Kalinga () is a
dialect continuum
A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of Variety (linguistics), language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are Mutual intelligibility, mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulat ...
of
Kalinga Province in the Philippines, spoken by the
Kalinga people
The Kalinga people () are an indigenous ethnic group whose ancestral domain is in the Cordillera Mountain Range of the northern Philippines. They are mainly found in Kalinga province which has an area of 3,282.58 sq. km. Some of them, howe ...
, alongside
Ilocano. The Banao Itneg variety is not one of the neighboring
Itneg languages
Itneg is a South-Central Cordilleran dialect continuum found in the island of Luzon, Philippines. This language and Ilocano are spoken by the Itneg people (sometimes also referred to as the "Tingguian people") in Abra.
Several ethnic-Itneg ...
.
Dialects
Ronald Himes (1997) divides Kalinga into three dialects: Masadiit (in
Abra), Northern Kalinga, and South-Central Kalinga.
Ethnologue
''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensive catalogue of languages. It w ...
reports the following locations for each of the eight Kalinga languages it identifies. Banao Itneg is classified by Ethnologue as Kalinga rather than Itneg.
*Butbut Kalinga: spoken in
Kalinga Province: Tinglayan and Butbut; Buscalan, Bugnay, Loccong, and Ngibat;
Tabuk City, Lucnang, Pakak, Kataw, and Dinongsay. Also in
Rizal
Rizal most commonly refers to:
* Rizal (province), a province of the Philippines
* José Rizal, Filipino national hero whom the province is named after
Rizal may also refer to:
People
* Akmal Rizal Ahmad Rakhli, Malaysian footballer
* Atep Ri ...
: Annunang, Malapiat, Andarayan, and Bua. 15,000 speakers. Language status is 5 (developing),
1,000
monoglots
Monoglottism (Greek language, Greek μόνος ''monos'', "alone, solitary", + γλῶττα , "tongue, language") or, more commonly, monolingualism or unilingualism, is the condition of being able to speak only a single language, as opposed to m ...
.
*Limos Kalinga (Limos-Liwan Kalinga, Northern Kalinga): spoken in
Kalinga Province (
Tabuk City, north to border) and
Conner
Conner or Conners may refer to:
People
* Conner (surname)
* Conner (given name)
* Conners (surname)
Places
* La Conner, a town in the state of Washington, United States
* Mount Conner, Northern Territory, Australia
* Conner, Apayao, a municip ...
municipality,
Apayao Province. 12,700 speakers. Language status is 5 (developing).
*Lubuagan Kalinga: spoken in
Kalinga Province (
Lubuagan
Lubuagan, officially the Municipality of Lubuagan is a municipality of the Philippines, municipality in the Philippine Province, province of Kalinga (province), Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 9,323 pe ...
and
Tabuk City). 30,000 speakers. Dialects are Guinaang, Balbalasang, Ableg-Salegseg, and Balatok-Kalinga (Balatok-Itneg). Pasil Kalinga.,
Language status is 5 (developing).
*Mabaka Valley Kalinga (Kal-Uwan, Mabaka, Mabaka Itneg): spoken in
Conner
Conner or Conners may refer to:
People
* Conner (surname)
* Conner (given name)
* Conners (surname)
Places
* La Conner, a town in the state of Washington, United States
* Mount Conner, Northern Territory, Australia
* Conner, Apayao, a municip ...
municipality,
Apayao Province, as well as western
Abra and northern
Kalinga Province.
*Majukayang Kalinga (Madukayang): spoken in
Tabuk City,
Kalinga Province and in
Paracelis municipality,
Mountain Province
Mountain Province (; ; ; ; ; ) is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Bontoc while Bauko is the largest municipality. Mountain Province was formerly referred to as Mountain ...
. 1,500 speakers as of 1990.,
Language status is 6a. (Vigorous).
*Southern Kalinga: spoken in
Kalinga Province (
Lubuagan
Lubuagan, officially the Municipality of Lubuagan is a municipality of the Philippines, municipality in the Philippine Province, province of Kalinga (province), Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 9,323 pe ...
municipality; some also in
Tabuk City) and
Mountain Province
Mountain Province (; ; ; ; ; ) is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Bontoc while Bauko is the largest municipality. Mountain Province was formerly referred to as Mountain ...
(13 villages of
Sadanga and
Sagada
Sagada, officially the Municipality of Sagada (; ; ; ; ; ) is a municipality in Mountain Province, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 11,510 people.
Sagada is famous for its hanging coffins. This is a traditiona ...
municipalities). 11,000 speakers as of 1980. Dialects are Mallango, Sumadel, Bangad, and Tinglayan.
*Tanudan Kalinga (Lower Tanudan, Lower Tanudan Kalinga, Mangali Kalinga): spoken at the southern end of the
Tanudan valley in southern
Kalinga Province. 11,200 speakers as of 1998. Dialects are Minangali (Mangali), Tinaloctoc (Taluctoc), Pinangol (Pangul), Dacalan, and Lubo. Language status is 5 (developing). 1,120
monoglots
Monoglottism (Greek language, Greek μόνος ''monos'', "alone, solitary", + γλῶττα , "tongue, language") or, more commonly, monolingualism or unilingualism, is the condition of being able to speak only a single language, as opposed to m ...
.
*Banao Itneg (Banao, Banaw, Itneg, Timggian, Tinguian, Vanaw, Vyanaw, Bhanaw Tinggian): spoken in
Kalinga Province (
Balbalan and
Pasil municipalities) and
Abra (
Daguioman and
Malibcong municipalities). 3,500 speakers as of 2003. Dialects are Malibcong Banao, Banao Pikekj, Gubang Itneg and Daguioman.
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels
/a/ can also have an allophone of
™
Writing system
Lubuagan Kalinga
References
Further reading
*
*
*
*
{{Philippine languages
Languages of Kalinga (province)
Languages of Apayao
South–Central Cordilleran languages