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Kakdwip is a
community development block In India, a community development block (CD block) or simply Block is a sub-division of District, administratively earmarked for planning and development. In tribal areas, similar sub-divisions are called tribal development blocks (TD blocks). T ...
that forms an administrative division in
Kakdwip subdivision Kakdwip subdivision is an administrative subdivision of South 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas district in the Indian States and union territories of India, state of West Bengal. Overview Kakdwip subdivision has full rural population. The entire ...
of
South 24 Parganas district South 24 Parganas (Pron: pɔrɡɔnɔs; abbr. 24 PGS (S)), or sometimes South Twenty Four Parganas and Dakshin 24 Parganas, is a district in the Indian state of West Bengal, headquartered in Alipore previously, with its Zilla Parishad now in ...
in the
India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
n
state State most commonly refers to: * State (polity), a centralized political organization that regulates law and society within a territory **Sovereign state, a sovereign polity in international law, commonly referred to as a country **Nation state, a ...
of
West Bengal West Bengal (; Bengali language, Bengali: , , abbr. WB) is a States and union territories of India, state in the East India, eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabi ...
.


History

When the
Tebhaga movement The Tebhaga movement (1946–1947) was significant peasant agitation, initiated in Bengal by the All India Kisan Sabha of peasant front of the Communist Party of India. History At that time, landlords required tenant farmers and sharecroppe ...
broke out in 1946, the peasant movement affected several areas of what is now South 24 Parganas. Kakdwip and Namkhana were the storm centres of the movement.


Geography

Kakdwip CD block is located at . It has an average elevation of . Kakdwip CD block is bounded by Kulpi CD block in the north, Patharpratima CD block in the east, Namkhana and Sagar CD blocks in the south and
Nandigram I Nandigram I is a Community development block in India, community development block that forms an administrative division in Haldia subdivision of Purba Medinipur district in the Indian States and territories of India, state of West Bengal. Histo ...
CD block in
Purba Medinipur district East Medinipur (Alternative spelling ''Midnapore'') district is an administrative unit in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the southernmost district of Medinipur division – one of the five administrative divisions of West Bengal. The ...
, across the Hooghly estuary in the west.
South 24 Parganas district South 24 Parganas (Pron: pɔrɡɔnɔs; abbr. 24 PGS (S)), or sometimes South Twenty Four Parganas and Dakshin 24 Parganas, is a district in the Indian state of West Bengal, headquartered in Alipore previously, with its Zilla Parishad now in ...
is divided into two distinct physiographic zones: the marine-riverine delta in the north and the marine delta zone in the south. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent
geological period The geologic time scale or geological time scale (GTS) is a representation of time based on the geologic record, rock record of Earth. It is a system of chronological dating that uses chronostratigraphy (the process of relating stratum, strata ...
, a large low-lying plain got exposed. Both tidal inflows and the rivers have been depositing sediments in this plain. The periodical collapse of both the natural
levee A levee ( or ), dike (American English), dyke (British English; see American and British English spelling differences#Miscellaneous spelling differences, spelling differences), embankment, floodbank, or stop bank is an elevated ridge, natural ...
s and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling up of the depressions containing
brackish water Brackish water, sometimes termed brack water, is water occurring in a natural environment that has more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing seawater (salt water) and fresh water together, as in estuary ...
wetlands. The marine delta in the south is formed of interlacing tidal channels. As non-saline water for irrigation is scarce, agriculture is
monsoon A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in Atmosphere of Earth, atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annu ...
dominated. Some parts of the wetlands are still preserved for raising fish. Kakdwip CD block has an area of 252.74 km2. It has 1 panchayat samity, 11 gram panchayats, 177 gram sansads (village councils), 39
mouza In Bangladesh, Pakistan and parts of India, a mouza or mauza (also mouja) is a type of administrative district, corresponding to a specific land area within which there may be one or more settlements. Before the 20th century, the term referred to a ...
s and 39 inhabited villages, as per the ''District Statistical Handbook'', South Twenty-four Parganas.
Kakdwip Kakdwip () is a town of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is situated on the eastern banks of the Hooghly River. It is the headquarters of the Kakdwip subdivision. History When the Tebhaga movement broke ou ...
and Dholahat police stations serve this CD Block. Headquarters of this CD block is at Ganespur. Kakdwip CD block has 203.35 km of embankments. Breaches in these embankments ranged between 3.4 and 3.6 km annually. Embankments raised along rivers are of critical importance for the safety of lives and protection of crops, against daily tides and tidal surges. Technologically the embankment structures are weak and there is need of proper drainage of accumulated rain water through sluice gates. Crude cuts in embankments for drainage of accumulated rain water and channels built for providing water to large fisheries () also add to the hazards. Cyclones and tropical depressions are regular threats. Gram panchayats of Kakdwip CD block/
panchayat samiti Panchayat samiti or block panchayat is a rural local government ( panchayat) body at the intermediate tehsil (taluka/mandal) or block level in India. It works for the villages of the tehsil that together are called a development block. It has b ...
are: Bapuji, Madhusudanpur, Netaji, Pratapadityanagar, Rabindra, Ramgopalpur, Rishi Bankimchandra, Srinagar, Sri Sri Ramkrishna, Suryanagar and Swami Bibekananda.


