Kfar Hittim
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Kfar Hittim () is a
moshav shitufi A moshav shitufi (, lit. ''collective moshav'', pl. ''moshavim shitufiim'') is a type of cooperative State of Israel, Israeli village, whose organizational principles place it between the kibbutz and the moshav on the scale of cooperation. Ideolo ...
in northern Israel. Located on a hill 3 km west of
Tiberias Tiberias ( ; , ; ) is a city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee in northern Israel. A major Jewish center during Late Antiquity, it has been considered since the 16th century one of Judaism's Four Holy Cities, along with Jerusalem, Heb ...
, it falls under the jurisdiction of Lower Galilee Regional Council. It was Israel's first moshav shitufi,Moshav Shitufi, Tnu'at HaAvoda
Moshav Shitufi
Historical Dictionary of Israel
and can also be considered the first Tower and Stockade settlement.Which is First Tower and Blockade Settlement
Ma'ariv, 10.12.1986, Historical Jewish Press
In it had a population of .


History

Hittin was located on the northern slopes of the double hill known as "
Horns of Hattin The Horns of Hattin ( ) is an extinct volcano with twin peaks overlooking the plains of Hittin, Hattin in the Lower Galilee, Israel. It is most famous as the site of the Battle of Hattin (1187). History and archaeology Excavations were carrie ...
". It was strategically and commercially significant due to its location overlooking the Plain of Hittin, which opens onto the coastal lowlands of
Lake Tiberias The Sea of Galilee (, Judeo-Aramaic: יַמּא דטבריא, גִּנֵּיסַר, ), also called Lake Tiberias, Genezareth Lake or Kinneret, is a freshwater lake in Israel. It is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth and the second-lowest lak ...
to the east, and to the west is linked by mountain passes leading towards the plains of the Lower
Galilee Galilee (; ; ; ) is a region located in northern Israel and southern Lebanon consisting of two parts: the Upper Galilee (, ; , ) and the Lower Galilee (, ; , ). ''Galilee'' encompasses the area north of the Mount Carmel-Mount Gilboa ridge and ...
. These plains, with their east-west passages, served as routes for commercial caravans and military invasions.Khalidi, 1992, p. 521.


Prehistorical finds

Archaeological excavations have yielded pottery fragments from the
Pottery Neolithic In the archaeology of Southwest Asia, the Late Neolithic, also known as the Ceramic Neolithic or Pottery Neolithic, is the final part of the Neolithic period, following on from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic and preceding the Chalcolithic. It is som ...
and
Chalcolithic period The Chalcolithic ( ) (also called the Copper Age and Eneolithic) was an archaeological period characterized by the increasing use of smelted copper. It followed the Neolithic and preceded the Bronze Age. It occurred at different periods in diff ...
.Nimrod Getzov, 2007
Hittin
Volume 119, Year 2007,
Israel Antiquities Authority The Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA, ; , before 1990, the Israel Department of Antiquities) is an independent Israeli governmental authority responsible for enforcing the 1978 Law of Antiquities. The IAA regulates excavation and conservatio ...


Antiquity

It has been suggested that the Arab village of Hittin was built over the
Canaan CanaanThe current scholarly edition of the Septuagint, Greek Old Testament spells the word without any accents, cf. Septuaginta : id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interprets. 2. ed. / recogn. et emendavit Robert Hanhart. Stuttgart : D ...
ite town of Siddim or Ziddim (), which in the third century BCE acquired the Old Hebrew name ''Kfar Hittin'' ("village of grain"). It was known as ''Kfar Hittaya'' in the
Roman period The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Roman people, Romans conquered most of this during the Roman Republic, Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of ...
.See p. 77 1in: In the 4th century CE, it was a Jewish rabbinical town.


