Karl Fiehler (31 August 1895 – 8 December 1969) was a German

Nazi Party The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( or NSDAP), was a far-right politics, far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism. Its precursor ...

(NSDAP) official and Mayor of Munich from 1933 until 1945. He was an early member of the Nazi Party having joined in 1920. In 1933, he became a ''

Reichsleiter (, ) was the second-highest political rank in the Nazi Party (NSDAP), subordinate only to the office of . also functioned as a paramilitary rank within the NSDAP and was the highest rank attainable in any Nazi organisation. Each reported d ...

'' in the party and was a member of the Reichstag. In March 1933, he was appointed Mayor of Munich and held that post until the end of

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

in Europe. During his time as mayor, Fiehler was zealously

antisemitic Antisemitism or Jew-hatred is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who harbours it is called an antisemite. Whether antisemitism is considered a form of racism depends on the school of thought. Antisemi ...

and saw to it that the Jewish population of the city was persecuted. After the war in January 1949, Fiehler was sentenced to two years in a labour camp, but the sentence was suspended given the previous three-and-a-half years of detention he had already served.

Early life

Fiehler was born in

Braunschweig Braunschweig () or Brunswick ( ; from Low German , local dialect: ) is a List of cities and towns in Germany, city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river Oker, which connects it to the ...

German Empire The German Empire (),; ; World Book, Inc. ''The World Book dictionary, Volume 1''. World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany. also referred to as Imperia ...

. As a child, he attended a secondary modern school in

Munich Munich is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria, Germany. As of 30 November 2024, its population was 1,604,384, making it the third-largest city in Germany after Berlin and Hamburg. Munich is the largest city in Germany that is no ...

and afterwards he began a merchant apprenticeship, which he continued in

Schleswig-Holstein Schleswig-Holstein (; ; ; ; ; occasionally in English ''Sleswick-Holsatia'') is the Northern Germany, northernmost of the 16 states of Germany, comprising most of the historical Duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of S ...

in 1914. Fiehler served in

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

and was decorated with the

Iron Cross The Iron Cross (, , abbreviated EK) was a military decoration in the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire (1871–1918), and Nazi Germany (1933–1945). The design, a black cross pattée with a white or silver outline, was derived from the in ...

, second class. In 1919 he entered the local government of the city of Munich as an administration trainee and in 1922 successfully passed the examination for the administrative and clerical grade.

Nazi Party career

By 1920 he had already joined the

with the membership number 37. In 1923, Karl Fiehler became a member of the ''

Stoßtrupp-Hitler Stoßtrupp-Hitler (German for " Shock-Troop-Hitler") was a short-lived bodyguard unit formed especially for the protection of Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler in 1923. It was dedicated to his service alone. Notable members included Rudolf Hess, J ...

'' (Shock Troop-Hitler), that had been established to provide personal protect for Hitler. On 8 and 9 November 1923, he participated actively in the failed

Beer Hall Putsch The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch,Dan Moorhouse, ed schoolshistory.org.uk, accessed 2008-05-31.Known in German as the or was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler, Erich Ludendorff and other leaders i ...

. For his participation, Fiehler was sentenced to 15 months' ('fortress confinement') in Landsberg fortress. From 1924 until 1933 he was an honorary

alderman An alderman is a member of a Municipal government, municipal assembly or council in many jurisdictions founded upon English law with similar officials existing in the Netherlands (wethouder) and Belgium (schepen). The term may be titular, denotin ...

and in 1929 he outlined the principles of Nazi local politics in his 80-page booklet "National Socialist Municipal Policy", printed by the Munich publishing house ''"Franz-Eher-Verlag"'', which was the central party publisher of the NSDAP. During the 1930s he published on several occasions concerning local politics in Germany from a National Socialist point of view. Fiehler, who—as an early Nazi Party member—was not only allowed to call himself proudly ''" Alter Kämpfer"'' (Old Combatant), which meant members who had joined the Party before the Nazi takeover on 30 January 1933, but could also call himself one of the ''"Alte Garde"'' (Old Guard) pre-eminent in the hierarchy as (party members with membership numbers under 100,000) and climbed the party career ladder rapidly. From 1927 until 1930 he was the ''Ortsgruppenleiter'' (local chapter leader) of the Nazi Party in Munich.

