Khagaul
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Khagaul is a city and a
municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality' ...
in
Patna district Patna district is one of the thirty-eight districts of Bihar state in eastern India. Patna, the capital of Bihar, is the district headquarters. The Patna district is a part of the Patna division. The Patna district is divided into 6 Subdivisio ...
in the Indian
state State most commonly refers to: * State (polity), a centralized political organization that regulates law and society within a territory **Sovereign state, a sovereign polity in international law, commonly referred to as a country **Nation state, a ...
of
Bihar Bihar ( ) is a states and union territories of India, state in Eastern India. It is the list of states and union territories of India by population, second largest state by population, the List of states and union territories of India by are ...
. It is a part of the Danapur-cum-Khagaul block of Patna.


Overview

Khagaul is an ancient city and was an ancient observatory under Mauryan rule. Nagar Parishad city in the district of Patna, Bihar. The Khagaul city is divided into 27 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. Khagaul Nagar Parishad has total administration of over 7,951 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within Nagar Parishad limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.


Geography

Khagaul is located at . It has an average elevation of 55 metres (180 feet).


Demographics

India
census A census (from Latin ''censere'', 'to assess') is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording, and calculating population information about the members of a given Statistical population, population, usually displayed in the form of stati ...
, Khagaul had a population of 48,330. Males constituted 53% of the population and females 47%. Khagaul had an average literacy rate of 71.5%. In Khagaul, 13% of the population was under 6 years of age. As of 2011 India Census, The Khagaul Nagar Parishad had a population of 44,364 of which 23,492 are males while 20,872 are females. The population of children with age 0-6 is 5198 which is 11.72% of the total population of Khagaul. The female Sex Ratio is 888 against the state average of 918. The literacy rate of Khagaul city is 86.82% higher than the state average of 61.80%. In Khagaul, Male literacy is around 91.81% while the female literacy rate is 81.23%.


