Katibat Al-Sheikh Al-Emireen

A number of Islamist groups opposed to Hamas have had a presence in the Gaza Strip, a part of the Palestinian territories. These groups began appearing in the Gaza Strip in the months leading up to and following the Israeli disengagement from the region in 2005 and have maintained a presence even after the 2007 Battle of Gaza, when Hamas wrestled control of the Gaza Strip from its rival Fatah, establishing its own de facto government in the area. Most have been engaged in an ongoing insurgency in Gaza.

Hamas is itself also an Islamist organization. Nonetheless, these rival groups have rejected Hamas' adherence to Palestinian nationalism and its participation in Palestinian elections. Instead, according to analyst Benedetta Berti, the rivals follow a hardline Salafi jihadist ideology that condemns nationalism and participation in non-Sharia political systems.

Most of these groups appear to have peaked in activity around the late 2000s and early to mid 2010s, and several of them participated as well in the Sinai insurgency in Egypt (2011-2023). Today, they hold only a marginal presence in the Gaza Strip and have been described as being "held in a choke-hold" by Hamas.

Besides several documented groups, there have been a number of smaller, loosely affiliated cells that adopt a variety of front names to perpetrate attacks.

Ideological conflicts with Hamas

Islamist militant groups in the Gaza Strip, which are critical of Hamas, have several general points of unity:
* Opposition to Palestinian nationalism and adherence to pan-Islamism
* Opposition to democracy and other aspects of secularism.
* Opposition to Shia Islam, on the grounds that most of Hamas' allies are Shia, including Iran and Hezbollah.
* Opposition to Hamas' tolerance of perceived liberal attitudes and culture among the Gazan population, including tolerance of music.

Background

Salafism was first introduced into the Gaza Strip in the 1970s by Palestinian students who had returned from studying abroad at religious schools in Saudi Arabia. The early movement was seen as helping Saudi efforts to propagate Wahhabism (which is often seen as a subset of Salafism) and counter the Iranian Shia Islam of Ruhollah Khomeini. According to journalist Jared Maslin, a number of Salafi groups in the Gaza Strip continue to receive support and funding from the Saudi government today.

The first documented Salafi organization in the Gaza Strip was "Dar al-Kitab wa-al-Sunna" (House of the Book and Sunnah), established in 1975 by Sheikh Yasin al-Astal, which was non-violent and focused on preaching and education. During this time, Gazan Salafis distanced themselves from Palestinian politics and the struggle against Israel. Many Palestinians distrusted them, and as a result they were sometimes marginalized and isolated.

The integration of jihadist ideology into Gazan Salafism began in the 2000s, and appears to have correlated with similar radicalization processes in the Sinai; the first reports on "violent Salafis" date to this period as well. After a period of stagnation, a number of Salafi jihadist groups began to appear in 2005 as Israel prepared for its disengagement from the Gaza Strip.

More groups formed around 2007 in reaction to Hamas taking control of the Gaza Strip.

Documented groups based in Gaza

Popular Forces

The Popular Forces, also known as the Anti-Terror Service, is an Israeli-backed and Islamic State-linked Palestinian armed group in the Gaza Strip led by Yasser Abu Shabab. It is opposed to Hamas and supported by Israel.

The group, which has been described as a gang or militia, is made up of approximately 300 men who operate in eastern Rafah. Israeli support for the Popular Forces was only revealed in June 2025, but the group has been active since the beginning of the Rafah offensive in May 2024. ''The Times of Israel'' reported that before the Gaza war, the group was known for smuggling weapons to the Islamic State and other terrorist groups during the Sinai insurgency.

During the ongoing Gaza war, Abu Shabab has claimed that the Popular Forces has cleared Hamas forces out of eastern Rafah. The group stated that it protects civilians from “the terror" of the " Hamas government” and from “aid thieves". The group has looted humanitarian aid entering the Gaza Strip.

Israeli officials acknowledged sending weapons to the Popular Forces, as part of a program of arming and supporting anti-Hamas elements and clans in the Gaza Strip. Abu Shabab has denied any collaboration with Israel, and has claimed that his group is backed by the Palestinian Authority, which was however denied by a Palestinian Authority spokesman.

Israeli opposition leader Avigdor Lieberman, an unnamed Israeli security official, and the Hamas interior ministry have alleged that the Popular Forces is affiliated with ISIS, and some of their prominent figures were identified as former ISIS militants who fought against the Egyptian army in the Sinai. Abu Shabab denied the allegations, labelling them as propaganda.

Army of Islam

Jaysh al-Islam ("The Army of Islam") was founded in late 2005 by the Dogmush clan, a Gazan criminal family. It was initially close to Hamas, and they participated together in the kidnapping of Israeli Defense Forces soldier Gilad Shalit in 2006. The group also carried out the kidnapping of two Fox News journalists in 2006.

The Army of Islam began to turn against Hamas in the months preceding the latter's takeover of Gaza, and organized the kidnapping of British journalist Alan Johnston in March 2007 with the likely intention of embarrassing Hamas. After it seized power in June 2007, Hamas was able to secure Johnston's release, and subsequently began to suppress the Army of Islam's activities, which nonetheless continued sporadically and included attacks on co-ed schools, local Christians, and a YMCA building.