In power

Following the ''

Machtergreifung The rise to power of Adolf Hitler, dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945, began in the newly established Weimar Republic in September 1919, when Hitler joined the '' Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'' (DAP; German Workers' Party). He quickly rose t ...

'' (Seizure of Power) of January 1933, Fiehler's rise in the party continued. From June 1933 until the end of the

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalit ...

in May 1945, he held the rank of a ''

'', the second highest political rank in the NSDAP. He served at first as a secretary and afterwards as the head of the Main Office for Municipal Policy. He also belonged to the top-level management circle of the Nazi Party and being one of the twenty most intimate co-workers of Hitler in the NSDAP organization moved up the ranks quickly. He was also made a member of the

Academy for German Law The Academy for German Law () was an institute for legal research and reform founded on 26 June 1933 in Nazi Germany. After suspending its operations during the Second World War in August 1944, it was abolished after the fall of the Nazi regime on ...

. On 31 July 1933 he joined the SS with the rank of SS-''

Standartenführer __NOTOC__ ''Standartenführer'' (short: ''Staf'', , ) was a Nazi Party (NSDAP) paramilitary rank that was used in several NSDAP organizations, such as the SA, SS, NSKK and the NSFK. First founded as a title in 1925, in 1928 it became one of ...

'', being promoted on 24 December 1933 to SS-''

Oberführer __NOTOC__ ''Oberführer'' (short: ''Oberf'', , ) was an early paramilitary rank of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) dating back to 1921. An ''Oberführer'' was typically an NSDAP member in charge of a group of paramilitary units in a particular geograph ...

'' and on 27 January 1934 to SS-''

Gruppenführer __NOTOC__ ''Gruppenführer'' (, ) was an early paramilitary rank of the Nazi Party (NSDAP), first created in 1925 as a senior rank of the SA. Since then, the term ''Gruppenführer'' is also used for leaders of groups/teams of the police, fire d ...

''. From November 1933 until 1945, Fiehler was also a member from electoral constituency 24, Upper Bavaria-Swabia, of the Nazi '' Reichstag'' which existed after the

Enabling Act of 1933 The Enabling Act of 1933 ( German: ', officially titled ' ), was a law that gave the German Cabinet—most importantly, the chancellor, Adolf Hitler—the power to make and enforce laws without the involvement of the Reichstag or President Pa ...

and the so-called ''

Gleichschaltung The Nazi term (), meaning "synchronization" or "coordination", was the process of Nazification by which Adolf Hitler—leader of the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, Germany—established a system of totalitarian control and coordination over all ...

'' (synchronization). On 30 January 1942, Fiehler was promoted to SS-''

Obergruppenführer (, ) was a paramilitary rank in Nazi Germany that was first created in 1932 as a rank of the ''Sturmabteilung'' (SA) and adopted by the ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) one year later. Until April 1942, it was the highest commissioned SS rank after ...

'' and was assigned to the ''Stab Reichsführer-SS'' (RFSS) (Staff ''Reichsführer-SS'')

Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (; 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was a German Nazism, Nazi politician and military leader who was the 4th of the (Protection Squadron; SS), a leading member of the Nazi Party, and one of the most powerful p ...

on 1 April 1936 where he remained until 9 November 1944.

Mayor of Munich

On 9 March 1933 the ''

Sturmabteilung The (; SA; or 'Storm Troopers') was the original paramilitary organisation under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party of Germany. It played a significant role in Adolf Hitler's rise to power, Hitler's rise to power in the 1920s and early 1930s. I ...

'' (SA) occupied the Munich town hall and unfurled the

swastika The swastika (卐 or 卍, ) is a symbol used in various Eurasian religions and cultures, as well as a few Indigenous peoples of Africa, African and Indigenous peoples of the Americas, American cultures. In the Western world, it is widely rec ...

flag. Despite then First Mayor Karl Scharnagl, who belonged to the conservative Bavarian People's Party (BVP) and who defied the Nazis for eleven days on the top of the old city administration. However, on 20 March 1933 Adolf Wagner, Nazi Home Secretary of the

Free State of Bavaria Bavaria, officially the Free State of Bavaria, is a state in the southeast of Germany. With an area of , it is the largest German state by land area, comprising approximately 1/5 of the total land area of Germany, and with over 13.08 million ...

and ''

Gauleiter A ''Gauleiter'' () was a regional leader of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) who served as the head of a ''Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany, Gau'' or ''Reichsgau''. ''Gauleiter'' was the third-highest Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party, rank in ...