Demographics


Population

As per the 2011 Census of India, Kakdwip CD block had a total population of 281,963, all of which were rural. There were 144,120 (51%) males and 137,843 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 34,715. Scheduled Castes numbered 97,944 (22.95%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 1,836 (0.80%). As per the
2001 Census of India The 2001 census of India was the 14th in a series of censuses held in India every decade since 1871. The population of India was counted as 1,028,737,436 consisting of 532,223,090 males and 496,514,346 females. The total population increased b ...
, Kakdwip CD block had a total population of 239,381, out of which 122,792 were males and 116,589 were females. Kakdwip CD Block registered a population growth of 25.93 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for
South 24 Parganas district South 24 Parganas (Pron: pɔrɡɔnɔs; abbr. 24 PGS (S)), or sometimes South Twenty Four Parganas and Dakshin 24 Parganas, is a district in the Indian state of West Bengal, headquartered in Alipore previously, with its Zilla Parishad now in ...
was 20.89 per cent. Decadal growth in
West Bengal West Bengal (; Bengali language, Bengali: , , abbr. WB) is a States and union territories of India, state in the East India, eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabi ...
was 17.84 per cent. Scheduled Castes at 87,638 formed around one-third the population. Scheduled Tribes numbered 3,398. Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Kakdwip CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): Suryanagar (5,554), Ramtanunagar (6,203), Madhusudanpur (6,242), Sibkalinagar (6,674), Sitarampur (10,244), Srinagar (10,959), Kashinagar (10,356), Kalinagar (28,669), Ganespur (32,932), Ramratanpur (4,821), Chandipur (8,519), Taktipur Abad (6,832), Manmathapur (7,981), Sibnagar (4,530), Ramchandranagar (10,396), Mrinalnagar (7,851), Ramgopalpur (4,636), Dakshin Kasiabad (4,438), Harendranagar (4,494), Gangadharpur (6,514), Bamanagar (6,844), Gobindarampur (6,526), Bhubannagar (6,879), Akshyanagar (18,883) and
Kakdwip Kakdwip () is a town of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is situated on the eastern banks of the Hooghly River. It is the headquarters of the Kakdwip subdivision. History When the Tebhaga movement broke ou ...
(19,368).


