The Kazym Rebellion () was a revolt by the

Khanty The Khanty (), also known in older literature as Ostyaks (), are a Ugric Indigenous people, living in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as " Yugra" in Russia, together with the Mansi. In the autonomous okrug, the K ...

people of western

Siberia Siberia ( ; , ) is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has formed a part of the sovereign territory of Russia and its predecessor states ...

against the

collectivisation Collective farming and communal farming are various types of "agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise". There are two broad types of communal farms: agricultural cooperatives, in which member-o ...

policies of the

Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

government in 1933. The revolt was named after the small town of Kazym in the

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra, also known as Khanty-Mansia (Khantia-Mansia), is a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous okrug of Tyumen Oblast). It has a population of 1,532,243 as of the 2010 Census. Its administrative center is lo ...

. Some sources describe the events as "Kazym rebellions", listing a series of conflicts starting in 1931, with some half-hearted attempts at reconciliation from Soviet side, but culminating in forceful suppression in 1933 and repression in 1934.Казымские восстания 1931 - 1934 гг.
- Kazym rebellions of 1931-1934.

History

In the 1930s, the government established the new settlement of Kazym as a "cultural base". In theory, cultural bases were meant to entice the

Khanty people The Khanty (), also known in older literature as Ostyaks (), are a Ob-Ugric languages, Ugric Indigenous people, living in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as "Yugra" in Russia, together with the Mansi people, Mansi. I ...

into village life with the benefits of schools, hospitals, stores, and other communal conveniences. This effort to collectivise native peoples into manageable communities saw a great many Khanty abandoning their forest homes. Still others were relocated forcibly during the

Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Dzhugashvili; 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin, his death in 1953. He held power as General Secret ...

years. Additionally, compulsory attendance in

boarding school A boarding school is a school where pupils live within premises while being given formal instruction. The word "boarding" is used in the sense of "room and board", i.e. lodging and meals. They have existed for many centuries, and now extend acr ...

s located in towns such as Kazym meant that Khanty children were removed from traditional homes and could be stopped from speaking their native tongue or following their cultural beliefs. However, in boarding school classes in Kazym, Khanty was the language of instruction. This process went alongside the abduction and execution of traditional leaders who were labelled "

kulak Kulak ( ; rus, кула́к, r=kulák, p=kʊˈɫak, a=Ru-кулак.ogg; plural: кулаки́, ''kulakí'', 'fist' or 'tight-fisted'), also kurkul () or golchomag (, plural: ), was the term which was used to describe peasants who owned over ...

s" by the state. Eventually, there was a revolt in 1933 by many Khanty with support from the Forest

Nenets The Nenets (; ), in the past also called 'Samoyeds' or 'Yuraks', are a Samoyedic ethnic group native to Arctic Russia, Russian Far North. According to the latest census in 2021, there were 49,646 Nenets in the Russian Federation, most of them l ...

, which was later known as the Kazym rebellion. The revolt began in the lake

Numto Numto () is a freshwater lake in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia.Google Earth The village of Numto, Beloyarsky District, Numto, part of the Kazym rural settlement, is located at the southwestern of the lake by its Coast, shore. Historically ...

area and spread to the town of Kazym. Within several weeks it was crushed by the

Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union. The army was established in January 1918 by a decree of the Council of People ...

, which was reported to have slaughtered dozens of villagers and burned their homes. This was the last known conflict between the Siberian tribes and Russia.Pimanov A.S., Piyukov A.N. ''Unrest of the indigenous population in Kazym in 1930-1933'' // Yearbook of the Tyumen Regional Museum of Local Lore. 1998. - Tyumen, 1994.

In literature and cinema

, a Khanty writer, wrote a novel titled ''Our Lady in the blood-splattered snow'' (), which was published in 2002 and served as a basis for a movie named ''The Khanty Saga'' () produced in 2008.Актер Русского театра снялся в киносаге о хантах
08.12.2008, Finno-Ugor national center. The novel is a fictionalized version of the rebellion.

References

{{reflist, 2

External links

Khanty Conflicts in 1933 Rebellions in Asia 1933 in the Soviet Union Rebellions in the Soviet Union

History

In literature and cinema

See also

References

External links