'' of Munich and

Upper Bavaria Upper Bavaria (, ; ) is one of the seven administrative regions of Bavaria, Germany. Geography Upper Bavaria is located in the southern portion of Bavaria, and is centered on the city of Munich, both state capital and seat of the district gove ...

, appointed Karl Fiehler Provisional First Mayor. On 20 May 1933, Fiehler received the title ''Oberbürgermeister'' (Lord Mayor), a title that did not exist in Munich prior to that time. All parties and organizations opposing the political ''Gleichschaltung'' were forbidden as a result of the National Socialist takeover, in Munich as well as throughout Germany. The "

Book burning Book burning is the deliberate destruction by fire of books or other written materials, usually carried out in a public context. The burning of books represents an element of censorship and usually proceeds from a cultural, religious, or politic ...

" (''Bücherverbrennung'') on the '' Königsplatz Square'' in front of the '' Staatliche Antikensammlung'' (Antiquity Collection) on 10 May 1933, the persecution of "non-folkish" (''nicht- völkisch'') writers, artists and scientists caused an exodus of Munich's intellectual elite.

Thomas Mann Paul Thomas Mann ( , ; ; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novell ...

and his family did not return from a journey abroad. On 22 March 1933, the Provisional Police Chief of Munich, Heinrich Himmler, opened the

Dachau concentration camp Dachau (, ; , ; ) was one of the first concentration camps built by Nazi Germany and the longest-running one, opening on 22 March 1933. The camp was initially intended to intern Hitler's political opponents, which consisted of communists, s ...

. In 1933, the "German Association of Cities" ( Deutscher Städtetag) was forced to merge with other municipal umbrella organizations to form the ''"Deutscher Gemeindetag"'' (German Local Authorities Association). Fiehler was appointed chairman of this unity organization. The administrative office was situated on ''Alsenstraße'' in the

Berlin-Tiergarten Tiergarten (, literally ''Animal Garden'', historically meaning ''deer park'' or hunting ''game park'') is a locality within the borough of Mitte, in central Berlin (Germany). Notable for the great and homonymous urban park, before German reunifi ...

district. On 2 August 1935 a memorable conversation took place between Hitler and Karl Fiehler in the course of which Munich received a new

epithet An epithet (, ), also a byname, is a descriptive term (word or phrase) commonly accompanying or occurring in place of the name of a real or fictitious person, place, or thing. It is usually literally descriptive, as in Alfred the Great, Suleima ...

: ''Hauptstadt der Bewegung'' (Capital of the Movement). This "title" was given to remind the Germans of the NSDAP origins in Bavaria's metropolis. During the 1930s a number of model buildings, prime examples of grandiose Nazi architecture, had been erected by Paul Ludwig Troost, the predecessor of

Albert Speer Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer (; ; 19 March 1905 – 1 September 1981) was a German architect who served as Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production, Minister of Armaments and War Production in Nazi Germany during most of W ...

as Hitler's "Court Master Builder", in Munich. A radical remodelling of Munich was intended, in which Fiehler wanted to illustrate as editor of the pictorial book ''München baut auf. Ein Tatsachen- und Bildbericht über den nationalsozialistischen Aufbau in der Hauptstadt der Bewegung'' ("Munich Rebuilds. A Factual and Pictorial Report on National Socialist Reconstruction in the Capital of the Movement"). By amalgamations on a grand scale, particularly in the west (''Pasing'' district), the Munich population figure increased considerably from 746,000 (1936) to 889,000 (1943). Nevertheless, major projects like the relocation of the Munich Central Station to ''Laim'' district, did not get beyond the planning stage.

