Kindjal

Khanjali (Georgian: ხანჯალი) also known as a kindjal, is a double-edged dagger used in the Caucasus. The shape of the weapon is similar to that of the ancient Roman ''gladius'', the Scottish dirk and the ancient Greek xiphos. Inhabitants of Caucasus have used the Kindjal as a secondary weapon since the 18th century.

Such daggers and their scabbards are often highly engraved with gold or silver designs, and sometimes include embedded gemstones. The scabbard will generally feature a ballpoint extension on the tip, and the handle is usually made of materials such as wood or ivory.

Name

The name of the kindjal dagger came into use from Persia; (See also khanjar and qama.)

* In Georgia it is called khanjali and satevari.
* In Dagestan it is called khanjali.
* In Azerbaijan it is called khanjar .
* In Armenia it is called khanchal.
* In Chechnya/Ingushetia it is shalta.
* In Circassia and Ossetia it is called kama (qama).

Compare the standard Russian-language word (probably Turkic-sourced)
for "dagger": (').

History

A dagger found in Shida Kartli, belonging to the Samtavro culture, dates back to 1600-700 BC. The dagger belongs to the East Georgian or Kakhetian dagger type.

The Kindjal has its origins in the late 18th century. Although similar straight daggers were used by Caucasians in ancient times, they eventually lost their popularity and gave way to curved daggers, similar to ones found in the Ottoman Empire and Persia. Based on archeological evidence, the Kindjal itself dates from roughly the late 18th century. By the mid-19th century, it had achieved wide popularity and was carried by almost everyone in most parts of the Caucasus.

In the 19th century, the production of Kindjals was at a high level in Transcaucasia. Tbilisi was especially distinguished and well-known, from where such tools were supplied to other mountain peoples of the Caucasus, as well as Iran and other eastern regions countries.. As Tbilisi was the capital of Caucasus at that time, both the client and the master were able to gather in one place. In Tbilisi, the craft was characterized by a division of labor based on ethnic lines. Most Tbilisi Kindjals were fitted and decorated by ethnic Armenian jewelers, while the blades themselves mostly bear Muslim signatures, likely belonging to Dagestani or Persian bladesmiths. In the first half of the 19th century, the Eliarov family was one of the most famous blacksmithing families not only in the Caucasus but also in Iran, Turkey and Russia. Geurk Eliarov inherited the family secrets of blacksmithing from his ancestors and passed on his knowledge and skills to his sons – Efrem and Karaman. The family maintained strictly the secrets of processing steel, but in 1828 Karaman shared the secret by the order of the Russian emperor Nicholas I, and in return received a gold medal (with Anna ribbon) and 1000 Chervonets (high-value gold coins). Other famous masters of Caucasian arms included the Armenians Osip Papov, Gevork Purunsuzov, and Khachatur Beburov, the Dagestani Bazalai, and the Chechen Chilla Murtazaliev.

Besides being a status symbol and weapon, many social traditions were associated with the Kindjal. The usage of Georgian Khanjali/Satevari in pre-marital relationships, termed as "sc'orproba(სწორპრობა)," was a Khevsur custom. During the night, a young couple may lie together with a Khanjali between them. Sexual activity between the two was prohibited. Anyone who disobeyed this rule was put to death. The Kindjal was also popularly used while dancing.

File:Old peasant with dagger and long smoking pipe, Mestia, Svanetia, Georgia (Republic).jpg, Old peasant with khanjali dagger and long smoking pipe, Mestia, Svaneti, Georgia
File:Qama.jpg, Circassian Kama
File:Dagger (Kindjal) with Scabbard MET sfsb26.35.8ab(5-15-07)s1us.jpeg, Dagestani Kindjal
File:Dagger (Qama) with Sheath MET 36.25.921ab 003july2014.jpg, Black Sea Kama
File:Khachatur's mark on the kindjal's blade.jpg, Blade of a Tbilisi Kindjal, made by Khachatur Beburov

See also

*Combat knife
*Khanjar
*Gladius

References

See also

* Qama - a similar weapon

{{Knives

Daggers
Medieval edged and bladed weapons
Military history of Georgia (country)