Literacy

As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Kakdwip CD block was 192,692 (77.93% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 106,726 (84.34% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 85,966 (71.22% of the female population over 6 years). The
gender disparity Sex differences in humans have been studied in a variety of fields. Sex chromosome#Sex determination, Sex determination generally occurs by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome in the 23rd pair of chromosomes in the human genome. ''phenot ...
(the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 13.11%. As per the 2011 Census of India, literacy in
South 24 Parganas South 24 Parganas (Pron: pɔrɡɔnɔs; abbr. 24 PGS (S)), or sometimes South Twenty Four Parganas and Dakshin 24 Parganas, is a district in the Indian state of West Bengal, headquartered in Alipore previously, with its Zilla Parishad now in Ba ...
district was 77.51 Literacy in
West Bengal West Bengal (; Bengali language, Bengali: , , abbr. WB) is a States and union territories of India, state in the East India, eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabi ...
was 77.08% in 2011. Literacy in
India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
in 2011 was 74.04%. As per the
2001 Census of India The 2001 census of India was the 14th in a series of censuses held in India every decade since 1871. The population of India was counted as 1,028,737,436 consisting of 532,223,090 males and 496,514,346 females. The total population increased b ...
, Kakdwip CD block had a total literacy of 70.53 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 81.39 per cent female literacy was 59.05 per cent.
South 24 Parganas district South 24 Parganas (Pron: pɔrɡɔnɔs; abbr. 24 PGS (S)), or sometimes South Twenty Four Parganas and Dakshin 24 Parganas, is a district in the Indian state of West Bengal, headquartered in Alipore previously, with its Zilla Parishad now in ...
had a total literacy of 69.45 per cent, male literacy being 79.19 per cent and female literacy being 59.01 per cent. See also –
List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate This is a list of districts in the Indian state of West Bengal ranked by literacy rate as per provisional data of 2011 census. With a literacy rate of 96.26% (male 90.69% and female 96.54%), above the national average of 90.04%, as per the 2011 C ...


Language

At the time of the 2011 census, 99.80% of the population spoke
Bengali Bengali or Bengalee, or Bengalese may refer to: *something of, from, or related to Bengal, a large region in South Asia * Bengalis, an ethnic and linguistic group of the region * Bengali language, the language they speak ** Bengali alphabet, the w ...
, 0.17%
Hindi Modern Standard Hindi (, ), commonly referred to as Hindi, is the Standard language, standardised variety of the Hindustani language written in the Devanagari script. It is an official language of India, official language of the Government ...
and 0.02%
Urdu Urdu (; , , ) is an Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia. It is the Languages of Pakistan, national language and ''lingua franca'' of Pakistan. In India, it is an Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of Indi ...
as their first language.


Religion

In the 2011 Census of India, Hindus numbered 232,263 and formed 82.37% of the population in Kakdwip CD block. Muslims numbered 48,181 and formed 17.09% of the population. Others numbered 1,519 and formed 0.54% of the population. In 2001, Hindus and Muslims made up 84.30% and 15.60% of the population respectively. The proportion of Hindus in South Twenty-four Parganas district has declined from 76.0% in 1961 to 63.2% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in South Twenty-four Parganas district has increased from 23.4% to 35.6% during the same period. Christians formed 0.8% in 2011.


Rural poverty

As per the ''
Human Development Report The Human Development Report (HDR) is an annual Human Development Index report published by the Human Development Report Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The first HDR was launched in 1990 by the Pakistani economist Ma ...
'' for South 24 Parganas district, published in 2009, in Kakdwip CD block the percentage of households
below poverty line Below Poverty Line is a benchmark used by the government of India to indicate economic disadvantage and to identify individuals and households in need of government assistance and aid. It is determined using various parameters which vary from s ...
was 34.91%. The poverty rates were very high in the
Sundarbans settlements Sundarbans (; pronounced ) is a mangrove forest area in the Ganges Delta formed by the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna Rivers in the Bay of Bengal. It spans the area from the Hooghly River in India's state of West Bengal to t ...
with all thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of the population in the BPL category. The Sundarban region remains the most backward region in terms of quality of life. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios.


Economy


Livelihood

In Kakdwip CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 14,216 and formed 14.12%, agricultural labourers numbered 38,503 and formed 38.25%, household industry workers numbered 5,195 and formed 5.16% and other workers numbered 42,749 and formed 42.47%. Total workers numbered 100,663 and formed 35.70% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 181,300 and formed 64.30% of the population. The ''District Human Development Report'' points out that in the blocks of region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood. On the other hand, in the Sundarban region, overwhelming majority are dependent on agriculture. In the intermediate region, there is again predominance of the non-agricultural sector. Though the region is not very close to Kolkata, many places are well connected and some industrial/ economic development has taken place. Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.


Infrastructure

There are 39 inhabited villages in Kakdwip CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 38 villages (97.44%) have drinking water supply. 25 villages (64.10%) have post offices. 35 villages (89.74%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 13 villages (33.33%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 24 villages (61.54%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 3 villages (7.69%) have agricultural credit societies and 8 villages (20.51%) have banks.


