Kalapuyan (also Kalapuya) is a small
extinct
Extinction is the termination of an organism by the death of its Endling, last member. A taxon may become Functional extinction, functionally extinct before the death of its last member if it loses the capacity to Reproduction, reproduce and ...
language family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term ''family'' is a metaphor borrowed from biology, with the tree model used in historical linguistics ...
that was spoken in the
Willamette Valley
The Willamette Valley ( ) is a valley in Oregon, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The Willamette River flows the entire length of the valley and is surrounded by mountains on three sides: the Cascade Range to the east, the ...
of
Western Oregon, United States. It consists of three languages.
The Kalapuya language is currently in a state of revival.
Kalapuyan descendants in the southernmost Kalapuya region of
Yoncalla, Oregon
Yoncalla is a city in Douglas County, Oregon, Douglas County, Oregon, United States. The population was 1,047 at the 2010 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is wa ...
, published 100 copies of a comprehensive dictionary, with plans to expand.
Family division
Kalapuyan consists of
* Kalapuyan
**
Northern Kalapuya (also known as
Tualatin–
Yamhill)
**
Central Kalapuya (several dialects, including
Santiam)
**
Yoncalla (also known as Southern
Kalapuya)
Genetic relations
Kalapuyan is usually connected with the various
Penutian
Penutian is a proposed grouping of language family, language families that includes many Native Americans in the United States, Native American languages of western North America, predominantly spoken at one time in British Columbia, Washington ( ...
proposals. This was originally part of an ''Oregon Penutian'' branch along with
Takelma,
Siuslaw,
Alsea and
Coosan. A special relationship with Takelma had been proposed, together forming a "
Takelma–Kalapuyan" or "Takelman" family. However, an unpublished paper by Tarpent & Kendall (1998) finds this relationship to be unfounded because of the extremely different morphological structures of Takelma and Kalapuyan.
Proto-language
Below is a list of Proto-Kalapuyan reconstructions by Shipley (1970):
[Shipley, William. 1970. Proto-Kalapuyan. In Swanson, Jr., Earl H. (ed.), ''Languages and Cultures of Western North America'', 97-106. Pocatello: Idaho State University Press.]
:
References
Further reading
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York:
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world. Its first book was printed in Oxford in 1478, with the Press officially granted the legal right to print books ...
. .
* Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). ''Languages''. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.:
Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution ( ), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums, Education center, education and Research institute, research centers, created by the Federal government of the United States, U.S. government "for the increase a ...
. .
*
*Paul Stephen McCartney Sr. "The Kalapuya Dictionary", 2021 Komemma Cultural Protection Association, Yoncalla, Oregon. Published in four volumes; (2 English-Kalapuya; 2 Kalapuya- English) www.gofundme.com f help-us-print-the-kalapuya-dictionary.
* Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press was the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted a letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it was the oldest university press in the world. Cambridge University Press merged with Cambridge Assessme ...
. (hbk); .
* Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). ''
Handbook of North American Indians'' (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).
External links
The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya(Northwest Journal of Linguistics)
{{North American languages
Language families
Kalapuya
Penutian languages
Indigenous languages of Oregon
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
Languages of the United States
Extinct languages of North America
Native American history of Oregon
Willamette Valley