Egyptian authorities stated that the January 2011 Alexandria bombing was carried out by the Army of Islam. The attack, which targeted Coptic Christians, was the deadliest act of violence against the community in a decade, since the Kosheh massacre in 2000 which left 20 Copts dead.

The group participated in the Sinai insurgency alongside Al-Tawhid wal-Jihad and the Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem, and smuggled members into the Gaza Strip for training, later sending them back to the Sinai Peninsula to carry out attacks. Army of Islam members linked to the August 2012 Sinai attack have reportedly sought refuge in the Gaza Strip.

In a 2019 interview, the Army of Islam condemned Hamas as an "apostate" group.

Jaysh al-Ummah

Jaysh al-Ummah ("The Army of the Ummah") formed in June 2007 and took credit for firing three rockets into Israel that month. Unlike other groups, it has avoided claiming responsibility for internal attacks inside Gaza and instead has focused on attacks on Israel. In January 2008 they declared their intent to assassinate American president George W. Bush and stressed their alignment with Al-Qaeda. Abu Hafs al-Maqdisi, the group's leader, condemned Hamas for not implementing Sharia law, and would end up temporarily detained by Hamas himself. Since then, the two groups have had a mutual hostility but refrain from openly fighting.

Jaysh al-Ummah nonetheless fought alongside Hamas in the 2012 Gaza conflict and the 2014 Gaza War. It claimed responsibility for a rocket attack on Israel in 2019 and also claimed to have taken part in the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, shooting rockets at Israeli targets. During the 2023 Gaza war, the group reported that it attacked IDF troops in the Gaza Strip.

Swords of Truth (Suyuf al-Haq)

, also known by their Arabic name ( or 'The Swords of Righteousness'), is or was a "veteran" group primarily concentrated in Beit Hanoun in the northern Gaza Strip. It is supposedly led by former Hamas cleric Abu Suheib al-Maqdisi, who left Hamas to protest its decision to take part in the 2006 Palestinian legislative elections.

Suyuf al-Haq has organized attacks against targets they deem immoral or un-Islamic, such as internet cafes, claiming they blew up more than 50 "morally corrupted" businesses in 2007. The group has conducted an acid attack against a young woman dressed "provocatively", attacked a young man listening to music, and threatened Christians. In 2007, the group orchestrated the assassination of senior Palestinian intelligence officer Colonel Jed Tayya, whom it accused of being a Mossad agent. In June 2007, they issued a threat towards Gazan female television broadcasters, warning that they would "cut throats, and from vein to vein, if needed to protect the spirit and moral of this nation", demanding they cease wearing Western-style clothing and makeup. An unnamed Palestinian senior security official accused Hamas of funding the group, which Hamas denied.

Jihadia Salafiya

is or was a group mainly known for its threats against Christians. Their leader, Abu Saqer, said in 2007 that Hamas "must work to impose an Islamic rule or it will lose the authority it has and the will of the people" and that Christians "must be ready for Islamic rule if they want to live in peace in Gaza". The group demanded as well an end to Christian missionary activity in the Gaza Strip.

Jihadia Salafiya was also suspected of attacking a United Nations school in the region which hosted a co-ed sporting event.

Jund Ansar Allah

Jund Ansar Allah ("The Army of God's Supporters") was a Rafah-based group that first surfaced in late 2008. In 2009 the group attempted an attack on the formerly existing Karni border crossing between the Gaza Strip and Israel. Jund Ansar Allah militants holed up in a building in Khan Yunis surrendered in a standoff with Hamas police in July 2009. Hamas officials also blamed the group for the bombings of several internet cafes, and of a wedding party attended by relatives of the West Bank-based Fatah leader, Mohammed Dahlan, in which fifty people were injured. Jund Ansar Allah denied any responsibility for the latter attack, and Fatah leaders blamed Hamas.

In August 2009, Jund Ansar Allah launched a revolt against Hamas, establishing the short-lived " Islamic Emirate of Rafah"; the rebellion was crushed by Hamas after a day of fighting, resulting in the group being virtually destroyed and its leaders killed. Remnants of the group did however claim responsibility for rocket attacks against Israel in October 2009 and March 2010.

Al-Tawhid wal-Jihad

Jahafil Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad fi Filastin ("The Armies of Monotheism and Jihad in Palestine") emerged in 2008 and has been responsible for rocket attacks against Israel and attacks against Gazan Christians. The group participated in the Sinai insurgency alongside the Army of Islam and the Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem. Notably, it kidnapped and murdered Vittorio Arrigoni, an Italian peace activist who supported the Palestinian cause, in April 2011. The group said that if their imprisoned leader Hesham al-Sa'eedni was not released by Hamas, they would execute Arrigoni. However, he was found dead well before the deadline; Hamas stormed the house where he was being held and successfully fought the abductors, but found him hanged. The ''Los Angeles Times'' commented:

e kidnapping raised questions about Hamas' control over Gaza, and it represents the latest example of how smaller, more radical groups in the territory—some with alleged ties to Al Qaeda—are challenging the rule of Hamas, which itself is viewed by Israel and the United States as a terrorist organization. Those groups complain that Hamas has become too moderate.

