Kaunas Castle
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Kaunas Castle () is a
medieval In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of World history (field), global history. It began with the fall of the West ...
castle in
Kaunas Kaunas (; ) is the second-largest city in Lithuania after Vilnius, the fourth largest List of cities in the Baltic states by population, city in the Baltic States and an important centre of Lithuanian economic, academic, and cultural life. Kaun ...
, the second-largest city in
Lithuania Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, P ...
. Archeological evidence suggests that it was built during the mid-14th century in the Gothic style. Its site is strategic—a rise on the banks of the Nemunas River near its
confluence In geography, a confluence (also ''conflux'') occurs where two or more watercourses join to form a single channel (geography), channel. A confluence can occur in several configurations: at the point where a tributary joins a larger river (main ...
with the
Neris The river Neris () or Vilija (, ) rises in northern Belarus. It flows westward, passing through Vilnius (Lithuania's capital) and in the south-centre of that country it flows into the Nemunas (Neman) from the right bank, at Kaunas, as its ma ...
River. About one-third of the castle stood at the beginning of the 21st century.


History


14th century

The precise construction date of the first Kaunas Castle is unknown. Archaeological data suggests that a stone castle was built on the site during the middle of the 14th century. Situated on an elevated bank near the river junction about from the capital city of
Vilnius Vilnius ( , ) is the capital of and List of cities in Lithuania#Cities, largest city in Lithuania and the List of cities in the Baltic states by population, most-populous city in the Baltic states. The city's estimated January 2025 population w ...
, it served as a strategic outpost. It guarded nearby cities as well as trade routes. The castle was the property of the Ruler of Lithuania. A written account states that in 1361, the Grand Master of the
Teutonic Knights The Teutonic Order is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem was formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to t ...
Winrich von Kniprode issued an order to gather information about the castle, specifically the thickness of its walls, as preparation for an assault on the castle. In March–April 1362, the castle was besieged by the Teutonic Order. During this attack, the Knights constructed a
siege tower A Roman siege tower or breaching tower (or in the Middle Ages, a belfry''Castle: Stephen Biesty's Cross-Sections''. Dorling Kindersley Pub (T); 1st American edition (September 1994). Siege towers were invented in 300 BC. ) is a specialized siege ...
and erected wall-penetration machinery; primitive firearms might have been used since
gunpowder Gunpowder, also commonly known as black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive. It consists of a mixture of sulfur, charcoal (which is mostly carbon), and potassium nitrate, potassium ni ...
technology was emerging in Europe. At that time, the castle walls were over high when its firing galleries were factored in. According to Wigand of Marburg, the castle's garrison consisted of about 400 Lithuanian soldiers, commanded by Vaidotas, son of Duke Kęstutis. After three weeks, the Knights breached the castle's walls and soon took the castle. On Easter Sunday in 1362, the Knights conducted a
Mass Mass is an Intrinsic and extrinsic properties, intrinsic property of a physical body, body. It was traditionally believed to be related to the physical quantity, quantity of matter in a body, until the discovery of the atom and particle physi ...
at the castle to commemorate their victory. Apparently, of the castle's defense force of 400, only 36 survived. Questions remain about the castle's defenders' lack of support from outside during the siege. In any event, Kęstutis soon regained and rebuilt Kaunas Castle, but it remained a point of contention between Lithuanians and Teutonic Knights for many years. In 1384, Kaunas Castle was re-captured by the Teutonic Knights. At this time, Grand Master Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein began the reconstruction of Kaunas Castle and renamed it Marienwerder. The Knights' presence in Kaunas threatened the entire defensive system of castles along the Nemunas. Confronting this situation, the Lithuanians attacked the castle later the same year. The Lithuanians likely mustered an army near Vilnius as a strategic maneuver since Lithuanians could use the downstream flow of the Neris River to transport artillery and military provisions from Vilnius; the Knights likely used overland or upstream transport. During the 1384 assault, the Lithuanians deployed cannons and trebuchets; the besieged Teutonic Knights had also installed cannons in the castle, which destroyed the Lithuanians' trebuchet. Nevertheless, the Lithuanians took the castle.