Ottoman period


Arab village

In 1596, Hittin was a part of the Ottoman '' Nāḥiyah'' (, "Subdistrict") of Tiberias under the '' Liwā’'' (, "District") of
Safed Safed (), also known as Tzfat (), is a city in the Northern District (Israel), Northern District of Israel. Located at an elevation of up to , Safed is the highest city in the Galilee and in Israel. Safed has been identified with (), a fortif ...
. The villagers paid taxes on wheat, barley,
olives The olive, botanical name ''Olea europaea'' ("European olive"), is a species of Subtropics, subtropical evergreen tree in the Family (biology), family Oleaceae. Originating in Anatolia, Asia Minor, it is abundant throughout the Mediterranean ...
, goats and beehives.Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 190. Quoted in Khalidi, p. 521.
Richard Pococke Richard Pococke (19 November 1704 – 25 September 1765)''Notes and Queries'', p. 129. was an English clergyman and writer. He was the Bishop of Ossory (1756–65) and Meath (1765), both dioceses of the Church of Ireland. However, he is best kn ...
, who visited in 1727, writes that the village was "famous for some pleasant gardens of lemon and orange trees; and here the Turks have a
mosque A mosque ( ), also called a masjid ( ), is a place of worship for Muslims. The term usually refers to a covered building, but can be any place where Salah, Islamic prayers are performed; such as an outdoor courtyard. Originally, mosques were si ...
, to which they pay great veneration, having, as they say, a great sheik buried there, whom they call Sede Ishab, who, according to tradition (as a very learned Jew assured me) is Jethro, the father-in-law of Moses."Pococke, 1745, vol 2, p
67
/ref> William McClure Thomson, who visited in the 1850s, reported that visiting the shrine was considered a cure for insanity. In 1875
Victor Guérin Victor Guérin (; 15 September 1821 – 21 September 1890) was a French people, French intellectual, explorer and amateur archaeologist. He published books describing the geography, archeology and history of the areas he explored, which included ...
wrote about the local tradition that the tomb of Jethro (''Neby Chaʾīb''), the father-in-law of Moses, was found in Hittin. A population list from about 1887 showed 1,350 inhabitants; 100 Jews and 1,250 Muslims. An elementary school was established in the village around 1897. In the early 20th-century, village land in the eastern part of the Arbel Valley was sold to Jewish land societies. In 1910, Mitzpa, was established there.


Jewish village

The land on which Kfar Hittin sits was purchased by the
Jewish National Fund The Jewish National Fund (JNF; , ''Keren Kayemet LeYisrael''; previously , ''Ha Fund HaLeumi'') is a non-profit organizationProfessor Alon Tal, The Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion ...
in 1904,1910-1901
Jewish National Fund
with the help of David Chaim, an Ottoman citizen previously in the employment of
Edmond James de Rothschild Baron Abraham Edmond Benjamin James de Rothschild (; 19 August 1845 – 2 November 1934) was a French member of the Rothschild banking family. A strong supporter of Jewish settlement in Palestine, his large donations lent significant support to ...
.Kfar Hittim
Tnu'at HaAvoda
Two thousand dunams of land, consisting of 400 small parcels, were purchased from the
Arab Arabs (,  , ; , , ) are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa. A significant Arab diaspora is present in various parts of the world. Arabs have been in the Fertile Crescent for thousands of years ...
village of Hittin. The first attempt to settle there in 1913 failed due to friction with the local Arabs, the shortage of water and the lack of contiguity of the land.


British Mandate

In 1924, another attempt was made to settle in Kfar Hittin. Forty families moved to the site, where they lived in wooden cabins and built a barn, a communal chicken coop, a synagogue and a water tower. In the
1929 Palestine riots The 1929 Palestine riots, Buraq Uprising (, ) or the Events of 1929 (, , ''lit.'' Events of 5689 Anno Mundi), was a series of demonstrations and riots in late August 1929 in which a longstanding dispute between Palestinian Arabs and Jews ove ...
the moshav was attacked by the Arabs. As economic and security problems mounted, families left until the site was abandoned completely in 1933. Another short-lived attempt to settle the land was made in 1934, but the settlers left within a short period of time. On 7 December 1936, 11 pioneers from HaKotzer group re-established the moshav as a Tower and Stockade settlement, using the abandoned synagogue as a fort and the old milk sheds as housing. The new settlement was set up as a ''
moshav shitufi A moshav shitufi (, lit. ''collective moshav'', pl. ''moshavim shitufiim'') is a type of cooperative State of Israel, Israeli village, whose organizational principles place it between the kibbutz and the moshav on the scale of cooperation. Ideolo ...
''. On 19 December 1937 the moshav's guard, Shlomo Bin-Nun, was ambushed and murdered by an Arab gang.Shlomo Bin Nun
Izkor
The Guard S. Bin-Nun Was Found Killed Near Sejera
HaZofe, 21.12.1937, Historical Jewish Press
During the 1940s additional families joined the moshav. Irrigation problems were solved in 1942 when piping was laid delivering water from the
Sea of Galilee The Sea of Galilee (, Judeo-Aramaic languages, Judeo-Aramaic: יַמּא דטבריא, גִּנֵּיסַר, ), also called Lake Tiberias, Genezareth Lake or Kinneret, is a freshwater lake in Israel. It is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth ...
to the moshav. In 1944 a road connecting the moshav to Tiberias was laid. During this period the settlers started building permanent housing using
basalt Basalt (; ) is an aphanite, aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the planetary surface, surface of a terrestrial ...
bricks and developed the moshav economy by building textile factory, dairy farm, garage, carpentry shop and bakery.


