kingsnake

Kingsnakes are colubrid New World members of the genus ''Lampropeltis'', which includes 26 species. Among these, about 45 subspecies are recognized. They are nonvenomous and ophiophagous in diet.

Description

Kingsnakes vary widely in size and coloration. They can be as small as 24" (61cm) or as long as 60" (152cm). Some kingsnakes are colored in muted browns to black, while others are brightly marked in white, reds, yellows, grays, and lavenders that form rings, longitudinal stripes, speckles, and saddle-shaped bands.

Most kingsnakes have quite vibrant patterns. Some species, such as the scarlet kingsnake, Mexican milk snake, and red milk snake, have coloration and patterning that can cause them to be confused with the highly venomous coral snakes. One of the mnemonic rhymes to help people distinguish between coral snakes and their nonvenomous lookalikes in the United States is "red on black, a friend of Jack; red on yellow, kill a fellow". Other variations include "red on yellow kill a fellow, red on black venom lack", and referencing the order of traffic lights "yellow, red, stop!" All these mnemonics apply only to the three species of coral snakes native to the southern United States: ''Micrurus fulvius'' (the eastern or common coral snake), '' Micrurus tener'' (the Texas coral snake), and '' Micruroides euryxanthus'' (the Arizona coral snake). Coral snakes found in other parts of the world can have distinctly different patterns, such as having red bands touching black bands, having only pink and blue bands, or having no bands at all.

Etymology

''Lampropeltis'' includes the Greek words for "shiny shield": ("shiny") + (" ''peltē'' shield") + (a Latin suffix). The name is given to them in reference to their smooth, enamel-like dorsal scales.

The "king" in the common name (as with the king cobra) refers to its preying on other snakes.

Taxonomy

Taxonomic reclassification of the kingsnakes is an ongoing process and different sources often disagree, one source granting full species status to a group of these snakes that another source considers a subspecies group. In the case of ''L. catalinensis'', for example, only a single specimen exists, so classification is not necessarily finite. In addition, hybridization between species with overlapping geographic ranges is not uncommon, confusing taxonomists further.

Range

Kingsnakes are native to North America, where they are found all over the United States and into Mexico. This genus has adapted to a wide variety of habitats, including tropical forests, shrublands, and deserts.

Predators

Kingsnakes are often preyed upon by large vertebrates, such as birds of prey. Tarantulas also sometimes prey on them; however, a considerable threat also comes from other kingsnakes. All species of kingsnakes are known snake- and reptile-eaters, and likely won't turn down a chance to prey on their local competitors.

Behavior and diet

Kingsnakes are primarily terrestrial, but they are also known to be capable climbers and swimmers.

Kingsnakes use constriction to kill their prey and tend to be opportunistic in their diet. They're known to seek out and eat other snakes (ophiophagy), including venomous snakes, like rattlesnakes, cottonmouths, and copperheads. Some known non-venomous prey species of the kingsnake include gopher snakes, corn snakes, bullsnakes, garter snakes, rosy boa, water snakes, and brown snakes. Kingsnakes also eat many species of lizards, rodents, birds, and eggs.Conant, Roger (1975). ''A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 429 pp.
(paperback). (Genus ''Lampropeltis'', p. 201.) The common kingsnake is known to be immune to the venom of other snakes and does eat rattlesnakes, but it is not necessarily immune to the venom of snakes from different localities.

Kingsnakes such as the California kingsnake can exert twice as much constriction force relative to body size as rat snakes and pythons. Scientists believe that such strong coils may be an adaptation to eating snakes, and other reptile prey, which can endure lower blood-oxygen levels before asphyxiating.

