

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...

. Following the collapse of the Shōwa Kenkyūkai in 1940, Miki became isolated and depressed. During this time he continued to collaborate with fellow academics and members of the newly formed Kokumin Gakujutsu Kyōkai (Civilian Academic Society). In 1942 he served one year in the Imperial Japanese Army as a military journalist deployed in the

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

. His second wife Kobayashi Itoko died in 1944, after which he moved to

Saitama Prefecture is a Landlocked country, landlocked Prefectures of Japan, prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Saitama Prefecture has a population of 7,338,536 (January 1, 2020) and has a geographic area of 3,797 Square kilometre, km2 ( ...

with his eldest son. In 1945 he was arrested again and charged with sheltering political fugitive and fellow Kyoto School thinker Takakura Teru. He was imprisoned in Sugamo Prison before being transferred to Toyotama Prison, where on September 26, 1945, he died of

nephritis Nephritis is inflammation of the kidneys and may involve the glomeruli, tubules, or interstitial tissue surrounding the glomeruli and tubules. It is one of several different types of nephropathy. Types * Glomerulonephritis is inflammation ...

—40 days after the end of

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

. His death, suggested to be the result of prisoner mistreatment, caused anguish among Japanese intellectuals. Following this, the Allied Occupation pressed to have political prisoners released.

Thought

Satō Nobue, a leading scholar on Miki's body of work, rejects the notion that Miki was a mere follower of Nishida,

Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a 19th-century German idealism, German idealist. His influence extends across a wide range of topics from metaphysical issues in epistemology and ontology, to political phi ...

. Instead, Miki can be seen to have an independent and

eclectic Eclectic may refer to: Music * ''Eclectic'' (Eric Johnson and Mike Stern album), 2014 * ''Eclectic'' (Big Country album), 1996 * Eclectic Method, name of an audio-visual remix act * Eclecticism in music, the conscious use of styles alien to th ...

approach to his work. Shoji Muramoto credits Miki as "the central figure in the Japanese humanistic movement" and the first to author a book "explicitly related to the existentialist tradition written by a Japanese thinker", his 1926 ''Study of the Human Being in Pascal''. Miki himself writes, "one who strives for a good life is either an idealist or a humanist." His adherence to humanism throughout his works however is disputed.

Tradition A tradition is a system of beliefs or behaviors (folk custom) passed down within a group of people or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. A component of cultural expressions and folklore, common e ...

was a particular preoccupation of Miki's philosophy. In maturing his thought, he came to emphasize that "the

is the logic of historical consciousness." His conception of tradition as active, ongoing transmission by human action he contrasts with the immanent evolutionism of Hegelians and conservative traditionalists. In his 1940 essay "On Tradition", he states "a proper understanding of tradition must consist of an emphasis on both the transcendence of tradition and our active attitude toward it." Through this he stresses a unification of

praxis Praxis may refer to: Philosophy and religion *Praxis (process), the process by which a theory, lesson, or skill is enacted, practised, embodied, or realised * Praxis model, a way of doing theology * Praxis (Byzantine Rite), the practice of fai ...

and tradition. Miki's thought also emphasized the nature of certain concepts in

opposition Opposition may refer to: Arts and media * ''Opposition'' (Altars EP), 2011 EP by Christian metalcore band Altars * The Opposition (band), a London post-punk band * ''The Opposition with Jordan Klepper'', a late-night television series on Comedy ...

, such as spoken and unspoken philosophy, nature and history, subject and object,

logos ''Logos'' (, ; ) is a term used in Western philosophy, psychology and rhetoric, as well as religion (notably Logos (Christianity), Christianity); among its connotations is that of a rationality, rational form of discourse that relies on inducti ...

and

pathos Pathos appeals to the emotions and ideals of the audience and elicits feelings that already reside in them. ''Pathos'' is a term most often used in rhetoric (in which it is considered one of the three modes of persuasion, alongside ethos and ...