State of Israel

After the
Israeli Declaration of Independence The Israeli Declaration of Independence, formally the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel (), was proclaimed on 14 May 1948 (5 Iyar 5708), at the end of the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, civil war phase and ...
, the moshav continued to develop economically, expanding the textile factory and by building an
apiary An apiary (also known as a bee yard) is a location where Beehive (beekeeping), beehives of honey bees are kept. Apiaries come in many sizes and can be rural or urban depending on the honey production operation. Furthermore, an apiary may refer to ...
and a jewellery factory. However, by the 1990s the moshav was in deep debts and had to enter receivership and most of the moshav assets were either closed or leased out, and the moshav itself became a
community settlement A community settlement (, ''Yishuv Kehilati'') is a type of town or village in Israel and in the West Bank. In an ordinary town, anyone may buy property, but in a community settlement, the village's residents are organized in a cooperative an ...
and a new neighborhood was built to the north of the old moshav. Plans to build a golf course and a luxury hotel in the moshav were made, but never materialized.A Missed Putt: Moshe Shapira Seeks to Make Israel a Golf Empire
Maariv, 20 January 2012


Nearby landmarks

*
Horns of Hattin The Horns of Hattin ( ) is an extinct volcano with twin peaks overlooking the plains of Hittin, Hattin in the Lower Galilee, Israel. It is most famous as the site of the Battle of Hattin (1187). History and archaeology Excavations were carrie ...
– an extinct volcano and the battleground of the
Battle of Hattin The Battle of Hattin took place on 4 July 1187, between the Crusader states of the Levant and the forces of the Ayyubid sultan Saladin. It is also known as the Battle of the Horns of Hattin, due to the shape of the nearby extinct volcano of ...
, in which the Muslim army led by
Saladin Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub ( – 4 March 1193), commonly known as Saladin, was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Hailing from a Kurdish family, he was the first sultan of both Egypt and Syria. An important figure of the Third Crusade, h ...
defeated the Crusader army in 1187, leading to the siege and defeat of the Crusaders who controlled
Jerusalem Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest cities in the world, and ...
. *
Mount Arbel Mount Arbel (, ''Har Arbel'') is a mountain in The Lower Galilee near Tiberias in Israel, with high cliffs, views of Mount Hermon and the Golan Heights, a cave-fortress, and ruins of an ancient synagogue. Mount Arbel sits across from Mount Nitai ...
– a
national park A national park is a nature park designated for conservation (ethic), conservation purposes because of unparalleled national natural, historic, or cultural significance. It is an area of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that is protecte ...
in the nearby moshav Arbel, containing the ruins of an ancient Jewish settlement and a synagogue and cliff dwellings on the northern side of the mount. * Nabi Shu'ayb – the supposed burial site of Jethro (Yitro), a site revered by the
Druze The Druze ( ; , ' or ', , '), who Endonym and exonym, call themselves al-Muwaḥḥidūn (), are an Arabs, Arab Eastern esotericism, esoteric Religious denomination, religious group from West Asia who adhere to the Druze faith, an Abrahamic ...
.


Gallery

File:כפר חיטים - מראה.-JNF037186.jpeg, Kfar Hittim, 1937 File:כפר חיטים - מראה-JNF008353.jpeg, Kfar Hittim, 1940 File:בית הגנה בכפר חיטים-JNF027863.jpeg, Kfar Hittim, 1940 File:כפר חיטים - מראה כללי-JNF027872.jpeg, Kfar Hittim, 1944 File:הרפת בכפר חיטים-JNF027865.jpeg, Kfar Hittim, 1944 (
Horns of Hattin The Horns of Hattin ( ) is an extinct volcano with twin peaks overlooking the plains of Hittin, Hattin in the Lower Galilee, Israel. It is most famous as the site of the Battle of Hattin (1187). History and archaeology Excavations were carrie ...
visible in distance) File:מצפה - באופק כפר חיטים-JNF034022.jpeg, Kfar Hittim, 1945 File:מצפה - ברקע הכפרים- כפר חיטים, וכפר זיתים-JNF034023.jpeg, Kfar Hittim, 1945


References

{{Lower Galilee Regional Council Moshavim Populated places in Northern District (Israel) Populated places established in 1936 1936 establishments in Mandatory Palestine 1929 Palestine riots Late Neolithic