Persecution of the Jews

Munich under Fiehler became the vanguard wherever it concerned actions against Jews. In the spring of 1933 the first systematic boycott against Jewish shops was very zealously carried out by Fiehler. On 30 March he decreed this sanction with anticipatory obedience, as the "official" date was actually 1 April. The SA and SS had been terrorising Jewish businessmen since the very beginning of March and had been taking them into ''Schutzhaft'' (protective custody). Fiehler proscribed—without any legal basis—municipal contracts with so called "non-German" companies. SA sentries bedaubed the fronts of Jewish shops with inscriptions like "Jew", the "

Star of David The Star of David (, , ) is a symbol generally recognized as representing both Jewish identity and Judaism. Its shape is that of a hexagram: the compound of two equilateral triangles. A derivation of the Seal of Solomon was used for decora ...

" or "On vacation in Dachau!". Shop windows were smashed and their clients were intimidated, being mobbed by SA men who molested, registered and even photographed them. Later on the City of Munich hurried, in a quite exceptional manner, with the demolition of Jewish places of worship. The Minister of propaganda,

Joseph Goebbels Paul Joseph Goebbels (; 29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German Nazism, Nazi politician and philologist who was the ''Gauleiter'' (district leader) of Berlin, chief Propaganda in Nazi Germany, propagandist for the Nazi Party, and ...

, had already commenced the destruction of Munich's main synagogue in June 1938, just to find out, whether the public's reaction would be shock or indifference. The apathetic behaviour of the population would encourage the Nazis to further new outrages. On 9 November 1938 almost the whole Nazi Party elite convened for a social evening at the invitation of the Lord Mayor Fiehler in the Great Hall of Munich's
Old Guildhall
'. A vicious antisemitic diatribe by Goebbels was, for the attendant SA and party-leaders, the signal for a general hunt on Jews. Numerous men and women were killed, tortured and injured in this night of pogrom, which was euphemistically referred to as '' Reichskristallnacht'' (Night of Broken Glass) in Germany afterwards. Many Jewish institutions, synagogues and shops fell prey to this devastation. Munich's Municipal Cemeteries Department under Fiehler behaved in an absurd, strictly antisemitic, manner. It adamantly refused even deceased Christians of Jewish descent cremation or burials. Moreover, so-called "

Jewish Christians Jewish Christians were the followers of a Jewish religious sect that emerged in Roman Judea during the late Second Temple period, under the Herodian tetrarchy (1st century AD). These Jews believed that Jesus was the prophesied Messiah and t ...

" were no longer allowed to be buried in their own family graves, which had been in existence for generations. The Department referred bureaucratically to surviving dependants as the "Israelite Community". Amongst other things it was no longer allowed to wear

Protestant Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes Justification (theology), justification of sinners Sola fide, through faith alone, the teaching that Salvation in Christianity, salvation comes by unmerited Grace in Christianity, divin ...

vestment Vestments are Liturgy, liturgical garments and articles associated primarily with the Christianity, Christian religion, especially by Eastern Christianity, Eastern Churches, Catholic Church, Catholics (of all rites), Lutherans, and Anglicans. ...

s at a funeral in a Jewish-orthodox graveyard. Johannes Zwanzger, who was appointed head of the "Munich aid office for non-Aryan Christians", formulated a letter of complaint to Lord Mayor Fiehler on behalf of the Bavarian Lutheran Regional

Consistory Consistory is the anglicized form of the consistorium, a council of the closest advisors of the Roman emperors. It can also refer to: *A papal consistory, a formal meeting of the Sacred College of Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church *Consistor ...

in December 1938, without any success. During

genocide Genocide is violence that targets individuals because of their membership of a group and aims at the destruction of a people. Raphael Lemkin, who first coined the term, defined genocide as "the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group" by ...

followed the

disfranchisement Disfranchisement, also disenfranchisement (which has become more common since 1982) or voter disqualification, is the restriction of suffrage (the right to vote) of a person or group of people, or a practice that has the effect of preventing someo ...

of Jews. On 20 November 1941 the first transport of 1,000 Jewish men and women departed from Munich for

Riga Riga ( ) is the capital, Primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Latvia, largest city of Latvia. Home to 591,882 inhabitants (as of 2025), the city accounts for a third of Latvia's total population. The population of Riga Planni ...

. The fictitious reason given to the scared people was that it was a matter of " evacuation". The transport was re-routed to

Kaunas Kaunas (; ) is the second-largest city in Lithuania after Vilnius, the fourth largest List of cities in the Baltic states by population, city in the Baltic States and an important centre of Lithuanian economic, academic, and cultural life. Kaun ...

Lithuania Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, P ...