, process and moment, organicism and dialectic,

immanence The doctrine or theory of immanence holds that the divine encompasses or is manifested in the material world. It is held by some philosophical and metaphysical Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of ...

and transcendence, and so on. His philosophy saw

dialectic Dialectic (; ), also known as the dialectical method, refers originally to dialogue between people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to arrive at the truth through reasoned argument. Dialectic resembles debate, but the ...

or the logic of imagination as the process of reconciliation between opposites, with the principal organ of this process being imagination that creates types or forms. In response to the growing

labour movement The labour movement is the collective organisation of working people to further their shared political and economic interests. It consists of the trade union or labour union movement, as well as political parties of labour. It can be considere ...

s in Japan during the late 1920s, Miki published three successive books on the subject of

: ''Modern Consciousness and the Materialist View of History'' (1928), ''Preliminary Idea of Social Science'' (1929), and ''Idealist Theory of Form'' (1931). During this time Miki made efforts to distinguish his own philosophy from Marxism, especially following his arrest in 1930, and remained critical of Marxism. He had been, for a time, a member of the Proletariat Science Research Institute ��ロレタリア科学研究所prior to his expulsion. Miki would however not broach Marxism again in his later works. Kenn Nakata Steffensen suggests that to consider Miki's work as either

fascist Fascism ( ) is a far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology and movement. It is characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural soci ...

or Marxist is incorrect, stating that it stands in critique of

liberalism Liberalism is a Political philosophy, political and moral philosophy based on the Individual rights, rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, the right to private property, and equality before the law. ...

, Marxism,

nationalism Nationalism is an idea or movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation, Smith, Anthony. ''Nationalism: Theory, I ...

and

idealism Idealism in philosophy, also known as philosophical realism or metaphysical idealism, is the set of metaphysics, metaphysical perspectives asserting that, most fundamentally, reality is equivalent to mind, Spirit (vital essence), spirit, or ...

. Miki developed a reading of Heidegger's early philosophy as essentially being in the tradition of

Christian A Christian () is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a Monotheism, monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus Christ. Christians form the largest religious community in the wo ...

individualism Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, and social outlook that emphasizes the intrinsic worth of the individual. Individualists promote realizing one's goals and desires, valuing independence and self-reliance, and a ...

, reaching back to

Saint Augustine Augustine of Hippo ( , ; ; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430) was a theologian and philosopher of Berbers, Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia (Roman province), Numidia, Roman North Africa. His writings deeply influenced th ...

and being fundamentally anti-Greek in character. As such, his reading of Heidegger falls with the broad class as

Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary criticism, literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th ...

, in that it ignores the priority Heidegger gives to the

ontological Ontology is the philosophical study of being. It is traditionally understood as the subdiscipline of metaphysics focused on the most general features of reality. As one of the most fundamental concepts, being encompasses all of reality and every ...

question of

Being Existence is the state of having being or reality in contrast to nonexistence and nonbeing. Existence is often contrasted with essence: the essence of an entity is its essential features or qualities, which can be understood even if one do ...

, in favor of seeing Heidegger's philosophy as an analysis of human

existence Existence is the state of having being or reality in contrast to nonexistence and nonbeing. Existence is often contrasted with essence: the essence of an entity is its essential features or qualities, which can be understood even if one does ...

. The German writer

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang (von) Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German polymath who is widely regarded as the most influential writer in the German language. His work has had a wide-ranging influence on Western literature, literary, Polit ...

was influential in his intellectual development.

List of works

Monographs

* ''Study of the Human Being in Pascal'' ��スカルにおける人間の研究(Tokyo:

Iwanami Shoten is a Japanese publishing company based in Tokyo.Louis Frédéric, ''Japan Encyclopedia'', Harvard University Press, 2005, p. 409. Iwanami Shoten was founded in 1913 by Iwanami Shigeo. Its first major publication was Natsume Sōseki's novel '' ...