Rebuilt

After 1398, the Teutonic Knights could no longer reconquer the castle. Soon after the reconquest Lithuanians began rebuilding and strengthening it. New, thicker walls were construstructed: 3–3.5 meters thick and over 10 meters high. The foundations were widened outwards to allow for this, maintaining the dimensions of the castle's yard. Upon completion of construction the Castle was adapted for withstanding the most up-to-date wall breaking techniques of the time. The castle then had four towers: it is known that the south–eastern tower was rounded, south–western – quadrangle and both of them were four–storey tall. The garrison size of 600 soldiers was recorded in 1409. Following the
Battle of Grunwald The Battle of Grunwald was fought on 15 July 1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. The alliance of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila), a ...
, Kaunas Castle began to be used mainly as a residence and an administrative centre of state affairs. At least one, possibly more, of the four castle's towers was converted for the residential purposes. Vytautas the Great stayed here frequently,
Władysław II Jagiełło Jogaila (; 1 June 1434), later Władysław II Jagiełło (),Other names include (; ) (see also Names and titles of Władysław II Jagiełło) was Grand Duke of Lithuania beginning in 1377 and starting in 1386, becoming King of Poland as well. ...
often organized gatherings in the castle. The Elder of Kaunas (''seniūnas''), title created in 1398, was tasked to preside over the castle and allowed to reside here. In confluence with the city being granted the
Magdeburg rights Magdeburg rights (, , ; also called Magdeburg Law) were a set of town privileges first developed by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (936–973) and based on the Flemish Law, which regulated the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages gr ...
in 1408, castle became the core centre of the administration. The castle's stature in serving the Grand Duchy's administrative purposes diminished after the death of Vytautas. One of the Castle's purposes then became being a prison for nobles and captives of war. Sheikh Ahmed, the last Khan, was jailed here. Sigismund Augustus gave this castle to his wife Barbara Radziwill in 1549. During the 16th century, the castle was strengthened and adapted to new defensive purposes by constructing an artillery
bastion A bastion is a structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of a fortification, most commonly angular in shape and positioned at the corners of the fort. The fully developed bastion consists of two faces and two flanks, with fire from the ...
near the round tower. The diameter of the bastion was about and the height of the bastion's walls was about ; the wall worked in conjunction with a defensive trench. A firing gallery linked with the tower was installed at the bottom of the bastion. In 1601, Kaunas Castle housed courts and an archive. At some time in 1611, the Neris River flooded part of the castle. Due to its convenient location, it was used by the Swedish military during its war with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, after which its military functions ceased. In the mid-17th century, large portions of the castle were again flooded. The castle was used as a prison in the 18th century; later, the Russian administration granted permission for houses to be built on the castle's territory, which resulted in significant damage to the castle.


Restoration

For many years afterward, Kaunas castle stood abandoned. Protection of the castle began in 1930; the residential houses within the yard of the Castle were demolished, and archeologists examined the territory. Further efforts to preserve the castle began in 1954. The round tower was repaired; the firing bastion was later excavated from beneath several overlying strata. The excavated bastion was in excellent condition. As part of its protection, temporary roofing was placed there and on the remaining towers and walls. The remaining portions of the round tower were not reconstructed to their original height, nor were the castle walls; the bigger parts are only the remaining foundations of the walls. Archeological excavations continued at Kaunas Castle, interrupted by periods of inactivity. The evidence gathered from these archeological works suggests that the castle's configuration, excluding the bastion, has remained in the form it took during its reconstruction in 1376. In the 1960s, the round tower was opened as a museum, but due to its structural deterioration, the museum was transferred elsewhere.


Current state

Major reconstruction work started in 2010 and ended in 2011. In 2011, a branch of the Kaunas City Museum was established in Kaunas Castle. The castle is open to tourism and hosts occasional festivals. In July 2018, the Freedom Warrior sculpture inspired by Lithuanian national symbol Vytis was erected near the castle. In 2019, Kaunas City museum with Kaunas Castle became a new Member of Association of Castles and Museums around the Baltic Sea.


In popular culture

Kaunas' city and castle were mentioned in the famous LithuanianThe Saxon Electors – The Grand Dukes of Lithuania, Vilnius, 2018, 608 p. and Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz poem ''
Konrad Wallenrod ''Konrad Wallenrod'' is an 1828 narrative poem, in Polish language, Polish, by Adam Mickiewicz, set in the 14th-century Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Mickiewicz wrote it, while living in St. Petersburg, Russia, in protest against the late-18th-cen ...
'' (1828), set in the 14th-century
Grand Duchy of Lithuania The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 Partitions of Poland, ...
.


See also

* List of castles in Lithuania * Gothic architecture in Lithuania * Kaunas Fortress


References


Further reading

* Kauno istorijos metraštis. Kaunas, V tomas, 2004 * S. Thurnbull. Crusader Castles of the Teutonic Knights. Osprey Publishing, 2003 * R. Jasas. Vygandas Marburgietis. Naujoji Prūsijos kronika. Vilnius, 1999


External links


Kaunas Castle, Kaunas City Museum

The Association of Castles and Museums around the Baltic Sea
{{Castles in Lithuania Brick Gothic Castles in Lithuania
Castle A castle is a type of fortification, fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by Military order (monastic society), military orders. Scholars usually consider a ''castle'' to be the private ...
Castle A castle is a type of fortification, fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by Military order (monastic society), military orders. Scholars usually consider a ''castle'' to be the private ...
Castle A castle is a type of fortification, fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by Military order (monastic society), military orders. Scholars usually consider a ''castle'' to be the private ...
Gothic architecture in Lithuania Castles of the Teutonic Knights Tourist attractions in Kaunas Castles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Objects listed in Lithuanian Registry of Cultural Property Rebuilt buildings and structures in Lithuania Kaunas Old Town