, because the

Riga Ghetto Riga Ghetto was a small area in Maskavas Forštate, a neighbourhood of Riga, Latvia, where Nazis forced Latvian Jewish, Jews from Latvia, and later from the German "Reich" (Germany, Austria, Bohemia, and Moravia), to live during World War II. On ...

was overcrowded at that time. Just after their arrival there, the deportees were murdered in a mass shooting by members of the ''

Einsatzgruppen (, ; also 'task forces') were (SS) paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass murder, primarily by shooting, during World War II (1939–1945) in German-occupied Europe. The had an integral role in the imp ...

A'' under the command of SS-''

Brigadeführer ''Brigadeführer'' (, ) was a paramilitary rank of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) that was used between 1932 and 1945. It was mainly known for its use as an SS rank. As an SA rank, it was used after briefly being known as '' Untergruppenführer'' in ...

'' Franz Walter Stahlecker in Fort IX of Kaunas. Up to February 1945, a total of 42 transports left Munich at irregular intervals: to exterminations in Kaunas, Piaski, (near

Lublin Lublin is List of cities and towns in Poland, the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the centre of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin i ...

Auschwitz Auschwitz, or Oświęcim, was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschw ...

and also at the so-called "Ghetto for old and prominent people", the concentration camp Theresienstadt.

Downfall and death

In the early afternoon of 30 April 1945, the first American soldiers led by 27-year-old Lieutenant Wolfgang F. Robinow approached Munich's central square ''

Marienplatz Marienplatz (English language, English: Mary's Square, i.e. St. Mary, Blessed Virgin Mary, Our Lady's Square) is a town square, central square in the city centre of Munich, Germany. It has been the city's main square since 1158. History During ...

''. With the surrender of the town hall, the Nazi Party rule had ended in Munich. Fiehler had already left a long time before the occupation of Munich took place. On 4 May 1945, four days before the official end of World War II in Europe, the victorious American Forces reinstated Karl Scharnagl as Lord Mayor of the Bavarian capital. In January 1949, Fiehler, who was married and had three daughters, was sentenced to two years in a labour camp, the confiscation of one fifth of his property and a twelve-year employment ban after ''Spruchkammerverfahren'' (proceedings before

denazification Denazification () was an Allied initiative to rid German and Austrian society, culture, press, economy, judiciary, and politics of the Nazi ideology following the Second World War. It was carried out by removing those who had been Nazi Par ...

tribunals). However, he did not have to serve the sentence because the previous three and a half years of his detention were credited as

time served In typical criminal law, time served is an informal term that describes the duration of pretrial detention (remand), the time period between when a defendant is arrested and when they are convicted. Time served does not include time served ...

. Fiehler died on 8 December 1969 in the village of Dießen on Lake Ammersee in the foothills of the Bavarian Alps.

Decorations

(1914), 2nd class *

Wound Badge The Wound Badge () was a German military decoration first promulgated by Wilhelm II, German Emperor on 3 March 1918, which was first awarded to soldiers of the Imperial German Army, German Army who were wounded during World War I. Between the worl ...

(1918) in Black * The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 (1935) *

War Merit Cross The War Merit Cross () was a state decoration of Nazi Germany during World War II. By the end of the conflict it was issued in four degrees and had an equivalent civil award. A " de-Nazified" version of the War Merit Cross was reissued in 1957 ...

, 1st and 2nd class *

Golden Party Badge __NOTOC__ The Golden Party Badge () was an award authorised by Adolf Hitler in a decree in October 1933. It was a special award given to all Nazi Party members who had, as of 9 November 1933, registered numbers from 1 to 100,000 (issued on 1 Oc ...

of the NSDAP *

Blood Order The Blood Order (), officially known as the Decoration in Memory of 9 November 1923 (), was one of the most prestigious decorations in the Nazi Party (NSDAP). During March 1934, Hitler authorized the Blood Order to commemorate the 9 November 1 ...

* Anschluss Medal *

Sudetenland Medal The 1 October 1938 Commemorative Medal () was commonly known as the Sudetenland Medal. It was a decoration of Nazi Germany awarded during the interwar period, and the second in a series of Occupation Medals. Description Instituted on 18 October ...