Agriculture

South 24 Parganas had played a significant role in the
Tebhaga movement The Tebhaga movement (1946–1947) was significant peasant agitation, initiated in Bengal by the All India Kisan Sabha of peasant front of the Communist Party of India. History At that time, landlords required tenant farmers and sharecroppe ...
launched by the
Communist Party of India The Communist Party of India (CPI) is a political party in India. The CPI considers the Foundation of the Communist Party of India, December 26, 1925 Cawnpore (Kanpur) conference as its foundation date. Between 1946 and 1951, the CPI led m ...
in 1946. Subsequently, '' Operation Barga'' was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants. In Kakdwip CD block 6,277.88 acres of land was acquired and vested. Out of this 3,497.88 acres or 55.72% of the vested land was distributed among the peasants. The total number of patta (document) holders was 12,021. According to the ''District Human Development Report'', agriculture is an important source of livelihood in South Twentyfour Parganas district. The amount of cultivable land per agricultural worker is only 0.41 hectare in the district. Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity. As per the ''District Census Handbook'', the saline soil of the district is unfit for cultivation, but the non-salty lands are very fertile. While rice is the main food crop, jute is the main cash crop. In 2013-14, there were 139 fertiliser depots, 16 seed stores and 42 fair price shops in Kakdwip CD block. In 2013–14, Kakdwip CD block produced 35,304 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop, from 16,905 hectares, 83 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 24 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.


Pisciculture

In Kakdwip CD block, in 2013-14, net area under effective pisciculture was 2,886 hectares, engaging 33,389 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 109,980 quintals. Pisciculture is an important source of employment in South 24 Parganas district. As of 2001, more than 4.5 lakh people were engaged in Pisciculture. Out of this 2.57 lakhs were from the 13 blocks in the Sundarbans.


Banking

In 2013-14, Kakdwip CD block had offices of 8 commercial banks and 3 gramin banks.


Backward Regions Grant Fund

South 24 Parganas district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the
Backward Regions Grant Fund The Backward Regions Grant Fund (BRGF) is an Indian government program designed to "address regional imbalances in development." The programme was launched by Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh at Barpeta, Assam on 19 February 2007. The BRG ...
. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.


Transport

Kakdwip CD block has 18 ferry services and 8 originating/ terminating bus routes. Kashinagar and
Kakdwip Kakdwip () is a town of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is situated on the eastern banks of the Hooghly River. It is the headquarters of the Kakdwip subdivision. History When the Tebhaga movement broke ou ...
are stations on the Sealdah South section.


Education

In 2013-14, Kakdwip had 152 primary schools with 15,651 students, 5 middle schools with 466 students, 13 high schools with 5,774 students and 25 higher secondary schools with 16,082 students. Kakdwip CD block had 1 general degree college with 2,741 students, 475 institutions for special and non-formal education with 23,005 students. See also –
Education in India Education in India is primarily managed by the state-run public education system, which falls under the command of the government at three levels: Government of India, central, States and Territories of India, state and Local government in In ...
As per the 2011 census, in Kakdwip CD block, amongst the 39 inhabited villages, all villages had schools, 37 villages had two or more primary schools, 35 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 30 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school. Sundarban Mahavidyalaya was established at
Kakdwip Kakdwip () is a town of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is situated on the eastern banks of the Hooghly River. It is the headquarters of the Kakdwip subdivision. History When the Tebhaga movement broke ou ...
in 1965.


Healthcare

In 2014, Kakdwip CD block had 1 hospital, 1 block primary health centre, 1 primary health centre and 11 NGO/ private nursing homes with total 215 beds and 39 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 54 family welfare subcentres. 14,110 patients were treated indoor and 177,458 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block. As per 2011 census, in Kakdwip CD block, 2 villages had primary health centres, 34 villages had primary health subcentres, 4 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 6 villages had veterinary hospitals, 17 villages had medicine shops and out of the 39 inhabited villages 2 villages had no medical facilities. Harendranagar Block Primary Health Centre at Harendranagar, with 10 beds, is the major government medical facility in Kakdwip CD block. There is a primary health centre at Ramchandranagar (with 10 beds).


References

{{Municipalities of West Bengal Community development blocks in South 24 Parganas district