Kara Del or Qara Del was a kingdom that existed in Kumul or

Hami Hami ( zh, c=哈密) or Kumul () is a prefecture-level city in eastern Xinjiang, China. It is well known for sweet Hami melons. In early 2016, the former Hami county-level city merged with Hami Prefecture to form the Hami prefecture-level city ...

, in present-day

Xinjiang Xinjiang,; , SASM/GNC romanization, SASM/GNC: Chinese postal romanization, previously romanized as Sinkiang, officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of the China, People' ...

. It was founded by the Yuan prince Gunashiri, a descendant of

Chagatai Khan Chagatai Khan (; – 1242) was a son of Genghis Khan and a prominent figure in the early Mongol Empire. The second son of Genghis's wife Börte, Chagatai was renowned for his masterful knowledge of Mongol custom and law, which he scrupulously ...

, in the late 14th century (c. 1389), and ruled by the Chagatayids thereafter until 1463. From 1380, it began to pay tribute to the

Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of ...

. From 1406, it was governed by Ming under the "Hami Guard" (); however, sometimes it was still under the influence of the

Northern Yuan The Northern Yuan was a dynastic state ruled by the Mongol Borjigin clan based in the Mongolian Plateau. It existed as a rump state after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368 and lasted until its conquest by the Jurchen people, Jurchen-led ...

, and the ruler was called the Obedient King () under the

Jimi system The Jimi system () or Jimifuzhou () was an autonomous administrative and political organization system used in China between the 7th century and 10th century. It should not be confused with the Chinese tributary system. The term "Jimi" was first s ...

. It was destroyed in 1513 as a result of the wars between the

and the

Oirats Oirats (; ) or Oirds ( ; ), formerly known as Eluts and Eleuths ( or ; zh, 厄魯特, ''Èlǔtè'') are the westernmost group of Mongols, whose ancestral home is in the Altai Mountains, Altai region of Siberia, Xinjiang and western Mongolia. ...

, as well as dynastic succession struggles.

History

In 1389, the

Buddhist Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or ...

Chagataid prince Gunashiri broke away from the

Northern Yuan dynasty The Northern Yuan was a dynastic state ruled by the Mongol Borjigin clan based in the Mongolian Plateau. It existed as a rump state after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368 and lasted until its conquest by the Jurchen people, Jurchen-led ...

, which had fallen under the reign of Jorightu Khan Yesüder, an Arig-Bokid prince. He established himself in Qamil (

) by 1390 and ruled over a Uyghur population. The next year, the

occupied his territory and forced him to submit, although he remained in control of his territory. In 1404, Gunashiri's successor Engke Temiir accepted the establishment of a Ming guard and became Hami Prefecture. However the Ming did not directly govern Hami or collect taxes. Engke Temiir was granted the title ''Zhongshunwang'' (meaning the obedient prince) by the Ming court. During the 1430s, Kara Del submitted to the

. The Uyghurs of Hami came into regular contact with Mongols in southwestern

Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of China. Its border includes two-thirds of the length of China's China–Mongolia border, border with the country of Mongolia. ...

. Several Uyghur chiefs became major leaders of the western Mongols, leading to the spread of Uyghurjin as a clan name in the Ordos area. In 1446, disturbances broke out in Hami. Ming forces under Ren Li occupied the city and deported 1,230 people to the east of Jiayuguan. In 1463 the khan was overthrown by a pro-Mongol faction and a serious succession crisis ensued. From 1467, the Ming emperors repeatedly reinstalled members of Gunashiri's house but the situation in Hami never stabilized. Hami was conquered by Mansur Khan, the ruler of

Moghulistan Moghulistan, also called the Moghul Khanate or the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, was a Muslims, Muslim, Mongol, and later Turkic peoples, Turkic breakaway khanate of the Chagatai Khanate and a historical geographic area north of the Tian Shan, Teng ...

in 1513. Kara Del officially converted to Islam in 1513. It was reported that between Khitay and Khotan the Sarigh Uyghur tribes who were "impious" resided, and they were targeted for ghazat (holy war) by Mansur Khan following 1516. After the islamization of Kara Del, ''Uyghur'' fell into disuse until the 20th century, except as a local term for Muslim Turks in Hami and Turpan. In 1923, ''Uyghur'' was revived again as a general designation for

Tarim Basin The Tarim Basin is an endorheic basin in Xinjiang, Northwestern China occupying an area of about and one of the largest basins in Northwest China.Chen, Yaning, et al. "Regional climate change and its effects on river runoff in the Tarim Basin, Ch ...

oasis dwellers.

Culture

Buddhism survived in Uyghurstan (

Turfan Turpan () or Turfan ( zh, s=吐鲁番) is a prefecture-level city located in the east of the autonomous region of Xinjiang, China. It has an area of and a population of 693,988 (2020). The historical center of the prefectural area has shifted ...

and Qocho) during the Ming dynasty.

List of rulers of Kara Del

According to Japanese Wikipedia ( :ja:グナシリ): * Unaširi (兀納失里) (1380–1393) * Engke Temür (安克帖木兒) (1393–1405) (Vassal of

since June 1404) * Toqto (脫脫) (1405–1411) (Vassal of Ming dynasty) * Manglī Temür (免力帖木兒) (1411–1425) (Vassal of Ming dynasty) * Budaširi (卜答失里) (1425–1439) (Originally vassal of Ming dynasty, later of

). He was rivalled firstly Toγon Temür (脫歡帖木兒) (1427–1437) and Toqto Temür (脫脫塔木兒) (1437–1439), the son of rival. * Khalīl sulṭān (哈力鎖鲁檀) (1439–1457) (Originally vassal of Northern Yuan dynasty till 1455, later of Ming dynasty) * Bürege (卜列革) (1457–1460) * Nugandaširi (1460–1467), queen mother Rivalry between Nugandaširi (努溫答失里) (1460–1472) and Baγ Temür (把塔木兒) (1466–1472) * Qanšin (罕慎) (1472–1488) * Engke Bolad (奄克孛剌) (1488–1492) and (1493–1497) * Šamba (陕巴) (1492–1493) and (1497–1505) * Beyazıt (拜牙即) (1505–1513)

References

Bibliography

* {{Xinjiang topics Mongol states Mongol rump states History of Xinjiang Former countries in Chinese history Khanates States and territories disestablished in 1513

History

Culture

List of rulers of Kara Del

See also

References

Bibliography