List of kingsnake species and subspecies

Kingsnake species and subspecies include (listed here alphabetically by specific and subspecific name):
*Guatemalan milk snake, '' Lampropeltis abnorma'' ( Bocourt, 1886)
* Gray-banded kingsnake, ''Lampropeltis alterna'' ( A. E. Brown, 1901)
*Mexican milk snake, '' Lampropeltis annulata'' Kennicott, 1860
*California kingsnake, ''Lampropeltis californiae'' ( Blainville, 1835)
*Prairie kingsnake, '' Lampropeltis calligaster'' ( Harlan, 1827)
*Santa Catalina Island kingsnake, ''Lampropeltis catalinensis'' ( Van Denburgh & Slevin, 1921)
* Scarlet kingsnake or scarlet milk snake, ''Lampropeltis elapsoides'' ( Holbrook, 1838)
*Short-tailed snake, ''Lampropeltis extenuata'' ( R.E. Brown, 1890)
*Central Plains milk snake, ''Lampropeltis gentilis'' (Baird & Girard, 1853)
*Common kingsnake, '' Lampropeltis getula'' (Linnaeus, 1766)
**Brooks' kingsnake, '' L. g. brooksi'' Barbour, 1919
** Florida kingsnake, ''L. g. floridana'' (Blanchard, 1919)
**Eastern kingsnake, '' L. g. getula'' (Linnaeus, 1766)
** Apalachicola Lowlands kingsnake, '' L. g. meansi'' Krysko & Judd, 2006
** Mexican black kingsnake, ''L. g. nigrita'' Zweifel & Norris, 1955
*Greer's kingsnake, ''Lampropeltis greeri'' ( Webb, 1961)
* Speckled kingsnake, ''Lampropeltis holbrooki'' Stejneger, 1902
*Madrean mountain kingsnake, '' Lampropeltis knoblochi'' Taylor, 1940
*Nuevo León kingsnake, '' Lampropeltis leonis'' ( Günther, 1893)
*Mexican kingsnake, '' Lampropeltis mexicana'' ( Garman, 1884)
*Ecuadorian milk snake, '' Lampropeltis micropholis'' Cope, 1860
*Black kingsnake, '' Lampropeltis nigra'' (Yarrow, 1882)
*South Florida mole kingsnake, ''Lampropeltis occipitolineata'' Price, 1987
*Central American milk snake, ''Lampropeltis polyzona'' Cope, 1860
*Arizona mountain kingsnake, '' Lampropeltis pyromelana'' (Cope, 1866)
**Utah mountain kingsnake, ''L. p. infralabialis'' W. Tanner, 1953
**Arizona mountain kingsnake, ''L. p. pyromelana'' (Cope, 1866)
*Mole kingsnake, '' Lampropeltis rhombomaculata'' (Holbrook, 1840)
*Ruthven's kingsnake, '' Lampropeltis ruthveni'' (Blanchard, 1920)
*Desert kingsnake, '' Lampropeltis splendida'' (Baird & Girard, 1853)
* Milk snake, ''Lampropeltis triangulum'' ( Lacépède, 1789)
*'' Lampropeltis webbi'' Bryson, Dixon & Lazcano, 2005
* California mountain kingsnake, ''Lampropeltis zonata'' ( Lockington, 1876 ''ex'' Blainville, 1835)
**San Pedro kingsnake, ''L. z. agalma'' (Van Denburgh & Slevin, 1923)
**Todos Santos Island kingsnake, ''L. z. herrerae'' (Van Denburgh & Slevin, 1923)
**Sierra Nevada mountain kingsnake, ''L. z. multicincta'' (Yarrow, 1882)
**Coast Ranges mountain kingsnake, ''L. z. multifasciata'' (Bocourt, 1886)
**San Bernardino mountain kingsnake, ''L. z. parvirubra'' Zweifel, 1952
** San Diego mountain kingsnake, ''L. z. pulchra'' Zweifel, 1952
**Saint Helena mountain kingsnake, ''L. z. zonata'' (Lockington, 1876 ''ex'' Blainville, 1835)

Additionally, Pyron and Burbrink have argued that the short-tailed snake (''Stilosoma extenuatum'') (Brown, 1890) should be included in ''Lampropeltis''. Pyron, R. Alexander; Frank T. Burbrink (2009). "Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae)". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 52(#2):524-529.

References

Further reading

*Hubbs, Brian (2009). ''Common Kingsnakes: A Natural History of'' Lampropeltis getula. Tempe, Arizona: Tricolor Books.

External links

Desert USA: Common KingsnakeCommon Kingsnake - Lampropeltis getula
Species account from the Iowa Reptile and Amphibian Field Guide


{{Taxonbar, from=Q1364033

Lampropeltis
Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger