kecak

''Kecak'' (pronounced ("kechak"), alternate spellings: ''kechak'' and ''ketjak''), known in Indonesian as ''tari kecakilolahhe'', is a form of Balinese Hindu dance and music drama that was developed in the 1930s in Bali, Indonesia. Since its creation, it has been performed primarily by men, with the first women's ''kecak'' group having started in 2006. The dance is based on the story of the ''Ramayana'' and is traditionally performed in temples and villages across Bali.

Also known as the Ramayana monkey chant, the dance is performed by a circle of as many as 150 performers wearing checked cloths around their waists, percussively chanting "''chak''" and moving their hands and arms. The performance depicts a battle from the ''Ramayana'', in which the monkey-like Vanaras, led by Hanuman, help Prince Rama fight the evil King Ravana. ''Kecak'' has roots in '' sanghyang,'' a trance-inducing exorcism dance.

History

''Kecak'' was originally a trance ritual accompanied by a male chorus. In the 1930s, Walter Spies, a German painter and musician, became deeply interested in the ritual while living in Bali. He adapted it as a drama based on the Hindu ''Ramayana'' and including dance, intended for performance before Western tourist audiences.

Walter Spies worked with Indonesian dancer Wayan Limbak, who popularized the dance by arranging internationally touring performances by Balinese groups. These tours helped make the ''kecak'' internationally known.

This is an example of what James Clifford describes as part of the "modern art-culture system" in which "the West or the central power adopts, transforms, and consumes non-Western or peripheral cultural elements, while making 'art,' which was once embedded in the culture as a whole, into a separate entity". I Wayan Dibia, a performer, choreographer and scholar, suggests, by contrast, that the Balinese were already developing this form when Spies arrived on the island.David W. Hughes, "Review: ''Kecak: The Vocal Chant of Bali,'' by I Wayan Dibia", ''British Journal of Ethnomusicology,'' Vol. 6, (1997), pp. 195–195. British Forum for Ethnomusicology. For example, during the 1920s, Limbak had incorporated '' baris'' movements into the ''cak'' leader role. "Spies liked this innovation," and he suggested that Limbak "devise a spectacle based on the ''Ramayana''," accompanied by ''cak'' chorus rather than gamelan, as would have been usual.

Performance

The ''kecak'' dance is typically performed by about fifty to one hundred men wearing only loincloths; their upper bodies are left bare. They form concentric circles, in the middle of which is a traditional Balinese coconut oil lamp. First they move their bodies rhythmically to the left and to the right, chanting the words "''chak ke-chak ke-chak ke-chak''" continuously in coordinated harmony and beat, in slow rhythm. Gradually the rhythm speeds up and by turns they lift their hands, trembling, into the air. The ''kecak'' sound can be classified as a "musical" performance with the use of the human voice purely with no musical instruments. The dance is performed for dance-dramas and the story presented is taken from the ''Ramayana'' Hindu epic. The bare-chested male ''kecak'' chanters play the role of Rama's troops of Vanaras (apes) and Ravana's troops of Rakshasas (Demons).

The duration of the performance is around an hour. The story of the ''Ramayana'' is depicted, beginning with Sita and Rama's exile in the jungle of Dandaka. The performance reenacts the appearance of the Golden Deer, the abduction of Sita by Ravana, the battle between Ravana and Jatayu, the search for Sita by Hanuman, and ends with the battle between Rama and Ravana. The ''kecak'' chanters chant and sing in accordance with the mood and milieu of the story.

''Kecak'' dance performances in Bali usually take place daily in the evening (6 pm, Bali time) at Balinese Hindu temples such as Uluwatu Temple and Tanah Lot. There are also dance stages used exclusively for ''kecak'' performances in Ubud, Garuda Wisnu Kencana, Batu Bulan, Pandawa beach and other places in Bali. ''Kecak'' performances also take place on other occasions, such as for cultural and entertainment displays. Dancers usually come from local villagers of the surrounding area of the performance; they usually have a main job other than dancing which they finish before performing the ''kecak'' dance. The dancers' income from the dance usually comes from tickets sold to the spectators. The most popular destination for ''kechak'' dance performances is Uluwatu Temple.

Dancers

The dancers consist of two types: the ''kecak'' male-chanters and the main ''Ramayana'' dancers who play the roles of Sita, Rama, Lakshmana, Ravana, Hanuman, Jatayu, etc. Some of the ''kecak'' male-chanters who chant ''chak-chak-chak'' have their own tasks during the performance. One individual is responsible for maintaining the beat of the chant by chanting "''po-po-po-po''". Another man serves as the leader of the chorus, instructing them to stop or start the chanting by yelling command vocals such as "''Diih!''", "''Chiaaat!''", etc. There is also a man whose job is to sing during the chanting; he sings in a melodious or rhythmic tone according to the situation of the dance with vocalizations such as "''Shiiir-yang-ngger-yang-nggur-yang-nggeer''". Another man, known as the ''dalang'', narrates the story during the dance, usually in Balinese and Sanskrit. The men chosen for these tasks are usually the senior male dancers. The remaining chanters chant "''chak-chak-chak''" continuously and simultaneously with harmony.

The dancers who represent the core ''Ramayana'' characters are considered an essential part of the dance. Rama, Sita, Lakshmana, and the Golden Deer, whose movements are gentle and smooth, are sometimes played by female dancers who are trained in such styles of movement. Men play muscular characters such as Ravan, Hanuman, Sugriv, etc.

Trance

Trance rituals often accompany certain sections of the ''kecak'' dance, such as during the portrayal of the burning of Hanuman. Here, the dancer playing Hanuman is blessed by a priest and enters a trance state for the fire kicking dance which follows. The dancer does not feel any pain from the fire because he is in a state of trance.

In popular culture

Excerpts of ''kecak'' can be heard on the soundtracks of the following movies:
* '' Edipo Re'' by Pier Paolo Pasolini (1967)
* '' Fellini Satyricon'' (1969)
* ''Incontro d'amore'' (1970)
* The 1971 version of Kenneth Anger's ''Rabbit's Moon''
* '' I Never Promised You a Rose Garden'' (1977)
* The 1982 Japanese Metal Hero Series '' Space Sheriff Gavan'' episode 6: "The Geniuses of the Makuu School"
* The soundtrack to the Coen Brothers' 1984 debut film ''Blood Simple'' includes a track entitled "Monkey Chant" which is based on ''kecak''.
* ''Dagger of Kamui'' (''Kamui no Ken'') (1985)
* '' Akira'' (1988), which also features the Indonesian gamelan.
* In the 2010 documentary SAS: The Search for Warriors Part 1, a recording of the ''kecak'' was used to wake up the recruits.

Scenes including ''kecak'' dance may be glimpsed in:
* David Attenborough's 1969 BBC documentary ''The Miracle of Bali,'' (episodes 1 and 3)
* The Italian movie ''Incontro d'amore'' (1970)
* The Indonesian movie ''Mama'' (1972)
* An extended ''kecak'' chant scene is featured at the end of ''Emmanuelle 2'' (1975).
* The Indonesian movie ''Noesa Penida'' (1988)
* Ron Fricke's film ''Baraka'' (1992)
* Tarsem Singh's film '' The Fall'' (2006)
* The Indonesian television station Bali TV uses audio of ''kecak'' chanting with the visuals of Rangda and Topeng Tua mask dances in their program's opening theme sequence since 2011.

''Kecak'' is featured in several video games:
* Sounds of gamelan and ''kecak'' chants were incorporated into the soundtrack of the 1993 video game ''Secret of Mana'' / ''Seiken Densetsu II'', in a track titled "The Oracle".
* A sample of ''kecak'' chanting mixed with Balinese gamelan can be heard in the SNK Neo Geo arcade video game '' The King of Fighters '97'', when the gameplay shows a Bali arena scene. The arena also includes background animation of ''kecak'' chanters on the right side, Barong dance in the center, and gamelan performers with a crowded audience on the left side.
* A visual representation of the dance can be seen in the Ritual Passion level of ''Tetris Effect'', beating in time to the player's actions.
* In Dota 2, ''kecak'' sounds make up sound effect for ultimate ability of Monkey King.

...and in popular music:
* 1974: A sample of ''kecak'' chanting is featured in the song "Money Chant" by Jade Warrior on their album '' Floating World''.
* 1978: A sample of ''kecak'' chanting can be heard in the song " Jocko Homo" by Devo from the album '' Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!''
* 1981: The Tokyo electronic trio Yellow Magic Orchestra incorporated samples of ''kecak'' chanting on the song "Neue Tanz" from their album '' Technodelic''. This was achieved through the use of the custom-made Toshiba LMD-649, one of the first digital samplers.
* 1982: A sample of ''kecak'' chanting can be heard in the Nurse With Wound track "I Cannot Feel You as the Dogs Are Laughing and I Am Blind" from the album ''Homotopy to Marie.''
* 1983: A sample of ''kecak'' chanting can be heard in the song "Soldier of Fortune" from Manhattan Transfer's album ''Bodies and Souls.''
* 1985: Todd Rundgren used an E-mu Emulator to sample his voice into a ''kecak'' chant on the song "Blue Orpheus" from his album '' A Cappella''.
* 1987: A sample of ''kecak'' chanting is in "The Wind Chimes", from Mike Oldfield's album ''Islands''.
* 1987: The Indonesian song "Kembalikan Baliku", written by Guruh Sukarnoputra and performed by Yopie Latul for the World Popular Song Festival 1987 in Tokyo, Japan, incorporates ''kecak'' chanting in the interlude performed by backing vocals. The song received the Kawakami Audience Selection Award (ASA).
* 1991: The San Francisco art rock band Oxbow's songs "Daughter" and "Daughter Bent & Floating" from their album '' King of the Jews'' incorporates ''kecak''-inspired polyrhythmic chanting and clapping.
* 1992: A sample is prominently featured on "Magical Wave" from Kitarō's album Dream.
* 1995: The German electronic band RMB used ''kecak'' chanting in their song "Chakka Chakka" on the album ''This World Is Yours''.
* 1999: Mike Patton performs a ''kecak''-like chant in the song "Goodbye Sober Day" on the Mr. Bungle album ''California''.

The sound of ''kecak'' has inspired other artists:
*John Adams' opera, ''A Flowering Tree'' (2006), features Kumudha and the beggar minstrels in Act II, which are based on the ''kecak''.
*''Ketjak'' is a book-length poem by Ron Silliman published in 1978 and reprinted in ''The Age of Huts'' (2007), in which the author gives the title "Ketjak" to a vast ongoing cycle of works which includes ''Tjanting'' (1980) and ''The Alphabet'' (2008).
*Devaraalan aattam, a song composed by A. R. Rahman for Ponniyin Selvan 1, a 2022 Tamil film directed by Mani Ratnam.

See also

* Pendet
* Legong
* Balinese dance
* Dance of Indonesia

Bibliography

*''Kecak from Bali''. Produced by David Lewiston, 1990. One compact disc (duration 44:53) with notes and libretto by Fred B. Eiseman and David Lewiston.Review: ntitled Author(s): David Harnish. Reviewed work(s): Kecak from Bali by David Lewiston.''Ethnomusicology,'' Vol. 35, No. 2, (Spring – Summer, 1991), pp. 302–304. Published by: University of Illinois Press on behalf of Society for Ethnomusicology
*I Wayan Dibia, ''Kecak: the vocal chant of Bali''. Denpasar: Hartanto Art Books, 1996. vi + 83pp. .

Sources

External links

Kecak dance in David Attenborough's 1969 BBC documentary, ''The Miracle of Bali''Kecak dance being performed in Uluwatu templeKecak dance


Cornell University

photo gallery
WalterSpies.com
– Describes Walter Spies' house in Bali and his Pita Maha artists' cooperative

{{Indonesian drama and theatre

Indonesian culture
Balinese culture
Dances of Bali
Theatre in Indonesia
Traditional drama and theatre of Indonesia
Music of Bali
Works based on the Ramayana
Hindu traditions
Hindu art
Bali
Tourist attractions in Bali