History

Khagaul is a historical place. In ancient times, before Christ, Khagaul was called ''Kusumpura or Kusumpur'', near Pataliputra, which was the capital city of the mighty Magadh Empire. Pushpapur was located between Pataliputra and Kusumpur. In modern times Pataliputra is called Patna, whereas Kusumpura or Kusumpur is called Khagaul, and Pushpapur is called Phulwari or Phulwari Shree or Phulwari Sharif. Shakhtar and
Chanakya Chanakya (ISO 15919, ISO: ', चाणक्य, ), according to legendary narratives preserved in various traditions dating from the 4th to 11th century CE, was a Brahmin who assisted the first Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya, Chandragup ...
(also known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta), two famous Prime Ministers of the Magadh Empire belonged to Kusumpur or present-day Khagaul during Fourth Century BC. Chanakya had provided initial education and training to Chandragupta Maurya (Great Emperor of the Magadh Empire and Founder of the Maurya Dynasty) at this very place. Under the guidance of Chanakya, the mighty Magadh Empire was spread from present-day
India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
,
Bangladesh Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, eighth-most populous country in the world and among the List of countries and dependencies by ...
,
Pakistan Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...
, and
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up to Iran after defeating the forces of Alexander and Seleucus. The tyrannical rule of King Dhanananda over Magadh was brought to an end by the rebellion of Chanakya after his arrest, humiliation, and death sentence inflicted against his father Chanak by the tyrannical King Dhanananda. Thereafter, Chandragupta Maurya, the disciple of Chanakya, was made King-Emperor of the Magadh Empire and Chanakya became its Prime Minister. Chanakya was a great scholar,
economist An economist is a professional and practitioner in the social sciences, social science discipline of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this ...
, administrator, jurist, lawmaker, and a very sharp-minded nationalist and shrewd politician. He was a student of Takshashila or Taxila University, and also worked as an Acharya or professor at the same university. Under the guidance of Chanakya, the mighty Magadh Empire had become the most powerful, influential, most developed, and richest empire in the world, and Pataliputra had become the most beautiful city. After the 5th century AD, Kusumpur was renamed Khagaul after Khagol or Khagol Shastra i.e. Astronomy, as it was an eminent center of Astronomical'' Observatory (Khagoliya Vedhashala) established by Aryabhata or Aryabhatta for Astronomical Studies and Astronomical Research. Aryabhatta is called Father of Algebra'', Geometry and Trigonometry, the Concept of Zero (0), and the decimal system. Aryabhata, also called Aryabhata I or Aryabhata the Elder (born in the year 476 AD), at Kusumapura, near Pataliputra or present-day Patna in India) was
astronomer An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. Astronomers observe astronomical objects, such as stars, planets, natural satellite, moons, comets and galaxy, galax ...
and the earliest Indian mathematician whose work and history are available to modern scholars. He is also known as Aryabhata I or Aryabhata the Elder to distinguish him from a 10th-century Indian
mathematician A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, mathematical structure, structure, space, Mathematica ...
of the same name. He flourished in Kusumapura—near Pataliputra (Patna), then the capital of the Gupta dynasty—where he composed at least two works, ''Aryabhatiya'' (''c.'' 499) and the now lost ''Aryabhatasiddhanta''. ''Aryabhatasiddhanta'' circulated mainly in the northwest of India and, through the Sāsānian dynasty (224–651) of Iran, had a profound influence on the development of
Islamic astronomy Medieval Islamic astronomy comprises the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age (9th–13th centuries), and mostly written in the Arabic language. These developments mostly took place in th ...
. Its contents are preserved to some extent in the works of ''Varahamihira'' (flourished c. 550), Bhaskara I (flourished c. 629), Brahmagupta (598 – c. 665), and others. It is one of the earliest astronomical works to assign the start of each day to midnight. ''Aryabhatiya'' was particularly popular in South India, where numerous mathematicians over the ensuing millennium wrote commentaries. The work was written in verse couplets and deals with mathematics and astronomy. Following an introduction that contains astronomical tables and Aryabhata's system of phonemic number notation in which numbers are represented by a consonant-vowel monosyllable, the work is divided into three sections: ''Ganita'' ("Mathematics"), ''Kala-kriya'' ("Time Calculations"), and ''Gola'' ("Sphere"). In ''Ganita'' Aryabhata names the first 10 decimal places and gives algorithms for obtaining square and cubic roots, using the decimal number system. Then he treats geometric
measurements Measurement is the quantification of attributes of an object or event, which can be used to compare with other objects or events. In other words, measurement is a process of determining how large or small a physical quantity is as compared to ...
—employing 62,832/20,000 (= 3.1416) for π—and develops properties of similar right-angled triangles and two intersecting circles. Using the
Pythagorean theorem In mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem or Pythagoras' theorem is a fundamental relation in Euclidean geometry between the three sides of a right triangle. It states that the area of the square whose side is the hypotenuse (the side opposite t ...
, he obtained one of the two methods for constructing his table of sines. He also realized that second-order sine difference is proportional to sine. Mathematical series, quadratic equations'', compound interest (involving a quadratic equation), proportions (ratios), and the solution of various linear equations'' are among the arithmetic and algebraic topics included. Aryabhata's general solution for linear indeterminate equations, which Bhaskara I called '' kuttakara'' ("pulverizer"), consisted of breaking the problem down into new problems with successively smaller coefficients—essentially the Euclidean algorithm and related to the method of continued fractions. With ''Kala-kriya'' Aryabhata turned to astronomy—in particular, treating planetary motion along the ecliptic. The topics include definitions of various units of time, eccentric and epicyclic models of planetary motion (''see'' Hipparchus for earlier Greek models), planetary longitude corrections for different terrestrial locations, and a theory of " lords of the hours and days" (an astrological concept used for determining propitious times for action). ''Aryabhatiya'' ends with spherical astronomy in ''Gola'', where he applied plane trigonometry to spherical geometry by projecting points and lines on the surface of a sphere onto appropriate planes. Topics include the prediction of solar and lunar eclipses and an explicit statement that the apparent westward motion of the stars is due to the spherical Earth's rotation about its axis. Aryabhata also correctly ascribed the luminosity of the
Moon The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It Orbit of the Moon, orbits around Earth at Lunar distance, an average distance of (; about 30 times Earth diameter, Earth's diameter). The Moon rotation, rotates, with a rotation period (lunar ...
and planets to reflected sunlight. The Indian Government named its first
satellite A satellite or an artificial satellite is an object, typically a spacecraft, placed into orbit around a celestial body. They have a variety of uses, including communication relay, weather forecasting, navigation ( GPS), broadcasting, scient ...
Aryabhata (launched 1975) in his honour.


References

{{Patna Division Cities and towns in Patna district Neighbourhoods in Patna