Following Arrigoni's murder, Hamas launched a successful crackdown on Tawhid al-Jihad.

Ansar al-Sunnah

Ansar al-Sunnah was a group for a 2010 rocket attack on Israel which killed one foreign worker from Thailand.

Liwa al-Tawhid and Kataeb al-Tawhid

Kataeb al-Tawhid ("the Monotheism Brigades") is the militant wing of Liwa al-Tawhid. They were a group that emerged in 2009. It claimed a cadre of several hundred fighters and an expertise in “RPG rockets, kalashnikovs, explosive devices, and mines, but we are trained in everything, including martyrdom.” “Liwa al-Tawhid” is an extension of the “ al-Tawhid and wal-Jihad Brigades” and “ Jund Ansar Allah”.

Jaljalat

Jaljalat ("Thunder") is or was a "loosely-structured" group aligned with Al-Qaeda and composed largely of former Hamas personnel. The group voiced its condemnation of Hamas and organized two bombing attacks against Hamas government buildings in August 2009 as revenge against the suppression of Jund Ansar Allah earlier that month. In September 2009, Jaljalat revealed that it had attempted to assassinated former US president Jimmy Carter and former UK prime minister Tony Blair, but the plot had been foiled by Hamas. Hamas captured the group's leader, Mahmoud Taleb, in October 2009.

Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade

The Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade surfaced in 2015 and is affiliated with IS. The group was responsible for the Askhelon rocket attacks into Israel that year. Hamas raided the home of their leader Yunis Hunnar in June 2015; he was shot dead while resisting arrest.

Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem

The Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem (MSC) was formed in 2011 or 2012 by Hisham al-Saedni to unify Tawhid wal-Jihad, Ansar al-Sunnah, and several other Salafi-jihadist groups. It declared allegiance to IS in 2014. By 2022, according to the United States, MSC had been inactive for years.

Jama'at Ansar al-Dawla al-Islamiyya fi Bayt al-Maqdis

Jama'at Ansar al-Dawla al-Islamiyya fi Bayt al-Maqdis ("Supporters of the Islamic State in Jerusalem") was a group that assassinated Saber Siam, a Hamas commander, in a car bombing, and fired mortar shells at an Al-Qassam Brigades headquarters in Khan Yunis.

Aknaf Beit al-Makdis

Aknaf Beit al-Makdis was a IS-affiliated group that launched two rocket attacks on Sderot, Israel in 2016.

Katibat al-Sheikh al-Emireen

Katibat al-Sheikh al-Emireen was a Islamic State-affiliated group that launched Katyusha rockets at Nir Oz in Israel in May 11, 2021 during 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis

Lions of Monotheism

The Lions of Monotheism was a group that firebombed five Christian churches in September 2006 in response to the controversy over Pope Benedict XVI's comments on Islam. While one of the church attacks occurred in the Gaza Strip, the other four were carried out in Nablus, in the West Bank. Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh, who was at that time prime minister of the Palestinian Authority, condemned the attacks.

Masada al-Mujahideen

Masada al-Mujahideen was a group associated with Al-Qaeda which was notable for its focus on starting forest fires with arson attacks. It clashed with Israel, Hamas, and even Jaysh al-Ummah in the early 2010s. It claimed responsibility for more than a dozen forest fires inside Israeli territory between 2010 and 2013. The group even went so far as to claim they were behind forest fires in the United States in 2012 and 2013, namely in the states of Arizona and Nevada, but their claims were disproven by American officials.

Jaish al Mu'minun

Jaish al-Mu'minun was also known as "Al-Qaeda in Palestine" and carried out the killing of Rami Ayyad, owner of a Christian bookshop in Gaza City.

Jund Allah

Jund Allah was reportedly the first ever Salafi-jihadist group to carry out an attack in the Gaza Strip, in 2001, though the exact date and target of this attack is unknown. It later carried out attacks with Suyuf al-Haq and other groups in the turmoil that followed the 2006 elections.

Demographics

Salafi-jihadists in the Gaza Strip are predominantly self-radicalized Palestinians, some of which are former Hamas and Fatah members. A few dozen Salafi-jihadist militants in Gaza are of foreign origin, including some Iraqis who entered the territory through Egypt. According to Israeli security officials, Jund Ansar Allah in particular had a few militants from Egypt, Yemen, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.

Overall, this Salafi-jihadi "network" consists of approximately 4,000–5,000 members and may have as many as 50,000 supporters.

See also

* Islamism in the Gaza Strip
* The Sinai insurgency in the Gaza Strip
* Fatah–Hamas conflict
* Islamic fundamentalism
* Palestinian Joint Operations Room

Note

References

Islamist groups
Hamas
Gaza Strip
Salafi Islamist groups
Sinai insurgency
Islamism in Palestine
Palestinian Islamists
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