* NSDAP Long Service Award in Bronze, Silver and Gold * SS Honour Ring (''Totenkopfring'') * Sword of honor of the Reichsführer-SS * Grand Cross of the

Order of the Lion of Finland Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood ...

(1943)

Notes

References

Literature by Karl Fieler in the catalogue of the "Deutsche Bibliothek" (the German National Library in Frankfurt on the river Main and Leipzig)

, research associate of the Munich "

Institut für Zeitgeschichte The Institute of Contemporary History (''Institut für Zeitgeschichte'') in Munich was conceived in 1947 under the name ''Deutsches Institut für Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Zeit'' ("German Institute of the History of the National Socia ...

" (

Engl. Engl or Engl. may refer to: *England England is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is located on the island of Great Britain, of which it covers about 62%, and List of islands of England, more ...

: ''"Institute of Contemporary History"'') and curator of th
"Dokumentation Obersalzberg"
(''a permanent exhibition at

Obersalzberg Obersalzberg is a mountainside retreat situated above the market town of Berchtesgaden in Bavaria, Germany. Located about south-east of Munich, close to the border with Austria, it is best known as the site of Adolf Hitler's former mountain resi ...

near Berchtesgaden on Hitler's favourite holiday resort''), writes presently within the scope of a research project his dissertation on the topic: ''"Karl Fiehler. Eine politische Biographie"'' (

: ''"Karl Fiehler. A political biography"''). * Klee, Ernst: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945. - 3. ed. - Frankfurt a.M.: S. Fischer, 2005. - pbk, 736 p. - (Fischer-Taschenbücher; 16048). - . - EUR 16,95 * Large, David C.: Where ghosts walked: Munich's road to the Third Reich. - New York; London: W.W. Norton, 1997. - xxv, 406 p: ill; 25 cm. - Hardcover. - . -$32.50, £23.00 (list prices) (''see'
English Review by Raffael Scheck
an

* München - "Hauptstadt der Bewegung": Bayerns Metropole und der Nationalsozialismus

Ed. by Richard Bauer ... 2nd ed. - Wolfratshausen: Ed. Minerva, 2002. - 488 p. - . - EUR 28,00 * Pfoertner, Helga: Mahnmale, Gedenkstätten, Erinnerungsorte für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus in München 1933–1945. - München: Literareon im Utz-Verl. - 3 volumes, bound in boards: ** Vol. 1: A to H. - 2001. - vii, 225 p. - . - EUR 19,80 ** Vol. 2: I to P. - 2003. - 309 p. - . - EUR 19,80 ** Vol. 3: Q to Z. - 2005. - 199 p. - . - EUR 19,80 * Rosenfeld, Gavriel D.: Munich and memory : architecture, monuments, and the legacy of the Third Reich. - Berkeley; London: University of California Press, 2000. - Hardcover. - xxiii, 433 p. - (Weimar and now; 22). - . - $50.00, £27.50 (list price) * Vieregg, Hildegard: Wächst Gras darüber? München: Hochburg des Nationalsozialismus und Zentrum des Widerstands
Museumspädagogisches Zentrum München (MPZ)
- München: MPZ, 1993. - 240 p. - (MPZ-Themenhefte zur Zeitgeschichte). - . - EUR 5,11 * * Wistrich, Robert S.: Who's who in Nazi Germany. - London; New York: Routledge, 1995. - x, 296p. - (Rev. ed. Previous ed. published London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982). - (Hardcover, £35,00 list price); (pbk, $26,95 list price)

External links

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070306094407/http://www.landsberg.de/landsberg.nsf/id/A20B45794F65DFD9C1256C5B004665B1 "Festungshaft" ('fortress confinement'), Website of the City of Landsberg on the river Lech (in German)]
Information about the Riga Ghetto (Rumbula.org - The Holocaust in Latvia) (in English)

The Terezín Memorial (''"Ghetto Theresienstadt"''), national cultural monument of the Czech Republic (in English)

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Fiehler, Karl 1895 births 1969 deaths German merchants German military personnel of World War I German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States Holocaust perpetrators in Germany Mayors of Munich Members of the Academy for German Law Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936 Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938 Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945 Nazis convicted of crimes Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch People convicted of treason against Germany Politicians from Braunschweig Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class Recipients of the War Merit Cross Reichsleiters SS-Obergruppenführer Thule Society members