''Kitab-i Nauras'' (), also transliterated as Kitab-e-Nauras, is a 16th-century treatise written by
Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II of
Bijapur
Bijapur (officially Vijayapura) is the district headquarters of Bijapur district of the Karnataka state of India. It is also the headquarters for Bijapur Taluk. Bijapur city is well known for its historical monuments of architectural importa ...
.
It was written with the title ''Nauras'', meaining ''Nine Rasas'', but was named as ''Nauras Nama'' or ''Kitab-i Nauras'' later. It is a collection of 59 Manqabat Kalaam (song) and 17 couplets in the
Deccani language
Deccani ( ''dakanī'' or ''dakhanī''; also known as Deccani Urdu, Deccani Hindi, and Deccani Hindustani) is an Indo-Aryan language variety based on a form of Hindustani spoken in the Deccan region of south-central India and is the native l ...
.
Contents
Introduction
The introduction to the book was not written by Ibrahim; instead, it was written by the poet
Muhammad Zuhuri
Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad Ẓuhūrī (d. AH 1025/CE 1616) was a Persian poet born around 1537. Ẓuhūrī states that he was born in Qāʾin, but tradition identifies his birthplace as a village in the district of Turshiz, thus his often used ni ...
in Persian rather than Deccani. Zuhuri states that the preface is "a worthless stone for the garland made of royal pearls".
Songs
In the ten known manuscripts, there are fifty-nine songs, although no single copy contains all of them. In addition, there are seventeen
dohas.
A significant portion of the songs are praises sung for
Saraswati
Saraswati (, ), also spelled as Sarasvati, is one of the principal Devi, goddesses in Hinduism, revered as the goddess of knowledge, education, learning, arts, speech, poetry, music, purification, language and culture. Together with the godde ...
,
Ganesha
Ganesha or Ganesh (, , ), also known as Ganapati, Vinayaka and Pillaiyar, is one of the best-known and most worshipped Deva (Hinduism), deities in the Hindu deities, Hindu pantheon and is the Supreme God in the Ganapatya sect. His depictions ...
, and other Hindu deities. Others praise the prophet
Muhammad
Muhammad (8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious and political leader and the founder of Islam. Muhammad in Islam, According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the tawhid, monotheistic teachings of A ...
and Sufi saint
Bande Nawaz
Syed Muhammad ibn Yousuf al-Hussaini (30 July 1321 − 1 November 1422), commonly known as Bande Nawaz or Gisu Daraz, was a Hanafi Maturidi scholar and Sufi saint of the Chishti Order, from India.
Gisu Daraz was a disciple and then successor of ...
. Another portion refers to Ibrahim's private life. His favorite elephant Atish Khan and favorite tambourine Moti Khan are also praised. In others, Ibrahim's mother Bari Sahib and wife Chand Sultan are referred to.
Rasas
# ''Shringara'' means the sentiment of love and romance.
#''Veera'' means the sentiment of heroism or chivalry
#''Veebhatsa'' means the sentiment of disgust
#''Raudra'' means the sentiment of anger and fury
#''Bhayanak'' means the sentiment of dread and terror
#''Hasya'' means the sentiment of joy and humour
#''Karuna'' means the sentiment of compassion and pathos
#''Adbhuta'' means the sentiment of wonder and amazement
#''Shanta'' means the sentiment of peace and contenment
References
Bibliography
*
* {{Cite book , last=Haider , first=Navinda Najat , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWNHYID4WqAC , title=Sultans of the South: Arts of India's Deccan Courts, 1323–1687 , publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York , chapter=The Kitab-i Nauras: Key to Bijapur's Golden Age, date=2011 , isbn=978-1-58839-438-5
Deccani language books
16th-century books