��波書店 1926). ::Ch. 1 - The Analysis of the Human Being ��間の分析::Ch. 2 - The Wager ��::Ch. 3 - Discourse on the Passion of Love ��の情念に関する説::Ch. 4 - The Three Orders ��つの秩序::Ch. 5 - Method ��法::Ch. 6 - The Religious Interpretation of Life ��教における生の解釈* ''Modern Consciousness and the Materialist View of History'' ��物史観と現代の意識(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1928
. ::Ch. 1 - The Marxian Form of Anthropology ��間学のマルクス的形態::Ch. 2 - Marxism and Materialism ��ルクス主義と唯物論::Ch. 3 - The Philosophies of Pragmatism and Marxism ��ラグマチズムとマルキシズムの哲学::Ch. 4 - Hegel and Marx ��ーゲルとマルクス* ''Preliminary Idea of Social Science'' ��会科学の予備概念(Tokyo: Tettō Sho’in ��塔書院br>1929
. ::Ch. 1 - The Structure of Inquiry ��の構造::Ch. 2 - The Basic Idea of Hermeneutical Phenomenology ��釈学的現象学の基礎概念::Ch. 3 - The Task of Scientific Critique ��学批判の課題::Ch. 4 - Theory, History, Policy ��論歴史政策::Ch. 5 - Organicism and Dialectic ��機体説と弁証法::Ch. 6 - Materialism and Its Actual Form ��物論とその現実形態* ''Problems of the Idealist Philosophy of History'' ��的観念論の諸問題(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1929
. ::Ch. 1 - Critical Philosophy and the Philosophy of History ��判哲学と歴史哲学::Ch. 2 - The Problem of Historical Causality ��史的因果律の問題::Ch. 3 - The Problem of Individuality ��性の問題::Ch. 4 - Dilthey’s Hermeneutics ��ィルタイの解釈学::Ch. 5 - Hegel’s Philosophy of History ��ーゲルの歴史哲学::Ch. 6 - Logical Consciousness During Crisis ��機における論理的意識* ''Idealist Theory of Form'' ��念形態論(Tokyo: Tettō Sho’in ��塔書院br>1931
. ::Ch. 1 - Historicism and History ��史主義と歴史::Ch. 2 - The Structure of Epistemology ��識論の構造::Ch. 3 - Formalist Logic and Dialectic ��式論理学と弁証法::Ch. 4 - Limitation and Progress of the Development of Science ��学の発展の制限とその飛躍::Ch. 5 - The Social Determinateness of Natural Science ��然科学の社会的規定性::Ch. 6 - A Theory of Enlightenment Literature ��蒙文学論::Ch. 7 - Artistic Value and Political Value ��術的価値と政治的価値::Ch. 8 - A Theory of Literary Form ��学形態論* ''Philosophy of History'' ��史哲学(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1932
. ::Ch. 1 - The Idea of History ��史の概念::Ch. 2 - The Historicity of Being ��在の歴史性::Ch. 3 - Historical Development ��史的発展::Ch. 4 - Historical Time ��史的時間::Ch. 5 - The Structure of Views of History ��観の構造::Ch. 6 - Historical Knowledge ��史的認識* ''Position of the Human Being During Crisis'' ��機における人間の立場(Tokyo: Tettō Sho’in ��塔書院br>1933
. ::Ch. 1 - A Philosophical Account of Crisis Consciousness ��機意識の哲学的解明::Ch. 2 - An Ontological Account of the Dialectic ��証法の存在論的解明::Ch. 3 - The Problem of Metaphysics’s Future Prospects ��而上学の将来性の問題::Ch. 4 - A Theory of the Composition of Worldviews ��界観構成の理論::Ch. 5 - The Forms of Social Knowledge ��会的知識の諸形態::Ch. 6 - Ideology and Pathology ��デオロギーとパトロギー::Ch. 7 - The Physiology and Pathology of Literary Criticism ��評の生理と病理::Ch. 8 - Today’s Ethical Problems and Literature ��日の倫理の問題と文学::Ch. 9 - Anxious Thinking and Its Overcoming ��安の思想とその超克* ''Anthropological Theory of Literature'' ��間学的文学論(Tokyo: Kaizōsha ��造社br>1934
. ::Ch. 1 - The Problem of Generations in Literature ��学における世代の問題::Ch. 2 - Literature and the Problem of Neo-Humanism ��オヒューマニズムの問題と文学::Ch. 3 - The Spirit of Rhetoric ��トリックの精神::Ch. 4 - Historical Consciousness and Mythical Consciousness ��史的意識と神話的意識::Ch. 5 - Observations on Poetry and Song ��歌の考察::Ch. 6 - Ethics and the Human Being ��理と人間::Ch. 7 - Heidegger and Philosophy’s Fate ��イデッガーと哲学の運命::Ch. 8 - The Human Being and the State in Spinoza ��ピノザにおける人間と国家::Ch. 9 - Nature and History in Goethe ��ーテにおける自然と歴史* ''Aristotle’s Metaphysics'' ��リストテレス形而上学(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1935
. ::Ch. 1 - The Definition of Learning ��の規定::Ch. 2 - Method ��法::Ch. 3 - The Subject of the ''Metaphysics'' ��而上学の主題::Ch. 4 - Being as Truth ��としての存在::Ch. 5 - The Concept of Existence ��有の概念::Ch. 6 - Potentiality and Actuality ��能性と現実性* ''Times and Morality'' ��代と道徳(Tokyo: Sakuhinsha ��品社 1936). * ''Aristotle'' ��リストテレス(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1938
. :: art of the ''Great Theorists of Education'' [大教育家文庫series.">��教育家文庫.html" ;"title="art of the ''Great Theorists of Education'' [大教育家文庫">art of the ''Great Theorists of Education'' [大教育家文庫series.::Ch. 1 - The Fundamentals of Education [教育の基礎] ::Ch. 2 - The Aim of Education [教育の目的] ::Ch. 3 - Education and Society [教育と社会] ::Ch. 4 - The Educational Curriculum [教育の課程] * ''Socrates'' ��クラテス(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1939
. * ''Records of the Present Age'' ��代の記録(Tokyo: Sakuhinsha ��品社br>1939
. * ''Logic of Imagination'', Vol. 1 ��想力の論理第一(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1939
. ::Ch. 1 - Myth ��話::Ch. 2 - Institution ��度::Ch. 3 - Technology ��術* ''Introduction to Philosophy'' ��学入門(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1940). ::Ch. 1 - The Problem of Knowledge ��識の問題::Ch. 2 - The Problem of Action ��為の問題* ''Notes on Philosophy'', Vol. 1 ��学ノート(Tokyo: Kawade Shobō ��出書房 1941). * ''Learning and Life'' ��問と人生(Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha ��央公論社br>1942
. ::Ch. 1 - A Theory of Learning ��問論::Ch. 2 - A Theory of Reading ��書論::Ch. 3 - A Theory of Being Cultured ��養論::Ch. 4 - On Science ��学について::Ch. 5 - On Eloquence ��弁について::Ch. 6 - The Reconstruction of Intelligence ��性の改造::Ch. 7 - On Shestovian Anxiety ��ェストフ的不安について::Ch. 8 - On the Active Human Being ��動的人間について::Ch. 9 - Nietzsche and Contemporary Thought ��ーチェと現代思想::Ch. 10 - Anxious Thinking and Its Overcoming ��安の思想とその超克::: ame as Ch. 9 of ''Position'' (1933) above.::Ch. 11 - Human Reproduction and the Task of Culture ��間再生と文化の課題::Ch. 12 - The Reconstruction of National Character ��民性の改造::Ch. 13 - To the Youthful Intellectual Class ��年知識層に与う* ''Notes on Philosophy'', Vol. 2 ��哲学ノート(Tokyo: Kawade Shobō ��出書房br>1942
. * ''Reading and Life'' ��書と人生(Tokyo: Oyama Shoten ��山書店br>1942
. L::Ch. 1 - My Youth ��が青春::Ch. 2 - A History of My Reading ��書遍歴::Ch. 3 - How to Study Philosophy ��学はどう学んでゆくか::Ch. 4 - Can Philosophy Be Made Accessible? ��学はやさしくできないか::Ch. 5 - How to Read ��何に読書すべきか::Ch. 6 - The Ethics of Books ��物の倫理::Ch. 7 - The Contempt for Translation ��蔑された翻訳::Ch. 8 - The Objectivity of Dictionaries ��書の客観性::Ch. 9 - Reminiscences of Professor Heidegger ��イデッゲル教授の思い出::Ch. 10 - On Professor Nishida ��田先生のことども::Ch. 11 - Some News from Me ��息一通* ''Philosophy of Technology'' ��術哲学(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1942
. :: riginally published in 1938 as part of the ''Iwanami Kōza: Rinrigaku'' series.::Ch. 1 - The Essence of Technology ��術の本質::Ch. 2 - Technology and Society ��術と社会::Ch. 3 - Technology and Morality ��術と道徳::Ap. 1 - The Principle Behind the Study of Technology ��術学の理念::Ap. 2 - Technology and the New Culture ��術と新文化* ''Methodology of Literary History'' ��学史方法論(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1946). :: riginally published in 1932 as part of the ''Iwanami Kōza: Sekai Bungaku'' series.::Ch. 1 - The Scientific Method ��学的方法::Ch. 2 - Literary Criticism and History ��評と歴史::Ch. 3 - The Psychological Method ��神科学的方法::Ch. 4 - Form and Law ��態と法則::Ch. 5 - Literature and Daily Life ��学と生活* ''Notes on the Theory of Life'' ��生論ノート(Osaka: Sōgensha ��元社 1947). * ''Philosophy of Knowledge'' ��識哲学(Tokyo: Oyama Shoten ��山書店br>1948
. ::Ch. 1 - Being and Truth ��在と真理::Ch. 2 - Intuition and Judgement ��観と判断::Ch. 3 - Subject and Object ��観と客観::Ch. 4 - Knowledge and Life ��識と生::Ch. 5 - Epistemology ��識論::Ap. 1 - Bolzano’s ‘Propositions in Themselves’ ��ルツァーノの「命題自体」::: �Sätze an sich«.::Ap. 2 - Logic and Intuition ��理と直観* ''Logic of Imagination'', Vol. 2 ��想力の論理第二(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1948
. :: ontinued from Vol. 1 above. Unfinished at the time of Miki’s death.::Ch. 4 - Experience ��験* ''Philosophy and Life'' ��学と人生(Tokyo: Kawade Shobō ��出書房 April 1950).

Translations

Karl Marx Karl Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, political theorist, economist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. He is best-known for the 1848 pamphlet '' The Communist Manifesto'' (written with Friedrich Engels) ...

and

Friedrich Engels Friedrich Engels ( ;"Engels"
''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.��イッチェ・イデオロギー(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1930
. *

René Descartes René Descartes ( , ; ; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and Modern science, science. Mathematics was paramou ...

, ''Meditations'' ��察(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1949).

''Collected Works''

''Collected Works'' ��木清全集 20 Vols. (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1966–86). W CW1: * ''Study of the Human Being in Pascal'' ��スカルにおける人間の研究(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1926), reprinted in CW1:1-191. * ''Notes on the Theory of Life'' ��生論ノート(Osaka: Sōgensha ��元社 1947), reprinted in CW1:193-361. * ‘My Youth’ ��が青春(''Miyako Shimbun'' ��新聞 18–19 January 1941), reprinted in RL and CW1:363-7. * ‘A History of My Reading’ ��書遍歴(''Bungei'' ��芸 June 1941–January 1942), reprinted in RL and CW1:369-431. * ‘Some News from Me’ ��息一通(''Shisō'' ��想 March 1924), reprinted in RL and CW1:433-449. * ‘How to Study Philosophy’ ��学はどう学んでゆくか(''Tosho'' ��書 March–May 1941), reprinted in RL and CW1:451-75. * ‘Can Philosophy Be Made Accessible?’ ��学はやさしくできないか(''Tettō'' ��塔 July 1932), reprinted in RL and CW1:477-87. CW3: * ''Modern Consciousness and the Materialist View of History'' ��物史観と現代の意識(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1928), reprinted in CW3:1-155. * ''Preliminary Idea of Social Science'' ��会科学の予備概念(Tokyo: Tettō Sho’in ��塔書院 1929), reprinted in CW3:157-365. * ''Idealist Theory of Form'' ��念形態論(Tokyo: Tettō Sho’in ��塔書院 1931), reprinted in CW3:367-521. CW6: * ''Philosophy of History'' ��史哲学(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1932), reprinted in CW6:1-287. * ‘Outline of Social Science’ ��会科学概論(''Iwanami Kōza: Tetsugaku'' ��波講座哲学 April–August 1932), reprinted in CW6:289-453. CW8: * ''Logic of Imagination'' ��想力の論理(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1939–48), reprinted in CW8:1-509. CW9: * ‘Aristotle’ ��リストテレス(''Iwanami Kōza: Sekai Shichō'' ��波講座世界思潮 March 1929), reprinted in CW9:1-27. * ''Aristotle’s Metaphysics'' ��リストテレス(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1935), reprinted in CW9:29-177. * ''Aristotle'' ��リストテレス(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1938), reprinted in CW9:179-305. * ''Socrates'' ��クラテス(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1939), reprinted in CW9:307-447. CW10: Philosophical Reviews ��学評論 CW11: Essays on Literature ��学論稿 CW12: Literary Reviews ��学評論 CW13: Essays, Vol. 1: Religion, Education and Culture ��論1 宗教・教養と文化 CW14: Essays, Vol. 2: Religion, Education and Culture ��論2 宗教・教養と文化 CW15: Essays, Vol. 3: Society and Politics ��論3 社会・時局

References

External links

A Chronological List of Miki Koyoshi's Works [三木清著作年譜]

''Collected Works'' [三木清全集]
at 昭和前期〜思潮〜小文庫 (N.B. The page numbers don't exactly match the published edition, so don't cite this online edition.)
''Collected Works'' in Modern Orthography [新仮名新漢字版三木清全集]
at 昭和前期〜思潮〜小文庫 (N.B. As above) * * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Miki, Kiyoshi 1897 births 1945 deaths People from Hyōgo Prefecture Kyoto School Kyoto University alumni Japanese people who died in prison custody Prisoners who died in Japanese detention 20th-century Japanese philosophers Imperial Japanese Army personnel of World War II Deaths from nephritis